ENA4 / Haaksluoto / 2025 - 2026 / 2. periodi
Teksti
ENA4 EXAM on Monday, November 17th, 2025, at 17.00 – 21.00 hours
Koe on sähköinen koe, joten tuo oma kannettavasi täyteenladattuna, tarvittavat virtajohdot ja LANGALLISET KUULOKKEET.
KOEALUE: SANASTO
- 2 Where do I fit in? p. 10 -17
- 4 Young activists changing the world p. 32 – 43
- 6 Nothing comes for free p. 50 – 61
- 7 Surviving a night in A & E p. 62 – 71
- Glossary: Politics p. 48 – 49
- Glossary: Society and health care p. 72 – 73
- Glossary: Crime p. 84 – 91
GRAMMAR:
- Vaillinaiset apuverbit p. 142 – 159
- Indefiniittipronominit p. 160 – 179
- Relatiivipronominit ja -lauseet p. 180 – 193
LUETUNYMMÄRTÄMINEN
KUULLUNYMMÄRRTÄMINEN
KIRJOITELMA (700 – 1 300 merkkiä)
course outline / kurssiohjelma
Töölön yhteiskoulun aikuislukio 2025 – 2026 / Period II
ENA4 / ENGLISH / ADVANCED / NEW INSIGHTS / MODULE 4
Book: Elina Karapalo – Paula Keltto – Mark Kilmer – Päivi Kuusivaara – Teijo Päkkilä – Annukka Suonio: New Insights Module 4 (Otava)
Room and Time: on Mondays and Wednesdays at 18.40 - 20.00 hours in class room 31 (and simultaneously online on GoogleMeet at the address: meet.google.com/her-rxva-umj)
Teacher: Erja H. Haaksluoto, erja.haaksluoto@tyk.fi
Available for consultation: on Mondays at 20.05 – 20.45 hours = so-called KIELIKLINIKKA (except NOT during the exam weeks)
The grade on module 4 consists of the following parts:
1) written digital test, which includes the listening test, on Monday, November 17th, 2025, at 17.00 - 20.20 hours in Class Room 31
2) home assignment (+)
3) activity during the lessons (+)
The digital test on Monday, November 17th, 2025, in Room 31, consists of the following parts: 1) GRAMMAR: 1) Modal Auxiliaries, 2) Indefinite Pronouns, 3) Relative Pronouns and Clauses 2) WORDS & VOCABULARY (sanastoa tunneilla käsitellyistä kappaleista) 3) RC (= Reading Comprehension Test = luetun ymmärtäminen) 4) YOUR OWN WRITING (= oma tuotos) of about 700 – 1,300 characters 5) LISTENING COMPREHENSION TEST
YOU WILL GET YOUR DIGITAL EXAMS BACK ON YOUR E-MAIL.
However, if you want to discuss your exam, I shall be available for all kinds of questions on Friday, November 28th, 2025, at 16.00 – 17.30 hours (= kokeiden palautus- ja palautepäivä) in Class Room 31, 3rd floor
RETAKE EXAM: at 17.00 – 20.05 hours on Friday, December 12th, 2025 = UUSINTAKOE, johon on ehdottomasti ilmoittauduttava etukäteen täyttämällä vaaleansininen lomake, jonka saa kansliasta, 2. krs. Lomake palautetaan kansliaan VIIMEISTÄÄN VIIKKOA ENNEN UUSINTAKOETTA eli viimeistään torstaina 4.12.2025. Uusintakoelomakkeesta on myös olemassa sähköinen lomake. Nettisivuilla on pdf, jonka voi suoraan täyttää ja lähettää liitetiedostona kansliaan. Lomake löytyy täältä: https://www.tyk.fi/aikuislukio/tietoa/lomakkeet/
HOME ASSIGNMENT (= opettajalle palautettava kotitehtävä): On pages 139 - 140 you find ten (10) topics for written assignments. Choose one and write your essay on it. Please, do make the difference between small and capital letters. THE ULTIMATE DEAD-LINE is Wednesday, November 5th, 2025!
STUDY PLAN:
- October 8, 2025: Introduction to the course / 2 Where do I fit in? p. 10 – 12 // ex. 2c p. 13 / GRAMMAR: MODAL AUXILIARIES (CAN, COULD) p. 145 – 146
- October 13, 2025: ex. 2e p. 14 // ex. 1 p. 146 & ex. 3 p. 147 // GRAMMAR: MODAL AUXILIARIES (MAY, MIGHT) p. 148 - 149
- October 15, 2025: ex. 6 p. 151 / GRAMMAR: MODAL AUXILIARIES (MUST) p. 152 – 153 // ex. 3g p. 27
- October 20, 2025: ex. 7 p. 153 & ex. 9 p. 155 // ex. 2b p. 20
- October 22, 2025: ex. 13 p. 158 & ex. 14 p. 159 // INDEFINITE PRONOUNS p. 160 - 164 (EVERY-, SOME-, ANY- & NO-)
- October 27, 2025: ex. 17 p. 166 & ex. 20 p. 168 – 169 // Text 4 Young activists changing the world p. 30 – 32
- October 29, 2025: ex. 4Ab. & 4Ac. & 4Ad. p. 35 // GRAMMAR: OTHER INDEFINITE PRONOUNS p. 161 – 164 (ANOTHER, OTHER, OTHERS, THE OTHER; ALL; WHOLE; BOTH, EACH; EITHER, NEITHER)
- November 3, 2025: ex. 25 p. 176 & ex. 26 p. 177 // GRAMMAR: RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND CLAUSES p. 180 – 187 // ex. 29 p. 188 // Text 4B Mari and Harry p. 36
- November 5, 2025: ex. 34 p. 192 & ex. 35 p. 193 // ex. 4Bb. & 4Bc. & 4Bd. p. 39 // Text 6 Nothing comes for free p. 51 - 52
THE ULTIMATE DEAD-LINE for the home assignment is on Wednesday, November 5th, 2025!
- November 10, 2025: ex. 6a p. 54 & 6b & 6c p. 55 // Text 7 Surviving night in A& E p. 62 - 64
- November 12, 2025: ex. 7b p. 66 & ex. 7d p. 68 & ex. 7e p. 69 & ex. 7g p. 70 &; ex. 7h p. 70
October 8th, 2025
HW ex. 3 p. 147
1. can = voi; osaa / could = 1. voisi = konditionaali / 2. can-verbin imperfekti
Can you help me?
Can you speak Arabic?
Could you help me?
Matti could sing before he could read.
I can't speak Hebrew.
I cannot speak Arabic.
korvaava muoto: (to) be able to do s-g
1. yleispreesens
I can sing. I am able to sing.
2. yleisimperfekti
I could sing when I was four. I was able to sing.
3. yleisperfekti
I have always been able to sing.
4. yleispluskvamperfekti
I had always been able to sing.
5. I futuuri
I can sing at the wedding next week. I will be able to sing there.
6. I konditionaali
I would be able to sing. I could sing.
7. II konditionaali
I would have been able to sing if they had asked me to. I could have sung.
I just heard that Donald J. Trump is going to get the Nobel Peace Prize.
You can't be serious! = Et voi mitenkään olla tosissasi.
