Haaksluoto

KOE maanantaina 26.5.2025 klo 15.00 - 21.00 luokassa 31.

Kuusituntinen koe on maanantaina 26.5.2025 klo 15.00 - 21.00 luokassa 31. Voit tulla kokeeseen myöhemmin, jos et pääse klo 15:ksi. Ota mukaan oma kannettavasi täyteen ladattuna sekä tarvittavat virtajohdot ja LANGALLISET KUULOKKEET.

course outline / kurssiohjelma

ENA9 / ENGLISH / ADVANCED / COURSE 9 /// A COURSE MAINLY FOR THOSE WHO ARE TAKING THEIR MATRICULATION EXAMINATION IN AUTUMN 2025 on April 10th – May 23rd, 2025, at 17.00 – 18.20 hours

The books to have:

1) Riitta Silk – Jaakko Mäki – Felicity Kjisik: Grammar Rules! & vastauskirja (Otava)

2) Abilities (available only in a digital form) (Otava)

Teacher: Erja H. Haaksluoto; e-mail: erja.haaksluoto@tyk.fi Available for consultation: on Mondays at 20.05 – 20.45 hours in Class Room 31 (= so-called KIELIKLINIKKA) except not during the exam weeks.

You may attend the lessons in person in class room 31 or remotely on Google Meet. The link is always the same: meet.google.com/her-rxva-umj

STUDY PLAN:

April 10, 2025: WARMING UP: INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE // Advice for the matriculation exam // RC 6 (= reading comprehension): Science news
April 15, 2025: Grammar: Verbs (Conditionals and if-clauses) // LC 6 (= listening comprehension): Science in a minute // Glossary: Health / Well-being
April 17, 2025: Grammar: Conditionals and if-clauses // ex. 1 & 3 // RC 2: The Luddites
April 22, 2025: Grammar: The passive voice // ex. 5 & 7 // Home Work 4
April 24, 2025: LC 1: Do cyclists really think they are above the law? (video) // RC 4: Mitochondrial Eve and the true melting pot // Home Work 8
April 29, 2025: RC 4: Mitochondrial Eve and the true melting pot / LC 13 Dealing with climate change // Glossary: Environment / Sustainable development
May 6, 2025: Grammar: Infinitives, ING-forms and THAT-clause // ex. 17 & 18 // Glossary: Society / Politics // RC 5: Worms land a great job // LC 12 Quakka
May 8, 2025: Home Work 20 // Grammar: Nouns and Articles // ex. 25 & 27 & 28 & 29 & 31 // Glossary: Economy / Work
May 13, 2025: ex. 35 & 36 // Home Work 32 // Glossary: Immigration / Global Issues // Grammar: Quantity Words & Numerals // ex. 57 & 60 & 61 //
May 15, 2025: Home Work 58 & 61 // Grammar: Word Order // ex. 76 & Home Work 77
May 20, 2025: Glossary: Science / Technology // Grammar: Shortened Clauses / ex. 88 & Home Work 89 // Conjunctions / Home Work 91 // Linking words / Home Work 94

NB! ABI-INFO I 6.5.2025 klo 20.05 juhlasalissa, 5. krs!

THE EXAM takes place digitally (ABITTI) at 15.00 - 21.00 hours on Monday, May 26th, 2025. (You will be given the full SIX hours to do your exam.) The exam will be delivered back to you digitally, but if there are any questions concerning the exam, they will be answered in Class Room 31 on Wednesday, May 28th, 2025, at 16.00 – 17.30 hours.

RETAKE EXAM: on Friday on September 5th, 2025, at 17.00 – 20.05 hours (NB!!! Uusintakokeeseen ON AINA ILMOITTAUDUTTAVA erikseen täyttämällä vaaleansininen uusintakoelappu, jonka saa kansliasta (2. krs). Uusintakokeeseen on ilmoittauduttava VIIMEISTÄÄN VIIKKOA AIKAISEMMIN eli viimeistään perjantaina 29.8.2025 toimittamalla uusintakoelappu kansliaan, 2. krs. Uusintakoelomakkeesta on myös olemassa sähköinen lomake. Nettisivuilla on pdf, jonka voi suoraan täyttää ja lähettää liitetiedostona kansliaan. Lomake löytyy täältä: https://www.tyk.fi/aikuislukio/tietoa/lomakkeet/ Huomaa myös, että uusintakoe ei ole kuusituntinen preliminäärikoe, vaan koeaika on vain 3h 5 min.)

HOME ASSIGNMENTS:

You must hand in TWO compositions on the titles given in the digibook Abilities.

THE GRADE ON COURSE 9 CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING PARTS:

1) WRITTEN DIGITAL TEST including listening comprehension tests and videos at 15.00 – 21.00 hours on Monday, May 26th, 2025

2) AND YOU MUST HAND IN TWO COMPOSITIONS on the titles given in the digibook Abilities.

ENGLANNIN SUULLINEN VALMENTAUTUMISTILAISUUS ENNEN KIRJALLISTA YLIOPPILASKOETTA (kirjallisen kokeen yhteydessä on myös kuuntelut & videot: pitkä englanti maanantaina 19.9.2025 klo 9.00 – 15.00 // lyhyt englanti maanantaina 29.9.2025 klo 9.00 – 15.00; paikalla oltava viimeistään klo 8.00) järjestetään perjantaina 12.9.2025 klo 17.00 – 20.00 luokassa 31 (etänä linkissä: meet.google.com/her-rxva-umj).

April 15th, 2025

debris; e. g. razor debris

waste
garbage
rubbish
litter

utter (v.) = sanoa; ilmaista

an utterance (n.) = ilmaus

dental care
floss (v.) = langata
Floss your teeth!

Manuscript for LC6: Science news

Saturn, according to recent estimates, is about 4.503 billion years old, but its famous rings are only about 100 million years old. Scientists have been trying to find out why those rings are so much younger than the planet itself. A new study published in the Journal of Science, and led by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, suggests that at one time Saturn had at least one extra moon, along with its current stable of 83 moons. Dubbed chrysalis by the authors, the study proposes that the moon was ripped apart when it grazed its host planet about 160 million years ago. The researchers’ findings suggest that it then broke into fragments that may have continued to float in orbit. It's thought that those fragments broke into even smaller icy bits over the years and formed Saturn's iconic rings. I’m VOA’s Rick Pantaleo.

Dental professionals say our permanent teeth are meant to last a lifetime, if we take care of them. This includes regular brushing and flossing our teeth. Those who don’t take care of these crucial oral health chores, often find out how easy it is to lose control of good dental health. Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania have conducted a proof-of-concept study that someday could lead to the development of what they call, swarms of shapeshifting microrobots that would automate these important dental health procedures. The scientists say that packs of these microrobots made of iron oxide nanoparticles can be configured and directed to floss, brush, and rinse your teeth. They add that the nanoparticles produce a catalytic reaction that creates antimicrobials that also kills (sic) harmful oral bacteria. I’m VOA’s Rick Pantaleo.

American pop and country singing and songwriting superstar Taylor Swift has won a countless number of awards, including multiple Grammys, Golden Globes, and others presented to her throughout the world. Now Taylor Swift is being honored by the scientific community. Derek Hennon, Jackson Means, and Paul Marek from Virginia Tech have discovered a new species of millipede that has been named in her honor. The species discovered in the US Appalachian Mountains is called Nannoria Swiftae, or the Swift twisted-claw millipede. The scientists write about their new discovery in a research paper published in the journal zooKeys. I’m VOA’s Rick Pantaleo.

Explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton had hoped to be the first to cross Antarctica on land. Shackleton led his team aboard a ship called Endurance that would sail to Antarctica via the Weddell sea. After leaving South Georgia Island in December 1914, Shackleton’s Endurance quickly ran into heavy pack ice. The ice would eventually trap, crush, and sink the ship, nearly a year after beginning its trip. It was reported that all members of Shackleton’s Endurance crew survived. 106 years after the sinking of the Endurance, The Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust has announced that its Endurance22 expedition has located the ship. According to a press release, Endurance was found within four miles south of the position that had been recorded by the ship’s captain Frank Worsley in 1915. I’m VOA’s Rick Pantaleo.

April 17th, 2025

HW: 1 - 4 ehtolauseista (4= Homework); ex. B & C in Health & Well-being

vaccinate (v.) = rokottaa

vaccination (n.) = rokottaminen

a vaccine (n.) = rokote

EHTOVIRKKEET I - III:

1. Jos minä juoksen, minä laihdun.

If I go running / I run, I'll lose / will lose weight.

if-lauseessa l. ehtoa ilmaisevassa sivulauseessa: yleispreesens

päälauseessa: I futuuri: will + verbin infinitiivi (perusmuoto)

2. Jos minä juoksisin, minä laihtuisin.

If I went running / I ran, I would lose / I'd lose weight.

if-lauseessa: imperfekti

päälauseessa: I konditionaali: would + verbin infinitiivi

3. Jos minä olisin juossut, olisin laihtunut.

If I had gone running / had run, I would have lost weight.

I would've lost

if-lauseessa: pluskvamperfekti (had + teeman 3. muoto)

päälauseessa: II konditionaali (would + have + teeman 3. muoto)

Jos minä olisin Sinä, en sanoisi mitään.

If I were you, I wouldn't say anything.

NB!

1. If somebody should call me while I am gone, please tell them that I'll be back on Monday.

= Should somebody call me...

2. If I had known her better, I wouldn't have trusted her.

= Had I known her better, ...

3. If a serious crisis were to arise, the government should act swiftly.
= Were a serious crisis to arise, the government should act swiftly.

II futuuri: will + have + teeman 3. muoto
By Thursday Hjallis will have reached Sydney.
By tomorrow morning you will have heard all my secrets.

FUTUURISTA:
1. kun puhut tulevasta, käytä I futuuria:
What will you do tomorrow?
I will listen / I'll listen to Johann Sebastian Bach tomorrow.
2. ei futuuria:
I'll love you as long as I live.
Matti will call me as soon as he comes from Ireland.
Once they hear his name, they will not say a word.
He will stay here until I tell him to go.

AIKAA ILMAISEVISSA SIVULAUSEISSA ei koskaan futuuria vaan PREESENS:
1. after = sen jälkeen kun
2. as = kun
3. as long as = niin kauan kuin
4. as soon as = niin pian kuin
5. before = ennen kuin
6. by-lauseet
7. once = heti kun
8. until = till = kunnes
9. when = kun
10. while = sillä aikaa kun

By the time you get up, he will be gone.

3. EHTOA ILMAISEVISSA SIVULAUSEISSA ei ole futuuria:
If you help me, I'll help you.
He'll come if he has time.
We'll go on a picnic if it doesn't rain.
= We'll go on a picnic unless it rains.

He'll move to Australia provided / providing he gets a visa.
He'll come here in case something terrible happens here.

1. if = jos
2. if not = unless = ellei, jollei
3. provided / providing = edellyttäen, että
4. in case = siinä tapauksessa, että

April 22nd, 2025

HW: The Luddites: B, C & D

Matthew's friend has succeeded in achieving and keeping his ideal body weight.

Ayers Rock = Uluru

the Industrial Revolution
the Stone Age
the Bronze Age
the Renaissance
the Baroque

a plaque = rutto
a pest
a threshold = kynnys

lie, lay, lain = olla; sijaita; INTRANSITIIVIVERBI (= ei koskaan saa objektia)
lying: The dog was lying on the floor.
Hanko lies south to Helsinki. = Hanko sijaitsee Helsingistä etelään.

lay, laid, laid = asettaa; panna; TRANSITIIVIVERBI (= saa objektin)
lay the table = kattaa pöytä; She laid the table for us.
lay eggs = munia munia: Heidi and Rebecca have chickens and they lay eggs just about every day.

vaccinate (v.) = rokottaa

vaccination (n.) = rokottaminen

a vaccine (n.) = rokote

EHTOVIRKKEET I - III:

1. Jos minä juoksen, minä laihdun.

If I go running / I run, I'll lose / will lose weight.

if-lauseessa l. ehtoa ilmaisevassa sivulauseessa: yleispreesens

päälauseessa: I futuuri: will + verbin infinitiivi (perusmuoto)

2. Jos minä juoksisin, minä laihtuisin.

If I went running / I ran, I would lose / I'd lose weight.

if-lauseessa: imperfekti

päälauseessa: I konditionaali: would + verbin infinitiivi

3. Jos minä olisin juossut, olisin laihtunut.

If I had gone running / had run, I would have lost weight.

I would've lost

if-lauseessa: pluskvamperfekti (had + teeman 3. muoto)

päälauseessa: II konditionaali (would + have + teeman 3. muoto)

Jos minä olisin Sinä, en sanoisi mitään.

If I were you, I wouldn't say anything.

NB!

1. If somebody should call me while I am gone, please tell them that I'll be back on Monday.

= Should somebody call me...

2. If I had known her better, I wouldn't have trusted her.

= Had I known her better, ...

3. If a serious crisis were to arise, the government should act swiftly.
= Were a serious crisis to arise, the government should act swiftly.

II futuuri: will + have + teeman 3. muoto
By Thursday Hjallis will have reached Sydney.
By tomorrow morning you will have heard all my secrets.
FUTUURISTA:
1. kun puhut tulevasta, käytä I futuuria:
What will you do tomorrow?
I will listen I'll listen to Johann Sebastian Bach.
2. ei futuuria:
I'll love you as long as I live.
Matti will call me as soon as he comes from Ireland.
Once they hear his name, they will not say a word.
He will stay here until I tell me to go.
AIKAA ILMAISEVISSA SIVULAUSEISSA ei koskaan futuuria vaan PREESENS
1. after = sen jälkeen
2. as = kun
3. as long as = niin kauan kuin
4. as soon as = niin pian kuin
5. before = ennen kuin
6. by-lauseet
7. once = heti kun
8. until = till = kunnes
9. when = kun
10. while = sillä aikaa kun
6. By the time you get up, he will be gone.
3. EHTOA ILMAISEVISSA SIVULAUSEISSA ei ole futuuria
If you help me, I'll help you.
He'll come if he has time.
We'll go on a picnic if it doesn't rain.
= We'll go on a picnic unless it rains.
He'll move to Australia provided / providing he gets a visa.
He'll come here in case something terrible happens here.

April 24th, 2025

HW: ex. 6, 7 & 8 in the passive voice

weave, wove, woven (v.) = kutoa
a weaver (n.) = kutoja

deteriorate (v.) = heikentyä

PITÄÄ:
1) I like you. I like English.
2) give, gave, given a speech = pitää puhe
He gave a speech at the wedding.
3) keep, kept, kept
I must keep my promise. = pitää lupaukseni
I must keep my word. = pitää sanani
You may keep this book. = Voit pitää kirjan hyvänäsi.
4) Hold my hand, please. = Pidä minua kädestä.
hold, held, held
Hold your tongue. = Pidä kielenkantimesi kurissa.
5) I consider him a good friend. = Pidän häntä hyvänä ystävänäni.
6) I regard him as a good friend. = Pidän häntä hyvänä ystävänäni.

teach, taught, taught = opettaa
send, sent, sent = lähettää
spend, spent, spent = viettää

THE PASSIVE VOICE:
BE + teeman 3. muoto
grow, grew, grown
1. yleispreesens
Matti grows tomatoes. Tomatoes are grown by Matti.
2. kestopreesens
Matti is growing tomatoes. Tomatoes are being grown by Matti.
3. yleisimperfekti
Matti grew tomatoes. Tomatoes were grown by Matti.
4. kestoimperfekti
Matti was growing tomatoes. Tomatoes were being grown by Matti.
5.yleisperfekti
Matti has grown tomatoes. Tomatoes have been grown by Matti.
6. kestoperfekti
Matti has been growing tomatoes. -
6. yleispluskvamperfekti
Matti had grown tomatoes. Tomatoes had been grown by Matti.
7. kestopluskvamperfekti
Matti had been growing tomatoes. -
8. I futuuri
Matti will grow tomatoes. Tomatoes will be grown by Matti.
9. I konditionaali
Matti would grow tomatoes. Tomatoes would be grown by Matti.
10. II konditionaali
Matti would have grown tomatoes. Tomatoes would have been grown by Matti.

NB!
There was a knock on the door. = Oveen koputettiin.

NB! vertaile:
I must do my homework. = Minun täytyy tehdä... Homework must be done. = Läksyt täytyy tehdä.
My neighbour should paint the house. = Naapurini pitäisi maalata... The house should be painted. = Talo pitäisi maalata.

PASSIIVI LAUSEENVASTIKKEISSA:
Pride and Prejudice written by Jane Austen is a very good book.
Violinconcerto composed by Philip Glass is my favourite composition.

The novel sold at Christmas is a bestseller.
= The novel (that / which was) sold at Christmas is a bestseller.

NB! We drink a lot of coffee in Finland. = Suomessa juodaan paljon kahvia.
They drink a lot of tea in England. = Englannissa juodaan paljon teetä

April 29th, 2025 // Tapescript / LC1 Do cyclists really think they are above the law?

HW all the exercises A, B, C, D and E in Glossary 7 Environment / Sustainable development

Peter Walker - Cyclists, they can be a bit irritating can’t they. I mean it’s not just the funny clothes, or the bike lanes, it’s the way they seem to think they’re above the law. Riding on pavements, scattering pedestrians in their wake. And don’t even get me started on jumping red lights, I mean it’s really dangerous. Isn’t it? Well, lots of people certainly think that way. And the media definitely believe it.

Channel 4 news - Cyclists routinely flout traffic laws. Mounting the pavement, and no helmet, talking on a mobile phone.

Good Morning Britain ITV - So you’ve got cyclists who are uninsured. They could crash into your car; they could crash into you.

Good Morning Britain ITV - I’ve noticed cyclists have got more and more aggressive over the years, right? They’re completely unaccountable.

Peter Walker - Do cyclists really think they’re above the law? And does it even matter? So let’s start with the basics. When we talk about cyclists, what do we mean? Do we mean this? Or this? Or even this? I mean sure, some people do look like the stereotype, but there’s really no such thing as a cyclist. There’s just people who ride a bike.

Rachel Aldred - Being seen as a cyclist is part of the problematic stereotype of people cycling. You’re not seen as a “bus-ist" or a “train-ist”, but there’s this stereotype, this stigma of being a “cycl-ist” even though of course most people who cycle are also using other modes of transport.

Peter Walker - So cyclists are really no different to any one else. Now, while statistics are limited, there’s no evidence people break the law more often when they’re on their bike than they do at any other time. There are some studies on cyclists’ law breaking. One survey of five major London junctions found cyclists jumped or at least partly anticipated the red. But there is more to it, a lot of the cyclists said they’d done so in part for safety.

Dame Sarah Storey - The people that do jump red lights sometimes it’s because of the fear they have of something that’s perhaps happened to them previously. They might have had a close call with a vehicle they’re trying to get away from. They might well be on a pavement for that reason as well. But most of the time it’s safety, and it’s a self-preservation thing

Peter Walker - So yes, some cyclists do break the law. But even when they do, is it especially dangerous?

PC Mark Hodson - The effects of that behaviour that people are moaning about is negligible. If you look at the statistics, if you look at the actual threat of harm, you think cyclists aren’t posing a risk to anybody.

Peter Walker - In the UK, about 1700 people a year are killed on the roads. And how many of those are hit by bikes? Usually between zero and two.

PC Mark Hodson - They’re not self-harmers as a group, cyclists. Because of the inherent sense of vulnerability you have on a pushbike. They take a great deal of care even when they are offending. Which is a complete opposite to what you get with people in cars because people feel so secure in cars with seatbelts, airbags, big steel cage around them. They tend to offend with almost gay abandon.

Peter Walker - Some police forces have actually taken the strategic decision to pay less attention to cyclists’ law breaking, and instead focus resources on the sort of offences more likely to kill or maim people.

PC Mark Hodson - I’ve been a traffic officer for 13 years in the West Midlands. I think I’ve given out 3 tickets for red light jumping for cyclists. And one of those wouldn’t have got one, for the fact that he made off. He was caught eventually.

Peter Walker - So does this all mean that breaking the law on a bike is fine? I’d say “no”. It can not only be annoying, it can also be intimidating, but they’re extremely unlikely to be a serious danger to others. Given it is so relatively harmless, why does everyone go on and on about dangerous cycling? It could just be because people on bikes breaking the law are just that bit more obvious. But you won’t necessarily notice a driver doing 30 in a 20 zone, or looking at their phone at the wheel. Yep, you knew this bit was coming. What about drivers who, let’s remember, can also be cyclists. When they’re in cars can they also break the law? And if they do, can it be dangerous?

PC Mark Hodson - Today five people will die on our roads, and 63 will suffer life-changing injuries, and it is in the majority of cases drivers that are causing these collisions and the offending that causes these collisions. You have your typical distraction offence: mobile phone, which probably is responsible for a vast amount of all collisions now. The other things that we look at: excess speed. The speed limit is not just a limit. They see it as a target to get to. The other behaviour is of course drink and drug driving, and unfortunately drink and drug driving is on the rise. When you crash your car at 30mph it’s got the same energy, the same destructive power as a small explosive device. And so we’ve got to make efforts as a society to reinstil into people when you’re driving that car you’ve really got to take care.

The passive voice

exercise 6

Fill in according to the clues.

1. Apples are sold all year round in most supermarkets. (myydään)
2. The furniture is being movedis being transferred downstairs now. (siirretään)
3. Not everybody is neededwill be neededis going to be needed there. (tarvitaan)
4. Why were they toldwere they ordered to wait for us there? (heitä käskettiin)
5. This has to be seenmust be seen to be believed. (täytyy nähdä)

6. Have they been given any food yet? (Onko heille annettu)
7. She hasn’t been causedhasn't been causedhas not been caused any harm. (ei ole aiheutettu)
8. It will be doneis going to be done one day. (tehdään)
9. What had you been shownwere you shown? (teille oli näytetty)
10. You could be helped more. (voitaisiin auttaa)

Teksti

7

More advanced. Fill in.

1. We should have been asked to wait for them. (olisi pitänyt pyytää)
2. The referee may have been boughtmight have been bought off – he seems to have it in for us. (on saatettu ostaa)
3. If it had been done well, we wouldn’t be in this mess now. (olisi tehty)
4. I don’t particularly enjoy being toldit when I am told what to do. (siitä, että minulle kerrotaan)
5. She insisted on being sent a formal invitation. (että hänelle lähettäisiin)

6. It feels good to be given a day off. (tulla annetuksi)
7. My elderly aunt needs to be looked afterlooking after. (huolehtimista)
8. Why do they drivedo people driveon the left in Thailand? (ajetaan)
9. What are they laughing atdo they laugh at over there? (nauretaan)
10. Let's goLet’s go now before everyone else does. (Lähdetään)

1. Should-verbin jälkeen tarvitaan verbin perusmuotoa, jolla on myös menneessä tapahtuneeseen tekemiseen viittaava muoto. Passiivissa tämä muoto on have been + 3. muoto.
4. Verbin enjoy jälkeen tulevasta toisesta verbistä tarvitaan ing-muoto. Passiivissa se on being + 3. muoto.
5. Preposition jälkeen tarvitaan verbistä ing-muoto.
6. Myös verbin perusmuodosta voi muodostaa passiivin rakenteella (to) be + 3. muoto.
7. Need-verbin jälkeen passiivi voidaan ilmaista kahdella tavalla: It needs to be done. = It needs doing.
8. Drive-verbillä ei ole tekemisen kohdetta (objektia). Siksi siitä ei voi käyttää passiivimuotoa.

exercise 19

19

Fill in.