Tinze can't have danced all week long. = Tinze ei ole voinut mitenkään tanssia koko viikkoa.
muita korvaavia muotoja:
1. KNOW HOW TO: Do you know how to speak French?
2. be unable to : Mom was unable to help us.
3. manage to: They managed to rescue the mountain climbers.
4. it's possible for s-b to do s-g: Is it possible for us to know the future?
5. it's impossible for s-b to do s-g: It is impossible for me to say what will happen?
aubergine = munakoiso
eggplant = munakoiso
1. can = voi; osaa / could = 1. voisi = konditionaali / 2. can-verbin imperfekti
Can you help me?
Can you speak Arabic?
Could you help me?
Matti could sing before he could read.
I can't speak Hebrew.
I cannot speak Arabic.
korvaava muoto: (to) be able to do s-g
1. yleispreesens
I can sing. I am able to sing.
2. yleisimperfekti
I could sing when I was four. I was able to sing.
3. yleisperfekti
I have always been able to sing.
4. yleispluskvamperfekti
I had always been able to sing.
5. I futuuri
I can sing at the wedding next week. I will be able to sing there.
6. I konditionaali
I would be able to sing. I could sing.
7. II konditionaali
I would have been able to sing if they had asked me to. I could have sung.
I just heard that Donald J. Trump is going to get the Nobel Peace Prize.
You can't be serious! = Et voi mitenkään olla tosissasi.
Tinze can't have danced all week long. = Tinze ei ole voinut mitenkään tanssia koko viikkoa.
muita korvaavia muotoja:
1. KNOW HOW TO: Do you know how to speak French?
2. be unable to : Mom was unable to help us.
3. manage to: They managed to rescue the mountain climbers.
4. it's possible for s-b to do s-g: Is it possible for us to know the future?
5. it's impossible for s-b to do s-g: It is impossible for me to say what will happen?
aubergine = munakoiso
eggplant = munakoiso
October 13th, 2025
HW ex. 6 p. 151
a veterinarian
a vetenary surgeon
2. MAY = voi, saattaa, ehkä / MIGHT = saattaisi
may = preesens & futuuri
May I help you?
I may help next week.
1. konditionaali: Marc might come to the party if he had time.
2. konditionaali: Marc might have come to the party if he had had time.
You may not smoke here.
korvaava muoto: (to) be allowed to do s-g
1. preesens
I may try. I am allowed to try.
2. imperfekti
I was allowed to try.
3. perfekti
I have been allowed to try.
4. pluskvamperfekti
I had been allowed to try.
5. I futuuri
I may try tomorrow. I will be allowed to try.
6. I konditionaali
I would be allowed to try. I might try.
7. II konditionaali
I would have been allowed to try. I might have tried.
NB!
puhujan arvelu: You may be right.
You may have been right before.
muita korvaavia muotoja:
2. (to) be permitted to do s-g
You will be permitted to try once.
3. perhaps; maybe / perhaps
Maybe we'd better go now.
Perhaps they have forgotten it.
a veterinarian
a vetenary surgeon
2. MAY = voi, saattaa, ehkä / MIGHT = saattaisi
may = preesens & futuuri
May I help you?
I may help next week.
1. konditionaali: Marc might come to the party if he had time.
2. konditionaali: Marc might have come to the party if he had had time.
You may not smoke here.
korvaava muoto: (to) be allowed to do s-g
1. preesens
I may try. I am allowed to try.
2. imperfekti
I was allowed to try.
3. perfekti
I have been allowed to try.
4. pluskvamperfekti
I had been allowed to try.
5. I futuuri
I may try tomorrow. I will be allowed to try.
6. I konditionaali
I would be allowed to try. I might try.
7. II konditionaali
I would have been allowed to try. I might have tried.
NB!
puhujan arvelu: You may be right.
You may have been right before.
muita korvaavia muotoja:
2. (to) be permitted to do s-g
You will be permitted to try once.
3. perhaps; maybe / perhaps
Maybe we'd better go now.
Perhaps they have forgotten it.
Teksti
1. Vaillinaiset apuverbit 1 Translate the sentences. Your partner checks. p. 220
1. Can I ask you for a favor?
2. Could you help me (to) carry my bag?
3. I haven’t been able to lift anything for a week because I broke my wrist on holiday.
4. Luckily I know how to / can speak Portuguese because the doctor couldn’t/didn't speak English.
5. However, the doctor was able to / could fix my broken wrist.
6. The doctor said that I wouldn’t be able to surf for three months.
7. I couldn’t believe my bad luck!
8. I will be able to go running next week.
9. Maybe we could go running together?
10. By the way, can you cook? / Do you know how to cook? I can’t do / am not able to do that either
exercise 3Fill in the missing words according to the Finnish clues.
1. couldn’t / weren’t able to get / come / make it
2. was able to carry
3. can’t be
4. has been able to get / has managed to get / land
5. couldn’t / wasn’t able to / didn't manage to find
6. can’t read / doesn’t know how to read
7. wouldn’t have been able to fix / repair
8. hasn’t been able to play
9. can’t have sent
10. can’t have spent / couldn’t have spent
11. Has Jack been able to / managed to build
12. Could / Can Shelly have deleted
13. can’t have eaten
14. Would you have been able to pay / Would you have managed to pay
1. Can I ask you for a favor?
2. Could you help me (to) carry my bag?
3. I haven’t been able to lift anything for a week because I broke my wrist on holiday.
4. Luckily I know how to / can speak Portuguese because the doctor couldn’t/didn't speak English.
5. However, the doctor was able to / could fix my broken wrist.
6. The doctor said that I wouldn’t be able to surf for three months.
7. I couldn’t believe my bad luck!
8. I will be able to go running next week.
9. Maybe we could go running together?
10. By the way, can you cook? / Do you know how to cook? I can’t do / am not able to do that either
exercise 3Fill in the missing words according to the Finnish clues.
1. couldn’t / weren’t able to get / come / make it
2. was able to carry
3. can’t be
4. has been able to get / has managed to get / land
5. couldn’t / wasn’t able to / didn't manage to find
6. can’t read / doesn’t know how to read
7. wouldn’t have been able to fix / repair
8. hasn’t been able to play
9. can’t have sent
10. can’t have spent / couldn’t have spent
11. Has Jack been able to / managed to build
12. Could / Can Shelly have deleted
13. can’t have eaten
14. Would you have been able to pay / Would you have managed to pay
October 15, 2025
HW ex. 9 p. 155, ex. 11 p. 156, ex. 13 p. 158
Islam / Judaism / Christianity / Buddhism / Hinduism
take for granted
Many Finnish people took good health care for granted.
a veterinarian
a vetenary surgeon
3. MUST = täytyy; on pakko; pitää; on varmaankin
on preesens ja futuuri
I must go now.
I must go to the dentist tomorrow.
NB! You mustn't smoke on school premises. = Koulun alueella EI SAA POLTTAA.
korvaava:
1. (to) have to do s-g:
1. preesens
I must go. I have to go.
2. imperfekti
I had to go yesterday.
3. perfekti
I have had to go.
4. pluskvamperfekti
I had had to go.
5. I futuuri
I will have to go to the dentist tomorrow. I must go...
6. I konditionaali
I would have to go.
7. II kond.
I would have had to go.
muita korvaavia muotoja:
2. be forced
He was forced to leave the country.
3. be compelled
The president was compelled to resign.