1. I want you to listen to me carefully. (että kuuntelet)
2. I know that they arethey are right. (heidän olevan)
3. We’d better go through this again. (käydä)
4. I didn’t know what to do, who to do it to, or why do it at all. (tehdä)
5. She made me see the light. (näkemään)
6. We were made to pray for mercy. (rukoilemaan)
7. Quit smoking now. (tupakointi)
8. I was busy looking at all the sights. (katsella)
9. She does nothing but read all day long. (lukee)
10. It’s important to be allowed to try again if you first fail. (saada yrittää)
11. Stop talking and listen to me. (puhuminen)

12. Why didn’t you stop to talk to her if you saw her? (puhumaan)
13. Let me go there now. (mennä)
14. Nobody saw me smilesmiling at her. (hymyilevän)
15. She wasn’t seen to smilesmiling once during her visit. (hymyilevän)
16. Did you ever miss swimming in the lake when you were abroad? (uimista)
17. Why don’t you have a doctor take care of it. (huolehtia)
18. To knowKnowing the answer was the easy part. (tietäminen)
19. I just couldn’t help falling in love with you. (rakastumatta)
20. It was no use trying it again. (yrittää)
21. I never used to study for any test. (opiskella)
22. Now I am used to studying for everything. (opiskelemaan)

Hide

1. Want-verbin kanssa vain infinitiivirakenne mahdollinen (ei siis that-lause)
2. Tietämistä, uskomista tai arvelua ilmaisevien verbien aktiivimuotojen yhteydessä käytetään that-lausetta (ei infinitiiviä)
3. had better + paljas infinitiivi
4. kysymyssanat + to + infinitiivi; poikkeus why + paljas infinitiivi
5. make somebody do something (saada joku tekemään jotakin): aktiivissa paljas infinitiivi (vrt. kohta 6)
6. passiivissa make-verbin kanssa to + infinitiivi (vrt. kohta 5)
7. quit-verbin jälkeen tulevasta verbistä ing-muoto
8. be busy -sanonta + ing-muoto
9. do nothing but (ei tehdä muuta kuin, tehdä vain) + paljas infinitiivi
10. adjektiivi + to + infinitiivi
11. stop doing (lakata tekemästä jotain); vrt. kohta 12
12. stop to do (pysähtyä tekemään); vrt. kohta 11
13. let somebody do something (antaa jonkun tehdä jotain): paljas infinitiivi (mutta allow somebody to do something: to + infinitiivi)
14. aistihavaintoverbit (nähdä, kuulla jne.) aktiivissa: paljas infinitiivi tai ing-muoto (vrt. kohta 15)
15. aistihavaintoverbit passiivissa: to + infinitiivi tai ing-muoto (vrt. kohta 14)
16. miss-verbin jälkeen tulevasta verbistä ing-muoto
17. have somebody do something (pyytää jotakuta tekemään jotain): paljas infinitiivi (mutta ask somebody to do something: to + infinitiivi)
18. Lauseen subjektina (suomessa sanassa -minen-pääte): to + infinitiivi tai ing-muoto
19. can’t help + ing-muoto (ei voi olla tekemättä); myös muoto couldn’t help but fall on mahdollinen
20. it’s no use / it’s no good + ing-muoto
21. used to do (oli tapana tehdä / tein ennen); vrt. kohta 22
22. be used to doing (olla tottunut tekemään); vrt. kohta 21

Teksti

8

Homework. Write in English.

🔒 You will get the correct answers from your teacher.

	Hide
1. Sääntöjä ei aina totella.	Rules are not always obeyed/followed.
2. Meistä tuntui, että meitä tarkkailtiin.	We felt we were being watched/observed.
3. Se on varmaankin myyty ulkomaille.	It must have been sold abroad.
4. Heidän sanotaan olevan valmiina kaikkeen.	They are said to be ready for everything. / It is said (that) they are ready for everything.
5. Yritin välttää tulemista nähdyksi heidän seurassaan.	I tried to avoid being seen in their company.

May 6th, 2025

HW: ex. 17, 18, 19 & 20 in infinitives, -ING-forms & THAT-clauses & RC 4 loppuun

i. e. = id est = ts. = toisin sanoen

a nucleus / many nuclei: 1) tuma (biologiassa) 2) ydin (fysiikassa)

nuclear power
Rear Window (a film by Alfred Hitchcock) = Takaikkuna

-ING-form:
1. subjekti
Living is easy.
2. predikatiivi
Seeing you is loving you.
3. tietyt verbit vaativat gerundia eli -ing-muotoa
a) What do you enjoy doing?
I enjoy reading.
I enjoy playing the violin.
b) avoid
Avoid disturbing him.
NB! this house needs painting. = This house needs to be painted.
My hair needs cutting. = My hair needs to be cut.
c) can't help / can't stand
I can't help falling in love with you.
= I can't help but fall in love with you.
I couldn't help falling in love with him.
= I couldn't help but fall in love with him.
I can't stand lying and I can't stand being lied to.
d) put off = postpone
We put off meeting one another. = We postponed meeting one another.

lauseenvastikkeissa:
Having been given a suspended sentence,... = As / Because / Since he had been given a suspended sentence, ...
Having been done several times before, ... = As / because / Since it had been done several times before, ...

(to) be born = syntyä
I was born in Joensuu.
Where were you born?

crops = harvest = sato

INFINITIIVI:
1. to give: I want to give you a gift.
2. give: I must give a speech in public.
3. to have given: He claimed to have given all his best to the project.
4. have given: He would have given her money if he had had some.
5. to be given: I want to be given another chance.
6. be given: He should be given another chance.
7. to have been given: He claimed to have been given another chance.
8. have been given: He should have been given another chance if he had asked for it.

Teksti

exercise A

Choose the best alternative.

1. It’s a shame that solar energy can’t be produced at night.
2. If we continue destroying animals’ habitats, more and more species will go extinct.
3. A hundred years ago these fields were so fertile that they could easily feed the whole village.
4. I wouldn’t call that hazardous waste, but you shouldn’t put it in the ordinary trash can either.
5. I installed these new solar panels on my roof. This should cut down my electricity bill.
6. The smell of sewage is terrible! I wish they would build these drains somewhere else.
7.–8. Instead of burning fossil fuels, we should move towards renewable energy.
9.–10. To my knowledge, the Vatican was the first carbon neutral country in the world. Finland should follow its example, since climate change is a serious matter.

Teksti

exercise B

Combine the words that go together. There are some extra words in the box.

canvas bag • turbines • water • gamma • degradation • preserving nature • corporate social responsibility • starvation • extinction • biodegradable • acid rain • melting glaciers • recycling • cockroaches

endangered species extinction
global warming melting glaciers
radiation gamma
pesticides cockroaches
wind power turbines
bottle bank recycling
famine starvation
conservation preserving nature
reuse canvas bag
irrigation system water

Teksti

exercise C

Choose the correct definition for each term.

fertile producing many large crops
biodegradable able to decay naturally
drought a period of extreme dryness
sewage waste liquids or matter
irrigation the watering of an area

Hide

a substance used to destroy harmful plant growth (herbicide)
the natural environment of a plant or animal (habitat)

May 8th, 2025

HW: ex. A, B & C in Glossary: Society / Politics

EXAM: on Monday, May 26th, at 15.00 - 21.00 hours

a threat (n.) = uhka
threaten (v.) = uhata

I used to go to the gym five times a week. AINA IMPERFEKTI: Minä ennen kävin...
I am used to going to the gym five times a week. = OLEN TOTTUNUT KÄYMÄÄN...
I am accustomed to going to the gym five times a week. = OLEN TOTTUNUT KÄYMÄÄN...

(to) get used to doing s-g = tottua tekemään jotakin
I got used to getting up at 6 am. = Totuin nousemaan ylös kello 6 aamulla.
I have got used to drinking coffee in the mornings. = Olen tottunut nousemaan kello 6 aamulla.

HAVE s-b DO s-g (teetättää toiselle jotakin):
I'll have a hairdresser cut my hair. = Leikkautan hiukseni kampaajalla.
I must have a doctor examine my eyes. = Tutkitutan silmäni lääkärillä.

HAD BETTER DO s-g:
I had better go home now. = I'd better go home now.
I had better not go home at all. = I had not better go home at all.

Remember to buy milk. = Muista ostaa maitoa.
I remember buying milk. = Muistan ostaneeni maitoa.

I regretted having said so.
I denied having insulted him.
He admitted having stolen her bike.

As / Because / Since I had read the book, ...

Tapescript for LC12 The Quakka

Authorities in Western Australia are searching for a quokka that apparently escaped Rottnest Island in a rubbish bin and reemerged on the mainland, startling a recycling centre worker who thought it was a “large rat”.

Native to Western Australia and famous for smiling happily in selfies, quokkas were largely eradicated on the mainland and survived thanks to a large, isolated population on Rottnest Island, a prison camp turned popular holiday destination off the coast of Perth. They roam free around the island, which is devoid of both cars and large predators, and authorities fear the escaped quokka will not survive an encounter with these new threats. // 1

Reports of the escapee emerged on 10 January, when a Western Australia man working at the recycling centre in Cannington, in Perth’s southern suburbs, realised the blurry photos of a “large rat” presented by his South African colleague were in fact a quokka.

It is a common mistake: Rottnest got its name from Dutch explorer Willem de Vlamingh who named it Rotte nest, or rat’s nest, in 1696. Penni Fletcher-Hughes, from Rottnest Island Authority, said it appeared the quokka had climbed into a garbage bin in search of food and was accidentally transferred on to the garbage barge, which took it to Cannington.

“Being as it has got itself in a very good place for food, the chances are it will be fine,” Fletcher-Hughes said. “It just depends where it goes from there.” Quokka escape was “very unusual,” Fletcher-Hughes said, but finding quokkas in bins is not. // 2, 3

“I have seen them climb the walls; they are quite resourceful when it comes to searching for food,” she said. “We are not concerned in terms of him finding food … it’s other threats and just general stress. It’s a bit stressful to suddenly wake up in a recycling centre.”

The Department of Parks and Wildlife, which is leading efforts to find the rogue marsupial, set up a public hotline to report sightings. “Basically, this quokka is now at large,” wildlife officer Matt Swan said.

The recycling centre is fenced in and surrounded by bushland. It is not clear whether it remains in the centre and is hiding in one of the many piles of rubbish or whether it has slipped through a hole in the fence.

Swan said they could not lay traps, because traps were more likely to catch feral cats or foxes than a quokka. The best hope is someone spotting it. “It’s a needle-in-a-haystack type situation,” he said. // 4, 5

If it is found it will not be returned to Rottnest Island because the risk of infecting the quokka population there with a foreign pathogen is too great. Instead it will be rehomed at either Perth Zoo or a wildlife park.

There have been other reports of animals being accidentally taken off Rottnest Island, usually King skinks, which climb into people’s bags.

Rottnest Island is the largest population of the vulnerable species, with between 8,000 and 12,000 individuals. The second largest population is on Bald Island Nature Reserve, with 1,000 quokkas.

There are estimated to be fewer than 1,000 wild quokkas on the mainland, and most of those localised populations are under threat of extinction. // 6

exercise 17

17

Express in English using infinitive forms. Your partner will check.

Save

	Hide
1. Olen päättänyt muuttaa ulkomaille.	I have decided to move abroad.
2. Se saa minut tuntemaan oloni onnelliseksi.	It makes me feel happy.
3. Sinun on täytynyt tehdä tämä aiemmin.	You must have done this before.
4. Se täytyy nähdä, jotta siihen voi uskoa.	It has to be seen to be believed. / It must be seen so that it can be believed.
5. Miksi et halunnut, että tulen mukaasi?	Why didn’t you want me to come with you?
6. Kuka pyysi, että menisimme sinne?	Who asked us to go there?
7. Heidän uskotaan olleen siellä yksin.	They are believed to have been there alone.

	Hide
8. Päätin lähteä ulos ostamaan ruokaa.	I decided to go out to buy food.
9. Miksi et anna minun tehdä sitä?	Why don’t you let me do it? / Why don’t you allow me to do it?
10. Et ole voinut tarkoittaa sitä.	You can’t/couldn’t have meant that.
11. Arvoitus odottaa ratkaisuaan.	The mystery is waiting to be solved / is yet to be solved.
12. Äiti ei ole koskaan halunnut, että asuisin yksin.	Mum has never wanted me to live alone.
13. Miksi neuvoit, että kirjoittaisin kaiken ylös?	Why did you advise me to write everything down?
14. Minun tiedettiin tehneen parhaani.	I was known to have done my best.

exercise 18

18

Express in English using ing-forms. Your partner will check.

Save

	Hide
1. Miksi et nauti tanssimisesta?	Why don’t you enjoy dancing?
2. Kuka muistaa minun sanoneen sen?	Who remembers me saying it?
3. Siivottuani huoneeni olin vapaa lähtemään.	After cleaning / Having cleaned my room I was free to go.
4. Olen hyvä lukemaan tilannetta.	I am good at reading the situation.
5. Ei kannata itkeä minun vuokseni.	It’s no use/good crying over/for me.

	Hide
6. Voitko välttää kiroilemista?	Can you avoid swearing?
7. Kaduin rahojen varastamista.	I regretted stealing the money.
8. Koska olin lukenut kirjan, tiesin, miten elokuva päättyisi.	Having read / After reading the book, I knew how the film would end.
9. Miksi päätit lykätä sinne menemistä?	Why did you decide to put off going there?
10. Se mikä kannattaa tehdä, kannattaa tehdä hyvin.	What’s worth doing is worth doing well.

Homework exercise 20

20

Homework. Translate.

🔒 You will get the correct answers from your teacher.

	Hide
1. Haluan, että kuuntelet tarkasti.	I want you to listen carefully.
2. Mikä saa sinut ajattelemaan, että tiedän vastauksen?	What makes you think (that) I know the answer?
3. Kannattaako sitä yrittää?	Is it worth trying?
4. Oletko tottunut harrastamaan liikuntaa (take exercise) joka päivä?	Have you got used to taking exercise every day?
5. Luulen olevani oikeassa.	I think (that) I’m right.
6. Minun tiedetään tehneen virheitä.	I am known to have made mistakes.

May 13th, 2025

exercise A

Complete the sentences with the given words. There are also some extra words in the box.

Democrats • inauguration • Labour • legislation • maternity package • pension • poll • Republicans •
settlement • social benefits • state subsidies • Student benefit • Tories • welfare state

The legislation concerning alcohol is quite strict. Many people buy their wine and beer from other countries because of our laws and regulations.
Only very few people feel that refugees are in this country solely because of our social benefits.
The Tories are the more conservative of the two major parties in the UK.
Wind power isn’t really profitable without state subsidies.
Barack Obama and John F. Kennedy were both relatively popular presidents. They were both Democrats.
Student benefit is meant to cover the basic necessities during your studies.
In spite of some difficulties in our public healthcare and in the field of education, Finland is still considered a Western welfare state.
Presidents of the United States start their term with a ceremony called inauguration.
The maternity package in Finland contains several items that parents of a newborn baby will find useful.
The most recent poll suggests that Finnish people have a clear favorite for the next president of our country.

Extra words: Labour, pension, Republicans, settlement

Teksti

exercise B

Translate the following sentences into English.

	Hide
1. Sosiaalinen oikeudenmukaisuus on tärkeä osa suomalaista yhteiskuntaa.	Social justice is an important / a vital part of Finnish society.
2. Oppositio on taas kritisoinut eläkeläisten verotusta.	The opposition has criticized the taxation of pensioners / OAPs again.
3. Puolueen puheenjohtaja ilmoitti erostaan puoluekokouksessa.	The chair(person) of the party announced his/her resignation at the caucus/party congress.
4. Mitä mieltä olet tämän hallituksen ulkopolitiikasta?	What do you think about/of… / How do you feel about the foreign policy of this government? (Huom: muista n-kirjain sanan government keskellä.)
5. Jotkut poliitikot haluavat kansanäänestyksen Euroopan unionista eroamisesta.	Some politicians want (to have) a referendum on leaving the European Union.

Teksti

exercise C

Choose the correct definition for each term.

Tories members or supporters of a major British political party
suffrage the right to vote
inauguration a formal induction into office
referendum the practice of submitting a measure to popular vote
caucus a closed meeting of a group of persons belonging to e.g. the same political party

Hide

a monetary recompense granted to OAPs (pension)
an organisation for a political unit to exercise authority (parliament)

Teksti

HW: ex. A, B & C in Glossary: Economy / Work

He was sacked.
He was fired.
They let him go.

He resigned. = Hän erosi.
I will quit.

dye = valkaista; värjätä

She dyed her hair.

die: She died of cancer. = Hän kuoli syöpään.
She is dying of cancer. = Hän on kuolemaisillaan syöpään.

She is dyeing her hair. = Hän värjää hiuksiaan.

tainted beef / contaminated beef / polluted beef = saastunut naudanliha

an NGO = a charity
a nongovernmental organization = kansalaisjärjestö

proud of s-g: I am proud of you.

pride oneself on s-g: ylpeiilä jstkn

Khatri prides himself on using natural dyes.

dirt / soil / ground / earth = maa(perä)

deplete (v.) = tyhjentyä
the ozone depletion (n.) = otsonikato

vermicide = matolääke

Donald J. Trump was sworn in as 47th President of the United States of America on the 20th of January in 2025.

the taxation of the retirees = eläkeläisten verotus

The unemployed are entitled to unemployment benefit. = Työttömät ovat oikeutettuja työttömyyskorvaukseen.

subsidize (v.) = tukea

state subsidies = valtion tukijaiset

She is on welfare. = Hän on sosiaalitukien varassa.

I was on sick leave.

He was on parental leave.

maternity leave
paternity leave
She was on leave of absence.

Are you interested in politics?
Alexander Stubb is Head of foreign policy in Finland.
Honesty is the best policy. = Rehellisyys maan perii.

Secretary of State = ulkoministeri (USAssa)

the EU = the European Union
the House of Commons = alahuone
the House of Lords = ylähuone

the Houses of Parliament

Pauli Kiuru is an MP.
Pauli Kiuru is a Member of Parliament.

May 15th, 2025

EXAM: on Monday, May 26th, in class room 31, at 15.00 - 21.00 hours

HW: ex. A, B & C in Glossary: Immigration / Global issues // ex. 28, 30, 31 & 32

people / police / cattle / poultry / youth: VERBIT MONIKKOON
People are friendly.
The police are investigating a serious crime.

Is there any news? = Onko mitään uutisia?

The news was bad. = Uutiset olivat hyviä.
It was a piece of good news. = It was an item of good news.

That advice was good. = Nuo neuvot oluvat hyviä.
I need some advice. = Tarvitsen neuvoja.
That was a piece of good advice. = It was a word of good / sound advice.

a jewel
jewelry (AmE) / jewellery (BrE) = korut

affect s-g = influence s-g = impact s-g = impress s-g = vaikuttaa (verbiin ei tule prepositiota)

enterprising (adj.) = yritteliäs
He is an enterprising young man.

owing to s-g = due to s-g = because of s-g = johtuen jstkn

hard-working = diligent = ahkera

monet syötävät eläimet (myös kalat): yksikkö ja monikko samannäköisiä:
an elk / many elk
a deer / many deer
a reindeer / many reindeer
a salmon / many salmon
a trout / many trout

epäsäännöllinen monikko:
a mouse / many mice
a louse / many lice

People are friendly.

substantiiveja, jotka loppuvat -cy-päätteeseen:
currency = valuutta; rahayksikkö
bankcruptcy = konkurssi
democracy = demokratia
numeracy = laskutaito

Glossary: Economy / Work

exercise A

Choose the best alternative.

Working as an entrepreneur can be extremely hard and time-consuming, since you have to manage more than the average worker.
The common currency has made it more convenient for people to travel in many European countries.
As a white-collar worker I’m not required to do any physical labor.
My colleague is the only reason I even bother showing up at work anymore. She is always there for me.
The airline pilots are on strike again. They are demanding more money.
We’re hoping to get our product into retail.
Marc is really looking forward to his paternity leave so he can spend more time with their infant.
Disney is one of the all-time best-known blue chips.
Finland went through a severe recession in the early 90s.
She is seriously considering whether to finance his new project.

Teksti

exercise B

Translate.

	Hide
1. Kysynnän ja tarjonnan tulisi ohjata markkinoita.	Supply and demand should control the market.
2. Jos saisin palkankorotuksen, se auttaisi minua maksamaan laskuni.	If I got a raise, it would help me pay my bill(s) / help me with my bill(s).
3. Ansaitsen aika paljon, mutta korkeasta verotuksesta johtuen nettotuloni eivät koskaan riitä.	I earn quite a lot but because of / due to high taxation my net income is never enough.
4. Yhtiömme menestys on täysin ahkeran henkilökuntamme ansiota.	Our hard-working staff/personnel are entirely responsible for our company’s success / for the success of our company.
5. Talousjohtaja ja toimitusjohtaja erosivat sen jälkeen, kun menettivät luontaisetunsa.	The CFO and CEO resigned after losing / they lost their perks / fringe benefits

Teksti

exercise C

Choose the correct definition for each term.

GDP the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country in one year
blue chip a stock with a high investment quality
bankruptcy complete failure or impoverishment
assets the entire property of a person, association or corporation
retail selling directly to consumers

Hide

a monetary gain deriving from capital or labor (income)
giving money mainly for income or profit (investment)

Manuscript for LC12 Dealing with climate change

When it comes to global warming, we know that the real problem is not just fossil fuels – it is the logic of endless growth that is built into our economic system. If we don’t keep the global economy growing by at least 3% per year, it plunges into crisis. That means we have to double the size of the economy every 20 years, just to stay afloat. It doesn’t take much to realise that this imperative for exponential growth makes little sense given the limits of our finite planet.

Rapid climate change is the most obvious symptom of this contradiction, but we’re also seeing it in the form of deforestation, desertification and mass extinction, with species dying at an alarming rate as our consumption of the natural world causes their habitats to collapse. It was unthinkable to say this even 10 years ago, but today, as we become increasingly aware of these crises, it seems all too clear: our economic system is incompatible with life on this planet. // 1, 2

The question is what to do about it. How can we redesign the global economy to bring it in line with the principles of ecology? The most obvious answer is to stop using GDP to measure economic progress and replace it with a more thoughtful measure – one that accounts for the ecological and social impact of economic activity. Prominent economists like Nobel Prize winner Joseph Stiglitz have been calling for such changes for years and it’s time we listened.

But replacing GDP is only a first step. While it might help refocus economic policies on what really matters, it doesn’t address the main driver of growth: debt. Debt is the reason the economy has to grow in the first place. Because debt always comes with interest, it grows exponentially – so if a person, a business, or a country wants to pay down debt over the long term, they have to grow enough to at least match the growth of their debt. Without growth, debt piles up and eventually triggers an economic crisis. // 3, 4

One way to relieve the pressure for endless growth might be to cancel some of the debt – a kind of debt jubilee. But this would only provide a short-term fix; it wouldn’t get to the real root of the problem: that the global economic system runs on money that is itself debt.

This might sound a bit odd, but it’s quite simple. When you walk into a bank to take out a loan, you assume that the bank is lending you money it has in reserve – money that it stores somewhere in a vault, for example, collected from other people’s deposits. But that’s not how it works. Banks only hold reserves worth about 10% of the money they lend out. In other words, banks lend out 10 times more money than they actually have. This is known as fractional reserve banking. // 5

So where does all that additional money come from? Banks create it out of thin air when they make loans – they loan it into existence. This accounts for about 90% of the money circulating in our economy right now. It’s not created by the government, as most people assume: it is created by commercial banks in the form of loans. In other words, almost every dollar that passes through our hands represents somebody’s debt. And every dollar of debt has to be paid back with interest.