4. be obliged
I feel I am obliged to stay with him.
5. be to
The president is to give a speech.
What am I to do with my life?
6. it's necessary for s-b to do s-g
It has always been necessary for me to have a job.
ERIKOISMERKITYS:
puhujan arvelu:
Matti must be sick. = Matti on varmaankin sairas.
I haven't seen Matti for weeks.
Matti must have been sick. = Matti on varmaankin ollut sairas.
KIELTO:
Matti can't be sick. I just saw him a minute ago and he was as fit as a fiddler / as right as rain.
Matti can't have been sick because he is never sick.
Aira Samulin has had to walk 10 kilometres.
Aira Samulin must have walked 10 kilometres.
Islam / Judaism / Christianity / Buddhism / Hinduism
take for granted
Many Finnish people took good health care for granted.
a veterinarian
a vetenary surgeon
3. MUST = täytyy; on pakko; pitää; on varmaankin
on preesens ja futuuri
I must go now.
I must go to the dentist tomorrow.
NB! You mustn't smoke on school premises. = Koulun alueella EI SAA POLTTAA.
korvaava:
1. (to) have to do s-g:
1. preesens
I must go. I have to go.
2. imperfekti
I had to go yesterday.
3. perfekti
I have had to go.
4. pluskvamperfekti
I had had to go.
5. I futuuri
I will have to go to the dentist tomorrow. I must go...
6. I konditionaali
I would have to go.
7. II kond.
I would have had to go.
muita korvaavia muotoja:
2. be forced
He was forced to leave the country.
3. be compelled
The president was compelled to resign.
4. be obliged
I feel I am obliged to stay with him.
5. be to
The president is to give a speech.
What am I to do with my life?
6. it's necessary for s-b to do s-g
It has always been necessary for me to have a job.
ERIKOISMERKITYS:
puhujan arvelu:
Matti must be sick. = Matti on varmaankin sairas.
I haven't seen Matti for weeks.
Matti must have been sick. = Matti on varmaankin ollut sairas.
KIELTO:
Matti can't be sick. I just saw him a minute ago and he was as fit as a fiddler / as right as rain.
Matti can't have been sick because he is never sick.
Aira Samulin has had to walk 10 kilometres.
Aira Samulin must have walked 10 kilometres.
Teksti
exercise 6 Fill in the missing words according to the Finnish clues.
1. may / might go
2. may / might see / watch
3. might happen
4. is not allowed
5. might / may be
6. might / could have gone
7. has never been allowed to stay
8. hasn’t Jill ever been allowed to ride
9. May I go
10. may / might not surprise
11. may / might have to go
12. haven’t had permission / haven’t been allowed to eat
exercise 7 Translate the sentences. Your partner checks. p. 220
1. Everyone had/needed to give an oral presentation in the English course.
2. The topic had/needed to be a person who has had an effect on / affected me.
3. I get/am nervous about performing so I have/need to practice for many days.
4. I have always had/needed to prepare more for presentations than my friends.
5. Luckily I don’t need/have to give it alone.
6. The presentation mustn’t be longer than 15 minutes.
7. The presentation has to / needs to / must include an interview video.
8. Have you had to give presentations?
9. Didn’t our parents have/need to sing in front of the whole class?
10. I would have/need to keep my eyes closed if I had/needed to sing in front of everyone.
1. may / might go
2. may / might see / watch
3. might happen
4. is not allowed
5. might / may be
6. might / could have gone
7. has never been allowed to stay
8. hasn’t Jill ever been allowed to ride
9. May I go
10. may / might not surprise
11. may / might have to go
12. haven’t had permission / haven’t been allowed to eat
exercise 7 Translate the sentences. Your partner checks. p. 220
1. Everyone had/needed to give an oral presentation in the English course.
2. The topic had/needed to be a person who has had an effect on / affected me.
3. I get/am nervous about performing so I have/need to practice for many days.
4. I have always had/needed to prepare more for presentations than my friends.
5. Luckily I don’t need/have to give it alone.
6. The presentation mustn’t be longer than 15 minutes.
7. The presentation has to / needs to / must include an interview video.
8. Have you had to give presentations?
9. Didn’t our parents have/need to sing in front of the whole class?
10. I would have/need to keep my eyes closed if I had/needed to sing in front of everyone.
October 20, 2025
HW ex. 14 p. 158, ex. 4A.b, 4A.c & 4A.d p. 35
equality
inequality
disseminate = levittää
an issue = esim. ongelma
Everyone / Everybody knows the rules.
Everything goes wrong today.
Every girl wears a dress.
Every book is worth reading.
Every one of the girls wears a dress.
Every one of the books is worth reading.
Somebody stole his bike.
Something went wrong.
One of the boys went home.
Some of the boys stayed at school.
Anybody / Anyone can do this. = Kuka tahansa osaa tehdä tämän.
Anything goes. = Mikä tahansa kelpaa.
Any student can solve this problem. = Kuka tahansa opiskelija voi ratkaista tämän ongelman.
Any of us could tell you the truth. = Kuka tahansa meistä voisi kertoa Sinulle totuuden.
"Nobody knows the troubles I have seen..." = Kukaan ei tunne...
Nothing works. = Mikään ei toimi.
None of the students stayed at school. = Kukaan opiskelijoista ei jäänyt koululle.
give, gave, given a vote = cast, cast, cast a vote
equality
inequality
disseminate = levittää
an issue = esim. ongelma
Everyone / Everybody knows the rules.
Everything goes wrong today.
Every girl wears a dress.
Every book is worth reading.
Every one of the girls wears a dress.
Every one of the books is worth reading.
Somebody stole his bike.
Something went wrong.
One of the boys went home.
Some of the boys stayed at school.
Anybody / Anyone can do this. = Kuka tahansa osaa tehdä tämän.
Anything goes. = Mikä tahansa kelpaa.
Any student can solve this problem. = Kuka tahansa opiskelija voi ratkaista tämän ongelman.
Any of us could tell you the truth. = Kuka tahansa meistä voisi kertoa Sinulle totuuden.
"Nobody knows the troubles I have seen..." = Kukaan ei tunne...
Nothing works. = Mikään ei toimi.
None of the students stayed at school. = Kukaan opiskelijoista ei jäänyt koululle.
give, gave, given a vote = cast, cast, cast a vote
Teksti
exercise 9 Fill in the missing words according to the Finnish clues.
1. mustn't tell
2. Don't you have to / need to pay
3. didn't have to / need to stay
4. must be
5. have to be / need to be / must be
6. must have practised
5. have had to cancel
6. had to clean
7. must have been
8. mustn’t fill
9. Did they have / need to pay
10. must never / mustn’t ever call
exercise 11 Translate. Your partner checks.
1. How well can you swim?
2. How many instruments can you play?
3. We haven’t been able to go to the gym.
4. You’re not allowed to / mustn't smoke here!
5. It might/may be difficult to remember all the rules.
6. We had to write three essays.
7. You must have been hungry after that hike!
8. Peter has had to buy five new phones this year. He always loses them / He is always losing them.
exercise 13 Fill in.