Because our money system is based on debt, it has a growth imperative baked into it. In other words, our money system is heating up the planet. Once we realise this, the solution comes into view: we need banks to keep a bigger fraction of reserves behind the loans they make. This would go a long way toward diminishing the amount of debt sloshing around in our economy, helping reduce the pressure for economic growth.

But there’s an even more exciting solution we might consider. We could abolish debt-based currency altogether and invent a new money system completely free of intrinsic debt. Instead of letting commercial banks create money by lending it into existence, we could have the state create the money and then spend it into existence. New money would get pumped into the real economy instead of just going straight into financial speculation where it inflates huge asset bubbles that only benefit the mega-rich. // 6, 7

The responsibility for money creation would be placed with an independent agency that – unlike our banks – would be democratic, accountable, and transparent, so money would become a truly public good. Commercial banks would still be able to lend money at interest, but they would have to back it dollar for dollar with their own reserves. In other words, there would be a 100% reserve requirement.

This is not a fringe proposal. It has been around since at least the 1930s, when a group of economists in Chicago proposed it as a way of curbing the reckless lending that led to the Great Depression. The Chicago Plan, as it was called, made headlines again in 2012 when progressive IMF economists put it forward as a strategy for preventing the global financial crisis from recurring. They pointed out that such a system would dramatically reduce both public and private debt and make the world economy more stable.

What they didn’t notice is that abolishing debt-based currency also holds the secret to getting our system off its addiction to growth, and therefore to arresting climate change. As it turns out, reinventing our money system is crucial to our survival in the Anthropocene – at least as important as getting off fossil fuels. And this idea is already beginning to gain traction: in the UK, the campaigning group Positive Money has generated momentum around it, building on a series of excellent explanatory videos.

The idea has its enemies, of course. If we shift to a positive money system, big banks will no longer have the power to literally make money out of nothing and the rich will no longer reap millions from asset bubbles. Unsurprisingly, neither of these groups would be pleased by this prospect. But if we want to build a fairer, more ecologically sound economy, that’s a battle that we can’t be afraid to fight. // 8, 9

May 20th, 2025

EXAM: on Monday, May 26th, in class room 31, at 15.00 - 21.00 hours

VERBI AINA YKSIKÖSSÄ:

information
evidence
equipment
luggage
baggage
furniture
advice
news
money
Where is my money? I left it on the kitchen table.

a burglary / many burglaries

research / The research shows that...

a survey
an examination
an investigation

The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin

a butterfly / many butterflies
a wolf / many wolves

a phenomenon / many phenomena
a criterion / many criteria
a mitochondrion / many mitochondria

an alien (n.) = muukalainen
alienate (v.) = vieraantua
alienation (n.) = vieraantuminen

equity = yhdenvertaisuus

a charity = hyväntekeväisyysjärjestö

owing to s-g = due to s-g = because of s-g = on account of s-g = johtuen jstkn

be in favour of s-g = suosia jtkn

the Finnish Red Cross = Suomen Punainen Risti
the Red Crescent = Punainen Puolikuu

a crisis / many crises
an analysis / many analyses
an oasis / many oases
a hypothesis / many hypotheses
a basis / many bases

persecute (v.) = vainota: Jews were persecuted in the 1930s.
persecution (n.) = vaino
discriminate (v.) = syrjiä

equal (adj.)
"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than some others."
(George Orwell: Animal Farm)

a crowd = väkijoukko; verbi on yksikössä tai monikossa

Glossary: Immigration / Global issues

exercise A

Choose the best alternative.

1.–2. The United Nations opposes discrimination because nobody is better or worse as a person. Instead, it promotes equality.
3. Many areas in Africa are suffering from famine. Thousands of children have died of hunger.
4. My experience as a relief worker in Africa has really taught me a lot about the pain and suffering that is tormenting many third world countries.
5. Although Chinese people are a minority in New York City, there are still hundreds of thousands of them in Manhattan alone.
6.–7. Many refugees seek asylum when they are in grave danger.
8. Some people feel refugees shouldn’t get more help than anyone else because it can be considered positive discrimination.
9. The US embassy was burned to the ground due to the warfare the Americans are involved in.
10. These humanitarian crises must be solved immediately.

Teksti

exercise B

Translate.

	Hide
1. Ihmisten pitäisi olla suvaitsevaisempia.	People ought to be / should be more tolerant.
2. Sadattuhannet ihmiset muuttivat maasta sitä vuosikausia piinanneen nälänhädän takia.	Hundreds of thousands of people emigrated from the country because of / on account of / due to the famine that/which had been tormenting / that/which (had) tormented the country for decades.
3. Koska Suomessa on niin paljon maahanmuuttajia, kukaan ei voi sanoa Suomen olevan yksikulttuurinen yhteiskunta.	Since/Because there are so many immigrants in Finland, nobody can say that Finland is a monocultural society. / nobody can call Finland a monocultural society.
4. Tom, Mark ja Sam ovat aina kannattaneet reilua kauppaa johtuen pitkästä taustastaan avustustyöntekijöinä.	Tom, Mark and Sam have always been in favor of / have always supported fair trade due to their / because of their many years of experience as aid workers / relief workers. (OR: …have always been supporters of fair trade…)
5. Voittoa tavoittelemattomat järjestöt, kuten Suomen Punainen Risti, auttavat pakolaisia ja yrittävät edistää tasa-arvoa.	Non-profit organizations such as the Finnish Red Cross help refugees and try to promote equality.

Teksti

exercise C

Choose the correct definition for each term.

repatriation the act of restoring or returning to their country of origin
procedure a certain way of accomplishing something
tolerance sympathy for beliefs or practices differing from one's own
asylum a secure place of retreat
prejudice an irrational attitude of hostility directed against an individual, a group or a race

Hide

a group of diplomats representing their country in a foreign country (embassy)
an unstable time or state of affairs (crisis)

Teksti

exercise 28

Homework. Write in English.

🔒 You will get the correct answers from your teacher.

	Hide
1. Biologian tunneilla opiskelijoita pyydettiin ryhmittelemään eläinlajeja erilaisin perustein.	In biology classes/lessons, (the) students were asked to group animal species on different bases.
2. Listalla oli perhosia, susia, hiiriä, poroja, lohia, kettuja, hanhia ja lampaita.	The list had/included butterflies, wolves, mice, reindeer, salmon, foxes, geese, and sheep.
3. Ihmiset käyttivät eri kriteerejä, kun he kuvailivat ilmiöitä.	People used different criteria when they described the phenomena.
4. Tunnin tutkimustyön jälkeen analyysit esiteltiin esitelmäsarjana.	After an hour of research, the analyses were presented as a series of presentations.

Teksti

exercise 29

Say the sentences in English.


1. Uutiset olivat huonoja.	The news was bad.
2. Pääministeri kätteli presidenttiä.	The Prime Minister shook hands with the President.
3. Karja siirrettiin toiselle pellolle.	The cattle were moved to another field.
4. Paikallispolitiikka on kiinnostavampaa kuin kansainvälinen politiikka.	Local politics is more interesting than international politics.
5. Uudet jääkiekkovarusteeni olivat kalliit.	My new (ice) hockey equipment was expensive.
6. Nyt tarvitaan hyviä neuvoja.	Good advice is needed now.
7. Voi ei! Kävelin tikapuiden alta.	Oh no! I walked under a ladder.
8. Väkijoukko osoittaa suosiotaan.	The crowd is/are cheering.
9. Kimin korut varastettiin Pariisissa.	Kim’s jewellery was stolen in Paris.
10. Kasvosi näyttävät tutuilta.	Your face looks familiar.
11. Yhdistyneillä kansakunnilla on päämaja New Yorkissa.	The United Nations has a/its headquarters in New York.
12. Veljenpoikani ristiäiset olivat kauniit.	My nephew’s christening / baptism was beautiful.
13. Poliisi tutkii parhaillaan murtovarkauksien sarjaa.	The police are currently investigating a series of burglaries.

Teksti

exercise30.

Choose the best alternative.

Were the Middle Ages really as dark as we think?
Table manners were important, and there were even written manuals on how to behave at the dinner table.
Most housework was done by women.
Cattle were very important for peasants.
Poultry were raised for meat, feathers, and especially eggs.
In those days, politics was based on feudalism.
Goods were transported to Europe all the way from China.
Knowledge was valued.
News was spread by special messengers, or by rumours and gossip.
Scientific progress was made in monasteries and universities.
Mathematics was a very important subject, especially after the introduction of Arabic numbers.
Physics was a more controversial subject due to the influence of the Catholic Church.
Modern machinery was developed especially for military purposes.
Most people were Christians, but superstitions were strong, especially in rural areas.

1. the Middle Ages + verbi monikossa
2. manners + verbi monikossa
3. housework + verbi yksikössä
4. cattle + verbi monikossa
5. poultry + verbi monikossa
6. politics + verbi yksikössä
7. goods + verbi monikossa
8. knowledge + verbi yksikössä
9. news + verbi yksikössä
10. progress + verbi yksikössä
11. mathematics + verbi yksikössä
12. physics + verbi yksikössä
13. machinery + verbi yksikössä
14. people + verbi monikossa (merkityksessä ihmiset)

Teksti

exercise 31

More advanced. Fill in according to the clues.

We were invited to my cousin’s weddingmy cousin's wedding last summer. (minun serkkuni häät)
The good news was that the ceremony was going to take place in Scotland. (uutinen oli)
My cousin studies history there, but politics is his real passion in life. (politiikka on)
We had to change trains twice to get to the venue. (vaihtaa junaa)
The surroundings were amazing. (ympäristö oli)
Some people were dressed in kilts. (ihmiset olivat)
The bride’s jewellery was spectacular. (korut olivat)
The priest offered the couple many pieces of advice in his sermon. (monia neuvoja)
The bride’s face was wet with tears. (kasvot olivat)
It was the best party I’ve ever been to. (parhaat juhlat)

1. a wedding = yhdet häät, weddings = monet häät
2. news aina monikossa + verbi yksikössä
3. politics aina monikossa + verbi yksikössä
4. englannissa monikko, suomessa yksikkö
5. surroundings aina monikossa + verbi monikossa
6. ihmiset = people + verbi monikossa; peoples = kansakunnat
7. jewellery aina yksikössä + verbi yksikössä
8. advice-sanalla ei varsinaista monikkoa; tarvitaan kiertoilmaisu
9. englannissa yksikkö, suomessa monikko
10. englannissa yksikkö, suomessa monikko

Teksti

exercise 32

Homework. Write in English.

🔒 You will get the correct answers from your teacher.

	Hide
1. Netissä on ollut monia uutisia siitä, miten ihmiset reagoivat uhkiin.	There has been a lot of news / There have been many pieces / items of news / news items online about how people react to threats.
2. Tutkijat yrittävät selvittää, kuinka ihmisaivot toimivat.	Researchers are trying to figure out how the human brain works / human brains work.
3. Asiantuntijat keräävät lisää todisteita siitä, että tietoja on käytetty väärin.	Experts are gathering further evidence / proof about the fact that information has been misused.
4. Näillä tutkimuksilla hallitus toivoo parantavansa tilannetta.	With these studies / this research, the government hopes / hope to improve the situation.

Tapescript LC2 How real estate photography tricks you (video)

We hired a professional real estate photographer to come in and take photos in different locations. I stood right next to the real estate photographer to capture what I thought was the same image.

So the professional editors have increased the saturation of the trees, they’ve increased the saturation of blue sky and given that appearance that it’s a lot sunnier and more vibrant than it actually is. The other thing that you notice is that it appears to be photoshopped in the fact that there are no leaves in the bottom of the pool anymore, and that definitely makes it feel a lot more inviting.

The room definitely doesn’t feel as open and as vast as it does with the real estate photographer’s photo, and that’s because they’ve used a wide angle lens. This is something they would generally do in smaller houses to create a feeling of space. It includes all the edges, the chairs, the shelves, the plants, and instantly you feel like the room is double the size. The other thing that they do in this image is add a fire. So, as you can see in my image, they’re was definitely not a roaring fire going on at that point, but they add this in in order to showcase that warmth, and that feeling of sort of being snugly and cosy in the lounge room.

The perspective makes you feel like you’re walking into something a lot grander than you actually are. The actual hallway into the bathroom is really narrow, but you can’t see that within this image because of the perspective that they’ve taken. The other thing you notice right away is how bright it looks. It feels sunny, it feels warm, it feels really inviting, but the original image that you can see it’s actually quite a dark room.

So another thing that they tend to paint in, similar to the fireplace, is that they will add in bits of grass to lawn where there is none. And so the whole image just looks really bright; it looks like there is grass all up the driveway when we know there actually isn’t, and they’ve really increased the colour saturation, so the greens look punchy, the sky looks punchy, even the fence looks a lot brighter than it actually is.

Tapescript LC3 Lagos Trashion show (video)

Reporter - Since its inception in 2012, models grace the runway wearing outfits made from items we would normally throw in the garbage. Severe plastic waste and litter are seen everywhere in Lagos, Nigeria’s commercial capital and the most populous country in Africa. All of Africa is faced with this problem, and with an estimated population of 25 million, Lagos generates thousands of waste everyday. Greenfingers wildlife initiative is a non-profit conservation group funded by donations; works with people as an advocate for a better environment.

Chinedu Mogbo - We started the trashion show with first making artwork, when I felt why don’t we take it a step further. To have this trash made into clothing, styled and worn, and we walk on the runway to raise awareness concerning issues like plastic pollution, pollution in general, which also affects wildlife, so that’s how the trashion show actually started.

Reporter - Managing garbage disposal in Nigeria has grown to be a significant challenge despite several efforts by succeeding governments and commercial organisations in that regard. The environmental activists have been partnering with teenagers in their drive for a better, cleaner environment, and although the medium is uncommon the message behind it is undeniable.

Reporter - Joy Udoko, the designer for this year's trashion show, attached plastic waste to fabric to create garments the teenagers wore in their annual trashion show. Joy and her team designed and created elegant dress pieces out of the mountain of plastic pollution they find on the streets, beaches, and waterways of Nigeria’s booming cultural capital.

Joy Udoka-Obi - The message we are trying to get across to people with the piece of this year’s trashion show is the need for recycling. Keep the environment clean.

Reporter - Despite being a megacity, Lagos has struggled with waste management over the years due to the uncontrolled dumping of trash in any open place. Particularly markets, drainages, and residential areas.

Reporter - Nethaniel Edegwa, a 16 year old model, believes her involvement in the trashion show this year is about making the difference she desires.

Nethaniel Edegwa - I decided to take part in this year’s trashion show because I really want to make a change, and because we are all being affected by the climate change, so I really want to make a difference.

Reporter - More and more young people are joining the push for change as the effects of climate change worsen with each passing year. They are raising awareness and inspiring people to take action by guiding the conversation on climate change.

Eyeoyibo Joyce - My advice to people living in Lagos and Nigeria in treatment of their waste they shouldn’t treat waste anyhow. Reduce, reuse, recycle is the thing they should go for. They should find a way to reuse what they have, like this is a very good way to reuse your trash, and you should also discard them properly, not on the floor lying around.

Reporter - It is no secret that Lagos, especially its beaches, have a large microplastic problem. These slowly degrade in toxic plastics consumed by marine life, embed themselves in ecosystems and make their way up the food chain to humans in the form of plastic polymers from styrofoam food containers, bottles, plastic cups, and especially plastic water sachets.

LC4 Future skills (video) Tapescript

One of the key questions about the skills of the future is how humans differ from machines. And what are the fundamental differences? The big humans and machines see problems differently. The answer to this will determine the skills people should focus on developing, and the work that only people will be able to do in the future.

Machines, and here I mean computers and information technology in particular, need data. Machines like simple and well defined bits of information, so numbers, values, and figures are their favourite foods. If you tell a machine that a glass contains ten blueberries it will understand you. But if you tell a machine that a glass contains a lot of blueberries it will be confused. A machine would understand if you told it there were the square root of 100 blueberries, 60% of the volume of the glass of blueberries, or a random integer between 9 and 11 of blueberries. But so far it would have no ability to process words that require understanding context or complex interpretation.

Machines will continue to develop at tremendous speed, but ambiguous expressions will still be as difficult for machines as they are sometimes for humans. And what if I had used an example that involved the words good or evil. The machine would have been just as confused. Defining good and evil requires a human. We can argue whether blueberries are good or bad, or whether the glass is half full or half empty. We can tell why there are blueberries in the glass in the first place, and talk about how they look as a still life. We can even squabble about all of this, but a machine can only give us a numerical value. We are optimists and pessimists, but fortunately machines are neither.

Imagine an ant running across the floor and jumping onto your head. This idea is silly because we know that an ant can’t jump onto your head without superpowers. We’ve seen ant hills, and we’ve learned that ants, despite how strong they are, they can’t jump anywhere near that high. But what if I gave the same situation to a computer to evaluate. What tools would the machine use to solve this problem? Well, a machine can’t remember its childhood, or the summers it spent playing in the woods, or the first time it encountered an ant. It’s also never poked an ant hill with a stick. A machine has to know all the numbers because without them it can’t solve problems. So, how big is the ant? Or how long are its legs? What is the muscle mass? How strong is it? How does it jump? How tall is the target? The equation becomes complex, but that’s not an overwhelming challenge for the machine. In the end, the machine, maybe, might come up with an answer that an ant can maybe jump, let’s say, 0.0321795 centimetres, but not, let’s say, two metres. Right? So a person and a machine, they come to the same answer. An ant can’t jump that high. But they reached the conclusion through different kinds of thinking.

Tasks that require contextual understanding, situational awareness, and interpretation related to culture, history, or social norms are tasks where we humans are a bit superior to machines. We have all the information we’ve accumulated over our lives, and a machine only has the data that’s been given to it. Even if a machine has a million data points and has reviewed more information than any human alive, it will still give its answer as a probability that only a person can interpret as right or wrong, good or bad, a lot or a little.

The faster technology evolves, the more deeply we need to understand and interpret humanity. Ultimately, technology is only a reflection of us. It makes us strong, and it gives us influence, but it doesn’t change who we are. Technology can’t teach us what’s important, for example, and that is left to us because it requires interpretation.

LC5 Words of Wisdom (video) Tapescript

What makes one person wiser than another? Once, in kindergarten, my friends and I, all about five years old, were faced with a difficult problem. As we had been going about our normal play,,an unexplained hole had opened up in our worldview. Rushing towards our teacher, Petri, we asked, “what makes a person wise?” After considering this for a moment, he said that a person becomes wiser the more times he’s been around the sun. Wisdom develops in the human brain as this circular motion continues, he said, and usually the older a person is, the more time they’ve had to rotate through different recurring patterns in life and in the natural world. So it was all about circles, that’s why parents are usually wiser than children. We were entranced by this information. Rushing out into the yard, my friends and I spread our arms out wide and started spinning, and we continued spinning for hours believing that we were doing ourselves a great service. The more circles we turned the wiser we were getting. Now, almost 20 years later, I’ve learned that Petri was actually right. The more time a person has spent looking around and seeing things from different perspectives during their life, the wiser they’re likely to be. Whenever someone accuses me of being wise, I say that the fault is in my early childhood education and those hours of spinning.

There was also a second day when we found another hole in our view of the world. We didn’t know why people die. This time, Petri said that people have blood inside them, and if the blood runs out the person can’t stay alive anymore. Now, we didn’t know that human body’s always making new blood, so when I fell playing outside and scraped my knee, I froze in terror when I realised that precious blood was leaking out of me. I thought I was losing years of my life. The next time someone reminded me to be more careful, I knew that the adults just didn’t want me to die prematurely from blood loss. Petri was wrong this time, but so was I. We should never be afraid of small accidents and injuries because we learn from our mistakes. Sometimes, people who experience setbacks and disappointments just get stronger. And sometimes, it’s the people who have to do the most catching up who go the farthest.

Exertion doesn’t weaken the heart, it strengthens it. The skills of the future can not be taught from teacher to students like multiplication tables or grammar. It’s hard to make multiple choice questions about courage, or to assign points to a person's curiosity, even though these are very important skills. Many of the skills we will need in the future are learned through trial and error. Sometimes, you have to change your assumptions. And sometimes, you fail spectacularly. It’s frustrating that recess is more important than class time for developing many skills, and that after-hours or after-hour gatherings are frequently more useful than team meetings. We’re in the midst of an unprecedented period of technological development, and we need lifelong learning, at home, at work, at school. And we can’t be sure what skills the future will demand of us, although expert predictions can provide some directions. But if I was in charge I would put a best before date on all diplomas and certificates. At least one thing is clear, we will be required to continue to adapt to a constantly evolving world.

Tapescript LC7 Fast cooking

Host - Celebrated food author Mark Bittman has written about how to cook, well, everything. But when it comes to cooking fast, he says it’s about strategy not skill.

Mark Bittman - There’s a lot of downtime in cooking, it takes time for the heat that you’re using to be applied to the food that you’re using it on, and you can use that time to do other things that make the whole procedure go more quickly.

Host - He’s out with a new edition of his book How To Cook Everything Fast. That’s lucky because we’re focusing on recipes you can make in a pinch. One of those is his spinach carbonara, a vegetarian twist on the Italian classic that’s often made with pork.

Mark Bittman - Adding spinach to this turns it more into a one pot dish if you will, or a sort of whole meal that has a variety of different nutrients and just mixes things up a bit.

Host - It requires just a few ingredients. Pasta, cheese, olive oil, eggs, and of course spinach. Once you’ve got all that it’s simple to throw together.

Mark Bittman - You do oil in a pan, you do water in a pot. You do garlic and spinach in the pan, you do pasta in the water, you toss it with cheese and egg, and that’s the dish.

Host - If you’re in the mood for something hardier, Bittman says, try a stir fry. He says they’re perfect for fast cooking because stir fry employs a critical technique. Utilising downtime to cook. Take, for example, his recipe for chicken and Swiss chard stir fry.

Mark Bittman - You start oil in a pan over a high heat, and while that’s heating you cut some boneless chicken up, and season it. And then you cook that. While you’re cooking that in a skillet you’re preparing ginger and garlic. While you’re waiting for the chicken to be done you chop some scallions, you rinse some chard, you chop that, and then you add those ingredients one at a time to the stir fry.

Host - Of course, we can’t forget dessert. Bittman recommends the skillet apple crisp. It’s got that classic combo, butter, apples, nuts, cinnamon, and sugar, but…

Mark Bittman - The difference is that you start by melting butter in a skillet and cooking, while that’s melting you chop the acorns, chop the apples, and you add them to the skillet with a little bit of water, and you cook that until the apples are tender.

Host - And while that’s happening, Bittman recommends, you guessed it, using that time to prep the topping.

Mark Bittman - Butter, nuts, oats, coconut sugar, cinnamon, salt, all of that. You cook that until it's, you cook that in a separate pan until it’s nicely browned and crisp, and then when the apples are soft you top it with the crisp topping, and you serve. And it just works great and it becomes a 15 minute recipe as opposed to a 40 minute recipe.

Host - But if none of these dishes speaks to you, don’t worry. You can make fast, easy meals with any ingredients you have, just keep three things in mind.