The right to vote began in 1776 but the ones who 1. were allowed to vote / could vote were white, property-owning, Protestant men. The right to vote was extended in 1856 stating that all white men in America 2. are allowed to vote / can vote. From 1889 onwards men 3. had to take literacy tests specifically designed to reduce African American voting. According to The Nineteenth Amendment from 1919-20, women 4. must be given / have to be given the right to vote. Since 1924 all Native Americans born in the USA 5. have been able to give/cast their vote. Americans under the age of 21 6. hadn’t been able to take part / participate in elections until 1971. In 1974, The Supreme Court ruled that states 7. may deny convicted felons the right to vote. In 1975, laws were passed that said that literacy tests 8. couldn’t be used anymore. In 1990, the law required services to ensure that people with disabilities 9. can go / are able to go to polling stations. One of the biggest landmarks in the history of voting 10. might / may have been the presidential election in 2008. In addition to winning, Obama got a great turnout of voters, which 11. must have been almost as great as the victory itself.
1. mustn't tell
2. Don't you have to / need to pay
3. didn't have to / need to stay
4. must be
5. have to be / need to be / must be
6. must have practised
5. have had to cancel
6. had to clean
7. must have been
8. mustn’t fill
9. Did they have / need to pay
10. must never / mustn’t ever call
exercise 11 Translate. Your partner checks.
1. How well can you swim?
2. How many instruments can you play?
3. We haven’t been able to go to the gym.
4. You’re not allowed to / mustn't smoke here!
5. It might/may be difficult to remember all the rules.
6. We had to write three essays.
7. You must have been hungry after that hike!
8. Peter has had to buy five new phones this year. He always loses them / He is always losing them.
exercise 13 Fill in.
The right to vote began in 1776 but the ones who 1. were allowed to vote / could vote were white, property-owning, Protestant men. The right to vote was extended in 1856 stating that all white men in America 2. are allowed to vote / can vote. From 1889 onwards men 3. had to take literacy tests specifically designed to reduce African American voting. According to The Nineteenth Amendment from 1919-20, women 4. must be given / have to be given the right to vote. Since 1924 all Native Americans born in the USA 5. have been able to give/cast their vote. Americans under the age of 21 6. hadn’t been able to take part / participate in elections until 1971. In 1974, The Supreme Court ruled that states 7. may deny convicted felons the right to vote. In 1975, laws were passed that said that literacy tests 8. couldn’t be used anymore. In 1990, the law required services to ensure that people with disabilities 9. can go / are able to go to polling stations. One of the biggest landmarks in the history of voting 10. might / may have been the presidential election in 2008. In addition to winning, Obama got a great turnout of voters, which 11. must have been almost as great as the victory itself.
October 22, 2025
HW ex. A & B p. 49; ex. 17 p. 166 / ex. 4A.b, 4A.c & 4A.d p. 35
On Indefinite Pronouns:
1) a) every + pääsana: He goes to the gym every day.
Every student knows that.
Every book is worth reading.
b) everyone / everybody: viittaa ihmiseen
Everybody knows me.
Everyone laughed, didn't they?
c) everything: viittaa asioihin; elottomiin olioihin
Everything goes wrong today.
NB! Every one of us knows him.
Every one of the students knew it.
2) a) some + pääsana
I only had some coffee left and I also had some biscuits.
Some day I will go to Australia.
Some people are really lazy.
b) someone / somebody
Someone stole my bike.
c) something
Something went wrong.
"There is something rotten in the state of Denmark." (Hamlet)
You are something special.
something + adjektiivi
3) a) any
1. "tahansa" Any student could do it.
2. kysymyksissä
Do you take any sugar with your coffee?
3. kieltosanojen (not / no / never) ja rajoittavien sanojen (hardly / barely / scarcely = TUSKIN; seldom / rarely = harvoin; only; little; without) kanssa
He didn't take any milk with his coffee.
He seldom talked to any strangers.
b) anyone / anybody
1. Anybody could solve this problem.
2. Have you seen anybody here today?
3. He never talked to anybody.
Marc hardly saw anybody at school.
c) anything
1. Anything can happen.
2. Have you eaten anything?
3. He didn't say anything.
Marc hardly said anything.
NB! Any of the students could solve the problem.
4. a) no + pääsana
No man is an island. = Kukaan ihminen ei ole saari.
b) no one / no-one / nobody
"Nobody knows the troubles I have seen..." = Kukaan ei tunne vaikeuksia, joita olen kohdannut...
c) nothing
"Nothing compares to you..." (Sinead O'Connor) = Mikään ei vedä vertoja Sinulle.
NB! None of you knows it / know it.
politics
policy = pienempi osa politiikkaa
Who is in charge of foreign policy?
Honesty is the best policy. = Rehellisyys maan perii.
On Indefinite Pronouns:
1) a) every + pääsana: He goes to the gym every day.
Every student knows that.
Every book is worth reading.
b) everyone / everybody: viittaa ihmiseen
Everybody knows me.
Everyone laughed, didn't they?
c) everything: viittaa asioihin; elottomiin olioihin
Everything goes wrong today.
NB! Every one of us knows him.
Every one of the students knew it.
2) a) some + pääsana
I only had some coffee left and I also had some biscuits.
Some day I will go to Australia.
Some people are really lazy.
b) someone / somebody
Someone stole my bike.
c) something
Something went wrong.
"There is something rotten in the state of Denmark." (Hamlet)
You are something special.
something + adjektiivi
3) a) any
1. "tahansa" Any student could do it.
2. kysymyksissä
Do you take any sugar with your coffee?
3. kieltosanojen (not / no / never) ja rajoittavien sanojen (hardly / barely / scarcely = TUSKIN; seldom / rarely = harvoin; only; little; without) kanssa
He didn't take any milk with his coffee.
He seldom talked to any strangers.
b) anyone / anybody
1. Anybody could solve this problem.
2. Have you seen anybody here today?
3. He never talked to anybody.
Marc hardly saw anybody at school.
c) anything
1. Anything can happen.
2. Have you eaten anything?
3. He didn't say anything.
Marc hardly said anything.
NB! Any of the students could solve the problem.
4. a) no + pääsana
No man is an island. = Kukaan ihminen ei ole saari.
b) no one / no-one / nobody
"Nobody knows the troubles I have seen..." = Kukaan ei tunne vaikeuksia, joita olen kohdannut...
c) nothing
"Nothing compares to you..." (Sinead O'Connor) = Mikään ei vedä vertoja Sinulle.
NB! None of you knows it / know it.
politics
policy = pienempi osa politiikkaa
Who is in charge of foreign policy?
Honesty is the best policy. = Rehellisyys maan perii.
Teksti
exercise 14 More advanced. Translate.
1. It must be odd/weird/strange to move to a foreign country, especially because the customs and language may / might be very different.
2. My best friends were immigrants and (they) have had to learn many new things about their new home country.
3. It can’t have been easy, but they have been able / managed to succeed very well.
4. I’m not sure if I could / would be able to move abroad permanently. It might / could be pretty challenging.
5. If I had been allowed to travel abroad with my friends when I was young, I could / might have been braver / more brave to speak foreign languages.
6. My younger sister has always been allowed to do the things she has wanted to, but I have always had to obey the rules.
1. It must be odd/weird/strange to move to a foreign country, especially because the customs and language may / might be very different.
2. My best friends were immigrants and (they) have had to learn many new things about their new home country.
3. It can’t have been easy, but they have been able / managed to succeed very well.
4. I’m not sure if I could / would be able to move abroad permanently. It might / could be pretty challenging.
5. If I had been allowed to travel abroad with my friends when I was young, I could / might have been braver / more brave to speak foreign languages.