Mark Bittman - Preparing and cooking at the same time instead of preparing first and then cooking second, and I think that’s the key strategy. The second is really having a well stocked pantry, refrigerator and freezer as well of course, but to the extent that you can keep a good larder you can cook a lot of recipes without shopping, and that’s a real advantage. And then the third is to almost always cook more than you need. Be planful about leftovers, if you’re cooking beans for a dish then cook a lot of them, and either refrigerate or freeze what’s left. Same with whole grain, same with that head of cauliflower, etc., etc., etc. Whenever you’re cooking, it almost always pays to cook more, even if it’s just cooking more of the given dish so that you can have lunch or dinner tomorrow. I think that that’s the kind of thing veteran cooks know and learn, and that we’re trying to teach it fast to people who have not done a lot of cooking.

Host - That was food writer Mark Bittman. The updated and revised edition of How To Cook Everything Fast is out now.

Tapescript LC8 Fatty Fatty Boom Boom

Andrew Limbong - Hey, it’s NPR’s book of the day, I’m Andrew Limbong. Nobody tells it to you like your mom. That’s something author Rabia Chaudry says in today’s interview, and ooh boy is it true. Her new memoir is titled Fatty Fatty Boom Boom, and it examines her relationship with food, eating, and body image issues. And a lot of it deals with her relationship with her mom. Who, like a lot of moms I know, mine included–shout out to moms–can say just the right thing to needle you into a shame spiral. But in this interview with NPR’s Ayesha Rascoe, Chaudry shares a pretty revelatory bit of empathy for her mom, and shares what her eventual turning point was that led to her being encouraged to eat.

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Ayesha Rascoe - One of the ways we honor and cherish our families is through food, and that couldn’t be more true for lawyer, podcaster, and author, Rabia Chaudry. Growing up in a Pakistani household, she’s familiar with the sights and smells of spicy biryani and sticky treats like jalebis. But as Chaudry chronicles in her new memoir Fatty Fatty Boom Boom, sometimes that love for culture and family can become fraught. Rabia Chaudry, who was best known for her work on the Adnan Syed case and host of the Undisclosed podcast, joins us now. Welcome.

Rabia Chaudry - Hi Ayesha, how are you?

Ayesha Rascoe - I’m fine, thank you so much for joining us. Before we just dive into your story of family, and food, and everything in between. I want to acknowledge the end of a different chapter in your life, the freedom of Adnan Syed. Syed was imprisoned in 1999 for the murder of his girlfriend at the time. Through your help, his conviction has been overturned, and now he’s free. How does it feel to be on the other side of that fight?

Rabia Chaudry - Oh, I mean sometimes I forget, sometimes my eyes will fly open at night, and i’m like, wait, what’s next. What appeal do we file next. And when you’ve been carrying that around your entire adult life, it feels quite amazing to be able to finally put it down and check it off your list.

Ayesha Rascoe - So tell me why, with your memoir, you wanted to tell the story of your life through the food that you grew up eating?

Rabia Chaudry - You know, anybody can write a memoir of their life in so many different ways, right. It can be about my career, it can be about advocacy work, it can be about so many things. And I decided that those were a lot of stories that I told all the time, but there was a theme in my life that I’ve never spoke about publicly but has just been with me since childhood, and that is issues around body image and weight, and so Fatty Fatty Boom Boom was born, which was one of my childhood nicknames. But you know, at the same time, I can’t divorce it from this issue about body image and weight, from my love for food and especially for Pakistani cuisine, and my family stories around it that bring me so much joy.

Ayesha Rascoe - So I mean, the book really walks us through how you developed your relationship with food from a very young age. You know, talk to me about the food you were eating, and how you felt about it?

Rabia Chaudry - Yeah, you know, so when I immigrated to the United States I was 6 months old, and I was the first born. My parents were discovering this country in a lot of ways, and one of the ways was through its food. And in my parents’ imagination nothing could be stocked in an American grocery store that wouldn’t actually be healthy, and wholesome, and better than the foods we had back home in Pakistan. So we just dove right into all the processed foods, and I grew up eating just so much baloney, and crackers, and processed snacks a lot of us grow up with.

Ayesha Rascoe - I mean, you talked about how even as a baby, kind of to fatten you up, it was some miscommunication, but you were drinking like half and half, and also your mother had you teething on a stick of butter, which is quite the image, right.

Rabia Chaudry - Yeah, there was a tragic miscommunication. I had gotten jaundice, and I was really scrawny, so my mom asked a friend of hers, who was a nurse, how can I chubb her back up, and she said “oh, give her some half and half”. She meant like a little bit, a couple of tablespoons, or something, in my bottle, and my mom started giving me two bottles a day, and that’s a lot of fat. And again, my mom is a mother here in the United States without her support system she would have had back home who would have told her, what are you doing. And she just thought a frozen stick of butter makes so much sense, she won’t choke on it, it’s soothing to the gums, and of course delicious.

Ayesha Rascoe - It’s very delicious, I mean butter, it does taste really good. I’m sure as a baby you were really enjoying yourself. You know, you talk about in the book, you didn’t look at yourself as overweight as a kid, like when did shame come in?

Rabia Chaudry - I just didn’t think it was a big deal, you know, what I necessarily looked like, or weighed, but I had so many other interests in my head. It wasn’t until, really, my first marriage that it became top priority because I was constantly shamed in that marriage by my ex, who was an abusive spouse, but also by his family that we lived with, about my weight. And that’s when I really internalized the shame, and the self-loathing, and hatred, and all that stuff. And my relationship with food got really, really contentious.

Ayesha Rascoe - And because at that time you realized that you were eating when no one was around.

Rabia Chaudry - Yeah, I would eat in secret, but even as I was eating, even when I was done I would constantly feel like I was starving. And there was a different kind of emptiness that I was trying to fill for sure.

Ayesha Rascoe - We know how people who are overweight, fat people in this society, are mistreated all the time. But is there a difference when it comes to being within a Pakistani household? Particularly for women?

Rabia Chaudry - The real big concern in a South Asian household then, I mean now it might not be as much but at least then, was will or will she not be able to get married. Like, if you cannot get your daughter married, she has failed life, you have failed life, what is she going to do? That fear lurked in the back of my head, and frankly I think it fed into the fact that kind of the first guy that came along that seemed interested, I leapt at because I thought I might not get another chance at this.

Ayesha Rascoe - I think about your mother, she would be concerned about your weight. Like, how did that relationship with your mother evolve when you think about weight, and food, and all of those issues?

Rabia Chaudry - You know, when I started writing this book I didn’t realize that I was almost in a way kind of journaling about this issue, and I don’t really journal. And it helped me connect so many dots, including understanding my mother’s eating patterns. My mother, her entire life, including up to this day, and she’s in her 70s, won’t eat with us as a family, she’ll eat alone. And I was lucky enough to be able to interview her and my father, understanding how she grew up, and why she would have done that. I noticed that I picked up, obviously, some of my mother’s patterns throughout my life. At the same time, nobody tells it to you like your mom, sometimes. And she read maybe the first ten pages of the book and she put it down, and ever since then she just refers to it as the book I wrote about her.

Tapescript LC9 Dying of politeness

Andrew Limbong - Hey, it’s NPR’s book of the day, I’m Andrew Limbong. Okay, okay, okay, I know I’m super late for it, but I just saw Thelma and Louise for the first time the other weekend. I know that this won’t be old news to most of you, but Geena Davies is absolutely incredible in that movie. She’s funny, and vulnerable, but defiant in this magnetic way that you really understand why someone would want to follow her to, you know, you know. She’s got a new memoir called Dying of Politeness, and she talked to NPR’s Rachel Martin about how each of her big movies taught her something important about life. And when they get to the Thelma and Louise section, she talks about learning to find her own agency, and strength, and ability to speak up for herself. But it wasn’t anything about the role that taught her those lessons, it was being around Susan Sarandon.

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Rachel Martin - For an oscar winning actor, Geena Davies has suffered from a lot of self doubt over the years. It’s a theme in her new memoir, which is titled Dying of Politeness. One of Davies’ first jobs was in retail, and she soon got noticed after modeling in a shop window. A casting director saw her photos in a sales catalog, and all of a sudden she was in a movie with Dustin Hoffman. The 1982 hit comedy Tootsie.

Clip from Tootsie played.

Geena Davies - For that role, the casting director decided to contact model agencies to see if they had any models who could act, and then I got to go to the audition. And they said “wear a bathing suit underneath your clothes in case you read well, they want to see you in a bathing suit.”Okay, so I did, and I read, and it’s just with an assistant casting person in an office videoing, and she doesn’t say can I see you in a bathing suit. So I put it completely out of my mind, of course. My first audition, so nothing’s going to happen from this, so. But then it turned out Sidney Pollack the director saw my tape and said “Hey, I like her, where’s her bathing suit shot.” “Oh we forgot.” “Well, get her back” “We can’t, she’s in Paris.” “Well, do they have any photos of her in a bathing suit?” And as it happened, I had been in a Victoria’s Secret catalog, and so they were able to send over beautifully lit, perfectly wind blown, and I ended up getting the part without them seeing me in person in a bathing suit.

Rachel Martin - Tootsie was nominated for ten academy awards. This was in 1983. Obviously, just being part of that cast opened doors for you, but you write a lot in this book about this self-criticism that you’ve done ever since you were a kid. You were insecure about your height, your looks. Acting is sort of the wrong line of work for a person with those characteristics, no?

Geena Davie - Well, right. I was somebody who couldn’t stand for people to look at me, or if they were staring at me, well what, are they judging me or something? But then I’d pick the goal of having as many people as possible look at me, so I don’t know. Up to and including my underwear. So I don’t know. The only thing I can conclude is that maybe I was attracted to the ability to be somebody else.

Rachel Martin - Thelma and Louise came out in 1991. You were originally attached to the film as Louise, which I didn’t know.

Geena Davies - No, actually, the movie was cast two or three times before I ever got cast. It took me a year to intensely following it and lobbying to have a chance to audition. And I thought that I should play Louise, so finally Ridley Scott, he was going to produce it, but now he decided to direct it himself, I met with him, and I poured out my heart about why I absolutely must be in this movie and play Louise. And then he finally said “So in other words, you wouldn’t play Thelma?” And I’m like, oh my god, I just talked myself out of this movie because I asked for the wrong part. So then I said “You know what, as I’ve been talking to you about this, I realize, I actually should play Thelma.” And then I just made (bleeped) up about why I absolutely had to be Thelma. When he hired Susan Sarandon to play Louise, as soon as I met her I was like oh my god, what was I thinking that I could play Louise, what, what. I was so happy I was Thelma.

Rachel Martin - I mean that movie, words fail really to express what that meant to so many women and young women. To see these female characters, central to this story.

Geena Davies - Well, the whole experience had a huge impact on me. I think Susan Sarandon had the largest impact on my life of anyone that I’ve known, and it was as fantastic as I assumed that it was going to be making that movie.

Clip from Thelma and Louise played.

Geena Davies - Watching the way Susan walked through the world, how she said what she thinks without any qualifiers in front of it. You know, like everything I said started with, this is probably a bad idea, and you’re going to hate it, probably, but what would you think, possibly? You know, and she never did that, and somehow I’d never been exposed, extensively, to a woman who moved through the world like that, and it was like a lesson every day in how to speak up for yourself.

Tapescript LC10 Moomins on display

Halfway through the first major UK retrospective of paintings by Tove Jansson, which opens this week at the Dulwich Picture Gallery, visitors will recognise some little blobby creatures in a glass case – the Moomins.

The stars of some of the most famous children’s books of the 20th century, they have become deeply familiar in their incarnations as fridge magnets, soft toys, on the tail fins of Finnish planes and in a newly opened museum in Finland. They have also appeared in cartoon strips and animations, with a new film coming at Christmas and a new animated series featuring the likes of Kate Winslet, Rosamund Pike and Will Self. // 1

The Moomins may not, however, have been how Jansson would have chosen her work to be defined. Their pottering around their flowery valley, and hibernating through the fierce Nordic winters until a messenger brings news of spring made her famous the world over, but they have completely overshadowed the reputation as a serious painter that she yearned for all her life, and which the Dulwich exhibition will try to rescue.

“The pictures are wonderful,” said the gallery’s director, Jennifer Scott. “I’ve surprised myself at how drawn I feel to them. She fits perfectly into one of the things we do best at Dulwich, which is to take a very unfamiliar name, or a name people think they know, and show a completely different aspect of their work.”Despite the scores of paintings from private collections and Finland’s national gallery, the Ateneum in Helsinki, including a haunting last self-portrait painted years before Jansson’s death aged 87 in 2001, the Moomins have crept into half the exhibition space and taken over the final room. // 2, 3

The first Moomin book was published at the end of the Second World War and was clearly in its shadow, a surprisingly dark fantasy of a world almost destroyed by catastrophic flood. Other books followed, but it was only when one was translated into English in 1951, and her creations became a cartoon strip for the London Evening News, that she became internationally famous.

Clare Simpson, the head of exhibitions at Dulwich, was helping Liisa Kantanen from the Ateneum set out the fragile models of the characters, beautifully made by Jansson’s life partner, the artist and craft worker Tuulikki Pietilä, and borrowed from a private collection. Directing the little figures to turn toward one another in conversation, she said: “I feel sorry for Tove really. The Moomins brought her fame and money, which bought her freedom, but they also cannibalised her time and creative energy and distracted her from what she considered her real work.” // 4, 5

The exhibition includes original artwork for the strip, believed long lost, which turned up in an uncatalogued envelope in the collection of the Cartoon Archive in Kent. After seven years writing and drawing the strip, Jansson was so drained by the work she handed it on to her brother, who kept it going until 1975.

Jansson was born into a family of hardworking artists in Helsinki in 1914 – her father was a sculptor, but most of the bills were paid by her mother’s illustration work – and earned money from magazine and book illustration from the age of 15.

The exhibition shows her covers for the satirical magazine Garm, including a wartime Christmas number of a dancing Hitler roaring for cake. Some include tiny hippo like figures, the first appearance in print of the Moomins, which she had been drawing since sketching them on the wall of a childhood holiday home. // 6, 7

The exhibition’s curator, Sointu Fritze, who is also chief curator at the Ateneum, said the Moomins had earned their place in the exhibition, even if they often made it hard for Jansson to be taken seriously as a painter at a time when hierarchies in art were still rigid.

“Although Tove Jansson was sometimes tired of the Moomins or frustrated to be known primarily as the ‘Moomin Mamma who can also paint’, she did take the work on Moomins as seriously, with a strong devotion, as her painting,” Fritze said.

“I think she was herself able to see her oeuvre as a continuum and a whole, the sources of inspiration being very much the same for everything she did.” // 8

LC11 Art for your ears

The myth of the long-suffering, tormented and starving young artist might not only be a myth if you talk with a few aspiring artists trying to make it in this competitive field. Join us on this special podcast on art sold on the street. Marketplaces and small stalls on the street, that’s how you might get your foot in the door. But is it enough? What is the next step? What are the latest stirrings of the art world at the moment? Is it possible to make a good living and also make good art at the same time? How could you turn your career up a notch if you are already making ends meet but still not a household name or even close? Stay tuned for more. // 1

It’s not easy to delve deep into the creative mind and extract a perfect work of art in the process. How good do you need to be at what you do? What will sell? How about can bad people create great art? Is great art always a product of a good, pure mind? Degas, renowned for his fragile ballerinas, for instance, was a famous anti-Semite. While praised for warmth and humanity in his art, he held very stark views of his fellow man. So, if art history is anything to go by, you don’t need to be exemplary or even above par, just be the imperfect human being that you are. // 2

Various settings promote selling art on the street in different ways. In New York, for example, you don’t even need to have a vending license. Nevertheless, there are certain restrictions pertaining to place, time and manner of selling. All art vending stands must be located at least 20 inches from a door, 10 inches from a corner and must not touch or in any way be attached to a fire hydrant or another item on the street such as a parking meter, traffic sign, light pole or telephone booth. // 3

Selling art on the street is challenging. You might want to prop up your work on an easel to stand out from the other works on display. Try not to have your work under a parasol or similar, it changes the light and the tones in your work. Direct natural light works the best. If your work is sandwiched between many others, it will not promote your work in the best possible manner so try to avoid dense exhibits. // 4

Have you ever had a painting really touch your soul? Really speak to you. So much so that you ended up buying it on the spot and taking it home? Street art or not, worth every dollar. And then a friend of yours came over and said: “What an interesting piece. Where an earth did you find a painting like that? The frogs seem so lifelike. It would make me so jittery to have them hang above my bed in my bedroom. So interesting. But of course, I’m not a true connoisseur like you. // 5

As an artist, what’s your favourite medium? Acrylic paints, charcoal or perhaps etching? Paints lend themselves to powerful and expressive brushstrokes, really making your feelings and thoughts heard. You can attack the canvas with your brush and let it feel your power. Make use of a rich rainbow of shades and tints at your disposal. When you are done, discard the brushes and you will feel cleansed. You and the end result will next face the world and the critics. // 6

Tapescript LC14 Universities and investments

One hundred universities in the UK have pledged to divest from fossil fuels. This equates to 65% of the country’s higher education sector refusing to make at least some investments in fossil fuel companies, and endowments worth more than £17.6bn now out of reach for the corporations. This huge sum is mostly owing to the significant investment portfolios of the University of Edinburgh, as well as the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and their constituent colleges, all of which have at least partially divested. // 1

Coventry University has become the 100th, and on Thursday announces its divestment of a £43.6m investment portfolio from all fossil fuel companies after a nine-month student campaign. Riz Dhanani, the treasury manager at the university said: “Coventry University has been actively developing its ethical investment framework over the last few years with regular consultation and input from staff and students.”

“We are now proud to take our sustainability agenda one step further in the investment arena by committing to exclude fossil fuel extractor companies from our investments, something that we were already engaged in with our ethical fund managers but have now formally incorporated into our treasury and investment policy. We will continue to invest in sustainable funds that strive to deliver better outcomes for society through their investments and I hope that making our pledge will encourage other institutions to follow suit.” // 2, 3

The Fossil Free campaign, active since 2013, has been led by students, who say it should not be acceptable for education and research institutions to invest in companies responsible for global heating. Students have undertaken a range of campaign methods, from petitions gathering thousands of signatories, lobbying university management, political education and non-violent direct action, including occupying university buildings. The first institution to announce it was divesting was the University of Glasgow, in 2014. Now most UK universities have publicly said they will not fund fossil fuels. The campaign will pressure the remaining 53 universities to divest.

Laura Clayson, a campaign manager at People and Planet, said: “It is always incredible to witness a university reject the fossil fuel industry, but especially so when it follows the work of phenomenal student organisers and brings us to such a milestone announcement. This is a win for all of those who have organised against the fossil fuel industry’s business model of deception, dispossession and destruction.” // 4, 5

Tapescript LC15 What would the man say next?

1. What would the man say next?

Male: There’s a fascinating story in today’s paper about poonamis.
Female: Sounds like something Japanese.
Male: Well, not quite. The story is about whale poo and how it affects the oceans. When whales defecate, they actually release important nutrients into the water that fertilize the plant plankton. This plankton serves as food for fish and krill…
Female: … which the whales in turn will eat. I see. // 1

2. What would the woman say next?

Female: Did you see this story about the deaf man in Oklahoma who was shot by the police?
Male: No, what happened?
Female: The man carried a metal pipe with him for protection, and when the police told him to put the pipe away, he didn’t, because he couldn’t hear what they were saying. So, they shot him.
Male: That sounds quite incredible. // 2

3. What would the man say next?

Male: I saw a program on TV yesterday where they said teen drivers are three times more likely to be involved in deadly accidents than adults.
Female: I saw it, too. They said there is new technology that will allow parents to control things like the speed and even the volume of the music in the car while their kids are driving.
Male: I wonder if it lets the parents choose the music, too. You know, classic rock and golden oldies.
Female: That could create tricky situations for the parents and the teenagers. // 3

4. What would the woman say next?

Female: The officials are warning about a deer buck that apparently attacked a man in his backyard.
Male: A deer? Are you sure, my dear?
Female: Quite sure. The man tried to defend himself with a plastic lawn chair, but he got injured and had to be taken to the hospital. The buck is still on the loose.
Male: I thought they were rather timid creatures. I wouldn’t think they’d attack people. // 4

5. What would the man say next?

Male: The local council is meeting tomorrow to discuss the ban on electronic cigarettes in public parks.
Female: Yes. They say e-cigarettes can carry as many additives as regular cigarettes. Their health impacts might be just as bad.
Male: I’m skeptical, I haven’t seen any reliable studies on this issue. It just seems a bit silly to me.
Female: Well, a lot of children go to parks. Is it fair to subject them to second-hand smoking when we don’t know the consequences? // 5

6. What would the man say next?

Male: Did you hear about Pete? He was sacked yesterday.
Female: What – just like that, out of the blue? Why? I thought he was doing quite well in the marketing department.
Male: He was caught red-handed pinching office supplies. Turns out he’s been doing that quite a lot.
Female: That seems odd, he must have a decent salary. But you said he was caught in the act? // 6

7. What would the woman say next?

Female: That Sally really drives me round the bend! Now she is telling everyone it was her idea for our company to sponsor the annual charity gala.
Male: I hear you. I was at the meeting where you suggested it.
Female: She is always trying to take the credit for other people’s ideas.
Male: We’re in the same boat. Do you remember my plan to cut down on travel expenses last year? // 7

8. What would the man say next?

Male: Did you RSVP to the Christmas party invitation?
Female: I thought you were going to do it.
Male: Oh, dear. We need to do it ASAP. I hope it’s not too late already.
Female: And I was really looking forward to this party. // 8

9. What would the woman say next?

Female: Have you met the new manager yet? What do you make of him?
Male: I think we might have got off on the wrong foot. I mistakenly assumed he was one of the assistants, so I introduced myself very casually.
Female: Oh… well, he seems quite laid back. He probably doesn’t care for formalities.
Male: I really didn’t mean to be disrespectful. // 9

10. What would the man say next?

Female: What’s going on with you and Megan? I haven’t seen her in a while.
Male: She’s been giving me the cold shoulder.
Female: Oh, you are getting the silent treatment. Did you forget her birthday or something?
Male: No! I actually got her a really nice scarf.
Female: Nothing says, “I love you” like a really nice scarf… // 10

Tapescript LC16 Attitudes

A
Woman (excited): I just got an email that we are getting an exchange student from Argentina in September!
Man (confused, surprised): What? What do you mean “we are getting an exchange student”? Why? // 1
Woman (irritated): Don’t you remember? We volunteered to be a host family last autumn when we got that brochure from Becky’s school. We discussed it with the whole family. // 2
Man (hesitant): I don’t really recall that at all…
Woman (determined, not angry): Well, you signed the paper, so it’s too late to change your mind now. // 3
Man (resigned): I see. Can’t be helped then, I suppose. // 4

Teksti

B
Man (super excited): I have a good feeling about this stag party. It’s going to be amazing! // 1
Woman (hesitant): Yeah, I think it’ll be good, but… I don’t know about this hang-gliding business. It sounds kind of dangerous. // 2
Man (confident): You don’t need to worry. I’ve done it a thousand times, it’s nothing.
Woman (amused): Yeah, you’ve done it, but can you imagine Ben trying it? I mean, I love him to bits, but he’s not really the most adventurous person I know. Or agile. // 3
Man (disappointed): You might have a point… but that was the best part of the whole thing.
Woman (optimistic): For you, maybe, but I still think that Ben will really appreciate this surprise. // 4