6. My younger sister has always been allowed to do the things she has wanted to, but I have always had to obey the rules.
Teksti
exercise 18 1. Ei niin pahaa, ettei jotain hyvääkin.
2. Paistaa se päivä risukasaankin.
3. Kyllä vakka kantensa valitsee.
4. Jaettu vastuu ei ole kenenkään vastuu.
5. Parempi pyy pivossa kuin kymmenen oksalla.
6. Valot palavat, mutta ketään ei ole kotona.
7. Menneitä ei kannata surra.
8. Hyvä kaikessa, muttei mestari missään.
9. Vaikeuksien kautta voittoon.
10. Jos ei kuulu mitään, kaikki on hyvin.
11. Ei savua ilman tulta.
12. Kannattaa takoa, kun rauta on kuumaa.
13. Huonokin tekosyy on parempi kuin ei mitään.
14. Kohteliaisuus ei maksa mitään.
15. Ilkeät sanat haavoittavat.
2. Paistaa se päivä risukasaankin.
3. Kyllä vakka kantensa valitsee.
4. Jaettu vastuu ei ole kenenkään vastuu.
5. Parempi pyy pivossa kuin kymmenen oksalla.
6. Valot palavat, mutta ketään ei ole kotona.
7. Menneitä ei kannata surra.
8. Hyvä kaikessa, muttei mestari missään.
9. Vaikeuksien kautta voittoon.
10. Jos ei kuulu mitään, kaikki on hyvin.
11. Ei savua ilman tulta.
12. Kannattaa takoa, kun rauta on kuumaa.
13. Huonokin tekosyy on parempi kuin ei mitään.
14. Kohteliaisuus ei maksa mitään.
15. Ilkeät sanat haavoittavat.
Teksti
Text 4 Young activists changing the world
exercise 4Ab Choose the best alternative according to the text.
1. b 2. a 3. c 4. b
exercise 4Ac
1. as important in literature as
2. those who are so often unheard
3. in secondary roles
4. for the first time
5. bto push for their dreams
6. The attack left 151 students and teachers dead
7. to dedicate his life to stopping these kinds of attacks
8. by making education accessible to all
9. to help at-risk young people
10. its aim
exercise 4Ab Choose the best alternative according to the text.
1. b 2. a 3. c 4. b
exercise 4Ac
1. as important in literature as
2. those who are so often unheard
3. in secondary roles
4. for the first time
5. bto push for their dreams
6. The attack left 151 students and teachers dead
7. to dedicate his life to stopping these kinds of attacks
8. by making education accessible to all
9. to help at-risk young people
10. its aim
October 27th, 2025
HW ex. 26 p. 177
contaminated = polluted = tainted = saastunut
aina silloin tällöin; toisinaan =
every now and then / every once in a while / every so often:
Every now and then I get this urge to eat a lot of chocolate.
I go to the gym every other day / every second day / every two days. = joka toinen päivä
We hear English everywhere.
Some / something like 50 people came to my party. = noin 50 ihmistä
Some day / one day I'll go to Australia. = eräänä päivänä
The result was somewhat disappointing. = jonkin verran
I'll learn it somehow or other / one way or another. = tavalla tai toisella
In any case / at any rate / anyhow / anyway, we have done our best. = joka tapauksessa
Gymnastics is anything but easy. = kaikkea muuta kuin helppoa
It is none of your business. = ei kuulu Sinulle
Help arrived none too soon. = ei hetkeäkään liian aikaisin
Usain Bolt was the fastest runner bar none. = ehdottomasti; ilman poikkeusta
He is nothing but skin and bones. = pelkkää luuta ja nahkaa
He lives in the middle of nowhere. = keskellä korpea
There is nothing like sleeping late in the mornings. = mikään ei vedä vertoja...
an NGO = a non-governmental organization = a charity
contaminated = polluted = tainted = saastunut
aina silloin tällöin; toisinaan =
every now and then / every once in a while / every so often:
Every now and then I get this urge to eat a lot of chocolate.
I go to the gym every other day / every second day / every two days. = joka toinen päivä
We hear English everywhere.
Some / something like 50 people came to my party. = noin 50 ihmistä
Some day / one day I'll go to Australia. = eräänä päivänä
The result was somewhat disappointing. = jonkin verran
I'll learn it somehow or other / one way or another. = tavalla tai toisella
In any case / at any rate / anyhow / anyway, we have done our best. = joka tapauksessa
Gymnastics is anything but easy. = kaikkea muuta kuin helppoa
It is none of your business. = ei kuulu Sinulle
Help arrived none too soon. = ei hetkeäkään liian aikaisin
Usain Bolt was the fastest runner bar none. = ehdottomasti; ilman poikkeusta
He is nothing but skin and bones. = pelkkää luuta ja nahkaa
He lives in the middle of nowhere. = keskellä korpea
There is nothing like sleeping late in the mornings. = mikään ei vedä vertoja...
an NGO = a non-governmental organization = a charity
Teksti
exercise 4Ab Choose the best alternative according to the text.
1.b 2. a 3. c 4. b
exercise 4Ac
Spot the phrase. How are these expressed in the text?
1. those who are so often unheard
2. in secondary roles
3. for the first time
4. to push for their dreams
1. The attack left 151 students and teachers dead
2. to dedicate his life to stopping these kinds of attacks
3. by making education accessible to all
4. to help at-risk young people
5. its aim
exercise 4Ad Translate.
1. For the first time (ever) I saw a movie that didn’t present native Americans in secondary roles.
2. The protagonist / main character dedicated their/his/her life to helping at-risk young people / young people at risk. (The pronoun “they” can be used to refer to a person whose gender is not known)
3. They founded / started an NGO.
4. Its aim is to make education accessible to all.'
5. It was great to see/witness young people pushing / push for their dreams.
1.b 2. a 3. c 4. b
exercise 4Ac
Spot the phrase. How are these expressed in the text?
1. those who are so often unheard
2. in secondary roles
3. for the first time
4. to push for their dreams
1. The attack left 151 students and teachers dead
2. to dedicate his life to stopping these kinds of attacks
3. by making education accessible to all
4. to help at-risk young people
5. its aim
exercise 4Ad Translate.
1. For the first time (ever) I saw a movie that didn’t present native Americans in secondary roles.
2. The protagonist / main character dedicated their/his/her life to helping at-risk young people / young people at risk. (The pronoun “they” can be used to refer to a person whose gender is not known)
3. They founded / started an NGO.
4. Its aim is to make education accessible to all.'
5. It was great to see/witness young people pushing / push for their dreams.
Teksti
Glossary: Politics A. Which word matches the description?
1. coalition government
2. constitution
3. democracy
4. domestic policy
5. head of state
6. legislation
7. monarchy
8. municipal elections
9. opposition leader
10. Parliament
11. referendum
12. universal suffrage
B. Choose the best alternative. 1. When a person wants to be chosen as representative on the local council, they must first sign up to be a candidate in the elections. 2. In an election, you need to have the majority of the votes to win. 3. The UK and Sweden are examples of a monarchy. 4. The form of government in Finland is a republic. 5. The government makes proposals to Parliament, and Parliament enacts legislation in a meeting called plenary session. 6. The Minister of Finance prepares the budget proposal for the Government. 7. The Minister of the Interior is in charge of domestic policy related to things like emergency services and border management.
1. coalition government
2. constitution
3. democracy
4. domestic policy
5. head of state
6. legislation
7. monarchy
8. municipal elections
9. opposition leader
10. Parliament
11. referendum
12. universal suffrage
B. Choose the best alternative. 1. When a person wants to be chosen as representative on the local council, they must first sign up to be a candidate in the elections. 2. In an election, you need to have the majority of the votes to win. 3. The UK and Sweden are examples of a monarchy. 4. The form of government in Finland is a republic. 5. The government makes proposals to Parliament, and Parliament enacts legislation in a meeting called plenary session. 6. The Minister of Finance prepares the budget proposal for the Government. 7. The Minister of the Interior is in charge of domestic policy related to things like emergency services and border management.
Teksti
exercise 17 Translate into English. Your partner checks. Every
1. Is everything ready?
2. Everybody/everyone has already left.
3. Every good player knows the rules.
4. Not everybody/everyone remembers everything.
5. Every time / each time you leave, the dog howls.
6. Every one of us / each (one) of us loves pizza.
7. Not everybody/everyone has ordered the same pizza.
8. Does everything happen for a reason?
9. Why do I always have to repeat everything?
10. Every one of them / each (one) of them loves Lucy.
Some
1. There's something strange about our new neighbour.
2. Somebody/someone is knocking on the door.
3. Somebody/someone has put their dirty sock in the fridge.
4. Something is wrong with this recipe. / There's something wrong with this recipe.
5. Some of you know the right answer.
6. Some strange guy was going through our trash/rubbish last night.
7. One of you knows him for sure / is sure to know him.
8. Would you like to taste something sweet?
9. Someone/ somebody other than you should cook tonight.
10. Did you tell our secret to one of them?
Any
1. Anything goes / will do.
2. Anybody/anyone could help you.
3. Anybody/anyone could help you.
4. Does anybody/anyone here have their wallet with them? / Is there anybody/anyone here who has their wallet with them?
4. We didn't have any idea / We had no idea who had stolen the apples.
5. Sue didn't want to talk to any of us.
6. Any (one) of you could be the next winner.
7. Have you seen any good films/movies recently/lately?
8. How could Tom leave without saying anything to anybody/anyone?
9. It was anything but fun.
10. In any case / at any rate / anyhow / anyway, we had a good time at the party.
No
1. Nobody / no one likes worms/maggots
2. Nothing has happened.
3. No teacher remembers my name.
4. None of us likes coffee.
5. None of you is ever late.
6. Nobody / no one remembered their password.
7. Nothing good can/will come out of this.
8. There you are, none too soon / not a moment too soon!
9. There's nothing like an ice cream on a hot day.
10. That girl is nothing but trouble.
1. Is everything ready?
2. Everybody/everyone has already left.
3. Every good player knows the rules.
4. Not everybody/everyone remembers everything.
5. Every time / each time you leave, the dog howls.
6. Every one of us / each (one) of us loves pizza.
7. Not everybody/everyone has ordered the same pizza.
8. Does everything happen for a reason?
9. Why do I always have to repeat everything?
10. Every one of them / each (one) of them loves Lucy.
Some
1. There's something strange about our new neighbour.
2. Somebody/someone is knocking on the door.
3. Somebody/someone has put their dirty sock in the fridge.
4. Something is wrong with this recipe. / There's something wrong with this recipe.
5. Some of you know the right answer.
6. Some strange guy was going through our trash/rubbish last night.
7. One of you knows him for sure / is sure to know him.
8. Would you like to taste something sweet?
9. Someone/ somebody other than you should cook tonight.
10. Did you tell our secret to one of them?
Any
1. Anything goes / will do.
2. Anybody/anyone could help you.
3. Anybody/anyone could help you.
4. Does anybody/anyone here have their wallet with them? / Is there anybody/anyone here who has their wallet with them?
4. We didn't have any idea / We had no idea who had stolen the apples.
5. Sue didn't want to talk to any of us.
6. Any (one) of you could be the next winner.
7. Have you seen any good films/movies recently/lately?
8. How could Tom leave without saying anything to anybody/anyone?
9. It was anything but fun.
10. In any case / at any rate / anyhow / anyway, we had a good time at the party.
No
1. Nobody / no one likes worms/maggots
2. Nothing has happened.
3. No teacher remembers my name.
4. None of us likes coffee.
5. None of you is ever late.
6. Nobody / no one remembered their password.
7. Nothing good can/will come out of this.
8. There you are, none too soon / not a moment too soon!
9. There's nothing like an ice cream on a hot day.
10. That girl is nothing but trouble.
October 29th, 2025
exercise 26
Long, long ago some animals had 1. no tails and 2. others very small ones. One day the lion asked 3. all the animals to come to him and told them to get good tails 4. one way or another. It was 5. both cold 5. and rainy. The hare only had a short little tail. But he did not like to go out and said to 6. the other animals, “Please, bring me a tail. I can’t go 7. anywhere when it rains.” “What kind of tail do you want to have?” 8. every / each animal asked him in turn. “Oh, 9. any tail will be good for me," the hare answered 10. every one of them. 11. Some time later the animals came back and 12. each / every animal had a beautiful tail. But 13. nobody had remembered to bring 14. another tail for the hare. 15. None of the animals had 16. anything for the hare. 17. Some of them forgot all about the hare; 18. the others perhaps remembered but could not find a good tail. The hare still has a short little tail and learnt that if you must do 19. something, don’t ask 20. other animals to do it for you.
Long, long ago some animals had 1. no tails and 2. others very small ones. One day the lion asked 3. all the animals to come to him and told them to get good tails 4. one way or another. It was 5. both cold 5. and rainy. The hare only had a short little tail. But he did not like to go out and said to 6. the other animals, “Please, bring me a tail. I can’t go 7. anywhere when it rains.” “What kind of tail do you want to have?” 8. every / each animal asked him in turn. “Oh, 9. any tail will be good for me," the hare answered 10. every one of them. 11. Some time later the animals came back and 12. each / every animal had a beautiful tail. But 13. nobody had remembered to bring 14. another tail for the hare. 15. None of the animals had 16. anything for the hare. 17. Some of them forgot all about the hare; 18. the others perhaps remembered but could not find a good tail. The hare still has a short little tail and learnt that if you must do 19. something, don’t ask 20. other animals to do it for you.
Teksti
Other Pronouns:
1) another: one another = each other
We are supposed to love one another = each other. = toinen toistamme
Good friends forgive one another's mistakes / shortcomings. = each other's mistakes / shortcomings
2) You have a question. I also have another question. = vielä toinen kysymys
3) I read fifty pages of Vierastila last night. Tonight I'll read another fifty pages. = vielä toiset 50 sivua
4) He made one mistake after another. = yksi toisensa jälkeen
5) other
Do you have any other problems?
6) He walked to the other side of the road.
7) Where is the other shoe?
8) some - others
1) another: one another = each other
We are supposed to love one another = each other. = toinen toistamme
Good friends forgive one another's mistakes / shortcomings. = each other's mistakes / shortcomings
2) You have a question. I also have another question. = vielä toinen kysymys
3) I read fifty pages of Vierastila last night. Tonight I'll read another fifty pages. = vielä toiset 50 sivua
4) He made one mistake after another. = yksi toisensa jälkeen
5) other
Do you have any other problems?
6) He walked to the other side of the road.
7) Where is the other shoe?
8) some - others
Some people have everything, while others have nothing.
9) some - the others
Some girls went home; the others stayed at the school.
SAYINGS: I bought a piano the other day. = tässä eräänä päivänä
We'll manage one way or another.
On (the) one way, I am extremely meticulous; on the other hand, I am rather absent-minded.
Years seem to pass by one after another / one after the other.
ALL:
All is well that ends well.
All Finland was watching the ice-hockey match.
The whole of Finland was covered with snow. = koko Suomi (maantieteellisenä käsitteenä)
BOTH:
Both (the) parents were happy.
Both brothers were ballet dancers. Both the brothers were ballet dancers. Both of the brothers were ballet dancers.
neither - nor: You can neither come nor go.
either - or: You can either come or go.
9) some - the others
Some girls went home; the others stayed at the school.
SAYINGS: I bought a piano the other day. = tässä eräänä päivänä
We'll manage one way or another.
On (the) one way, I am extremely meticulous; on the other hand, I am rather absent-minded.
Years seem to pass by one after another / one after the other.
ALL:
All is well that ends well.
All Finland was watching the ice-hockey match.
The whole of Finland was covered with snow. = koko Suomi (maantieteellisenä käsitteenä)
BOTH:
Both (the) parents were happy.
Both brothers were ballet dancers. Both the brothers were ballet dancers. Both of the brothers were ballet dancers.
neither - nor: You can neither come nor go.
either - or: You can either come or go.
November 3rd, 2025
HW: ex. A & B p. 72, ex. 6a p. 54, ex. 6b & 6c & 6d p. 55
on Relative Pronouns and Clauses:
1. a) who = joka; jotka; viittaa ihmisiin
The boy who is standing over there is my youngest brother.
the boy = korrelaatti (the antecedent) = se sana tai lause, johon relatiivipronomini viittaa
b) whom = alunpitäen who-sanan objektimuoto
käytetään, jos on prepositio edellä
Mr Smith is our neighbour to whom we sold our house.
= Mr Smith is our neighbour who(m) we sold our house to.
c) whose = who-sanan genetiivimuoto; jonka
Do you that girl whose mother is our Biology teacher?
Ostimme talon, jonka katto vuosi.
We bought a house the roof of which was leaking.
= We bought a house whose roof was leaking.
2. which viittaa asioihin, elottomiin olioihin, eläimiin...
a witch = noita
At Thanksgiving we baked a delicious pumpkin pie, which we ate at once.
which-sanaa ennen voi olla prepositio:
The place in which / where I feel at home is our summer cottage at Lake Puruvesi.
My Mother's sister passed the driving test, which took us all by surprise.
Kun koko edellinen lause on korrelaatti, tulee aina pilkku ja which.
an infant = imeväisikäinen vauva
infancy (n.) = vauvaikä
a cesarean
= a C-section = keisarinleikkaus
on average = keskimäärin
He is on sick leave.
Mary is on maternity leave.
tuki = a benefit / an allowance
The unemployed are entitled to unemployment benefit.
marginalization = syrjäytyminen
A person is being marginalized. = Henkilö syrjäytyy.
on Relative Pronouns and Clauses:
1. a) who = joka; jotka; viittaa ihmisiin
The boy who is standing over there is my youngest brother.
the boy = korrelaatti (the antecedent) = se sana tai lause, johon relatiivipronomini viittaa
b) whom = alunpitäen who-sanan objektimuoto
käytetään, jos on prepositio edellä
Mr Smith is our neighbour to whom we sold our house.
= Mr Smith is our neighbour who(m) we sold our house to.
c) whose = who-sanan genetiivimuoto; jonka
Do you that girl whose mother is our Biology teacher?
Ostimme talon, jonka katto vuosi.
We bought a house the roof of which was leaking.
= We bought a house whose roof was leaking.
2. which viittaa asioihin, elottomiin olioihin, eläimiin...
a witch = noita
At Thanksgiving we baked a delicious pumpkin pie, which we ate at once.
which-sanaa ennen voi olla prepositio:
The place in which / where I feel at home is our summer cottage at Lake Puruvesi.
My Mother's sister passed the driving test, which took us all by surprise.
Kun koko edellinen lause on korrelaatti, tulee aina pilkku ja which.
an infant = imeväisikäinen vauva
infancy (n.) = vauvaikä
a cesarean
= a C-section = keisarinleikkaus
on average = keskimäärin
He is on sick leave.
Mary is on maternity leave.
tuki = a benefit / an allowance
The unemployed are entitled to unemployment benefit.
marginalization = syrjäytyminen
A person is being marginalized. = Henkilö syrjäytyy.
November 5th, 2025
HW: ex. 32 p. 191, ex. 34 p. 192
marginalization (v.)
parental leave
refer to s-g = viitata jhkn / a referral = (lääkärin) lähete
grateful = thankful
marginalization (v.)
parental leave
refer to s-g = viitata jhkn / a referral = (lääkärin) lähete
grateful = thankful
Teksti
3. that viittaa ihmisiin, esineisiin ja asioihin
EI pilkkua ennen that-sanaa eikä prepositiota
käytä THAT, kun
a) korrelaatti on superlatiivi
She was the fastest runner (that) I have ever seen.
b) korrelaatti on -thing-loppuinen pronomini
Everything (that) you say may be used in court of law.
I can't remember anything that happened.
Nothing that happens can change my mind.
Donald J. Trump said something that surprised me.
c) korrelaatissa järjestysluku
Mother was the first word that came to my mind.
d) kun korrelaatissa only tai last
Mr Smith is the last person (that) I want to see now.
It is the only bus that comes here.
e) jos korrelaatissa on ALL, LITTLE, FEW tai MUCH
All (that) you need is love.
There is little (that) he doesn't know.
There isn't much (that) we can do.
4. what = "se. mikä" "se. mitä" what-sanassa on jo itsessään korrelaatti
What happened was an accident.
That is what he said.
EI pilkkua ennen that-sanaa eikä prepositiota
käytä THAT, kun
a) korrelaatti on superlatiivi
She was the fastest runner (that) I have ever seen.
b) korrelaatti on -thing-loppuinen pronomini
Everything (that) you say may be used in court of law.
I can't remember anything that happened.
Nothing that happens can change my mind.
Donald J. Trump said something that surprised me.
c) korrelaatissa järjestysluku
Mother was the first word that came to my mind.
d) kun korrelaatissa only tai last
Mr Smith is the last person (that) I want to see now.
It is the only bus that comes here.
e) jos korrelaatissa on ALL, LITTLE, FEW tai MUCH
All (that) you need is love.
There is little (that) he doesn't know.
There isn't much (that) we can do.
4. what = "se. mikä" "se. mitä" what-sanassa on jo itsessään korrelaatti
What happened was an accident.
That is what he said.
Teksti
6a Read the text. Then, choose the best alternative to complete the summary of the text.
1. b 2. a 3. c 4. c 5. b 6. c 7. a 8. b 9. b
exercise 6b Spot the phrase. How are these expressed in the text?
1. asked her friends for recommendations for good obstetricians
2. to see whether they accepted
3. most of the visits
4. on matters such as breastfeeding
5. at the time
6. shorter days and more predictable hours
7. to work from home
8. after giving birth
9. covering the costs
10. to determine their quality and reputation
11. at the age of four months
12. by the time
13. she was no longer entitled to any leave
14. she had no choice but to go to the office every day
15. on average
16. pay several thousands of dollars out of pocket
exercise 6c Translate the sentences into English. Use the previous exercise for help.
1. I asked my friends for recommendations for a good job/workplace on/via social media.
2. On matters such as this, I often ask for help from my friends to see whether/if they have had similar experiences.
3. I’d like to work shorter days than now/at present, and I’d also like to work from home occasionally / from time to time.
4. In my current job, I have no choice but to go to the office every day, and, on average, my work days last over nine hours, which is more than I’d like.
5. But if I changed jobs now, I wouldn’t be entitled to leave next summer.
exercise 6d Complete the crossword with words from the wordlist.
Across 1. research 2. reputation 3. salary 4. allow 5. require 6. acquaintance 7. regular 8. generous 9. cover 10. infant Down 11. grateful 12. determine 13. ordeal 14. pregnant 15. leave 16. general 17. encourage 18. insurance 19. agony 20. surgery 6f
1. b 2. a 3. c 4. c 5. b 6. c 7. a 8. b 9. b
exercise 6b Spot the phrase. How are these expressed in the text?
1. asked her friends for recommendations for good obstetricians
2. to see whether they accepted
3. most of the visits
4. on matters such as breastfeeding
5. at the time
6. shorter days and more predictable hours
7. to work from home
8. after giving birth
9. covering the costs
10. to determine their quality and reputation
11. at the age of four months
12. by the time
13. she was no longer entitled to any leave
14. she had no choice but to go to the office every day
15. on average
16. pay several thousands of dollars out of pocket
exercise 6c Translate the sentences into English. Use the previous exercise for help.
1. I asked my friends for recommendations for a good job/workplace on/via social media.
2. On matters such as this, I often ask for help from my friends to see whether/if they have had similar experiences.
3. I’d like to work shorter days than now/at present, and I’d also like to work from home occasionally / from time to time.
4. In my current job, I have no choice but to go to the office every day, and, on average, my work days last over nine hours, which is more than I’d like.
5. But if I changed jobs now, I wouldn’t be entitled to leave next summer.
exercise 6d Complete the crossword with words from the wordlist.
Across 1. research 2. reputation 3. salary 4. allow 5. require 6. acquaintance 7. regular 8. generous 9. cover 10. infant Down 11. grateful 12. determine 13. ordeal 14. pregnant 15. leave 16. general 17. encourage 18. insurance 19. agony 20. surgery 6f
Teksti
Glossary: society and health care A Write down the word or phrase to fit the definition.
1. private sector
2. discrimination
3. immigration
4. home care
5. alienation
6. reimbursements
7. student allowance
8. health care
9. equality
10. social security
11. unemployment benefit
12. emigrant
13. citizenship
14. paternity leave
15. refugee
exercise B Fill in according to the Finnish clues.
1. health care
2. Infant mortality
3. universal coverage / universal health coverage
4. health insurance
5. preventive care
6. specialists
7. referral
8. hospital stay
9. citizens
10. life expectancy
1. private sector
2. discrimination
3. immigration
4. home care
5. alienation
6. reimbursements
7. student allowance
8. health care
9. equality
10. social security
11. unemployment benefit
12. emigrant
13. citizenship
14. paternity leave
15. refugee
exercise B Fill in according to the Finnish clues.
1. health care
2. Infant mortality
3. universal coverage / universal health coverage
4. health insurance
5. preventive care
6. specialists
7. referral
8. hospital stay
9. citizens
10. life expectancy
November 10th, 2025
HW: ex. 33 p. 191, ex. 35 p. 193; ex. A p. 86 & B p. 87 & C p. 88, ex. 7e p. 69, ex. 7b p. 66, ex. 7d p. 68
Are you well?
unwell = ill = sick
vomit = throw up = puke
drink-related problems
kidney-related problems
heart-related problems
liver-related problems
lung-related problems
a pickle = säilötty kurkku
a cucumber = tuorekurkku
Are you well?
unwell = ill = sick
vomit = throw up = puke
drink-related problems
kidney-related problems
heart-related problems
liver-related problems
lung-related problems
a pickle = säilötty kurkku
a cucumber = tuorekurkku
Teksti
exercise 32 Say in English. Your partner checks.
1. The floorball player (that/who) I met yesterday is called Timothy.
2. He plays floorball on a team which/that is very good.
3. The team practises every second day /every other day, which seems like quite a lot.
4. The players whose skills are excellent enjoy the game.
5. Everything / All (that) they try seems to work/succeed.
6. In fact / As a matter of fact, their team is the best one (that) I know.
7. What makes them better than the rest is no secret: love of/for the game.
8. Wild parties are something that they are always ready for.
9. The players, some of whom have been with the team for years, enjoy playing.
10. The matches, most of which they win, are popular.
11. The coaches, one of whom is Dutch, believe in the team.
12. Anybody/Anyone who sees them play/playing understands why they are so good.
13. Those who / the ones who don't play floorball themselves should try it / give it a try.
14. The games, none of which I've missed, have been excellent.
15. What the team cares about is fair play and not victory.
16. Something that might surprise you is that the team is called the Grey Panthers.
17. The players, most of whom are more than 85 years old, have strong muscles.
18. The Grey Panthers, whose team means a lot to them, love to give / giving interviews.
1. The floorball player (that/who) I met yesterday is called Timothy.
2. He plays floorball on a team which/that is very good.
3. The team practises every second day /every other day, which seems like quite a lot.
4. The players whose skills are excellent enjoy the game.
5. Everything / All (that) they try seems to work/succeed.
6. In fact / As a matter of fact, their team is the best one (that) I know.
7. What makes them better than the rest is no secret: love of/for the game.
8. Wild parties are something that they are always ready for.
9. The players, some of whom have been with the team for years, enjoy playing.
10. The matches, most of which they win, are popular.
11. The coaches, one of whom is Dutch, believe in the team.
12. Anybody/Anyone who sees them play/playing understands why they are so good.
13. Those who / the ones who don't play floorball themselves should try it / give it a try.
14. The games, none of which I've missed, have been excellent.
15. What the team cares about is fair play and not victory.
16. Something that might surprise you is that the team is called the Grey Panthers.
17. The players, most of whom are more than 85 years old, have strong muscles.
18. The Grey Panthers, whose team means a lot to them, love to give / giving interviews.
Teksti
exercise 34
1. that
2. which
3. some of which
4. that
5. most of whom
6. both of which
7. who
8. which
9. What
10. that
11. which
12. which
13. whose
14. who
15. most of which
1. that
2. which
3. some of which
4. that
5. most of whom
6. both of which
7. who
8. which
9. What
10. that
11. which
12. which
13. whose
14. who
15. most of which
November 12th, 2025
24 hours = 1 vrk
48 hours = 2 vrk
72 hours = 3 vrk
She has an eight-year-old daughter. = She has a daughter who is eight years old.
a kiss of life = tekohengitys
resuscitate (v.) = elvyttää
a registered nurse (n.) = sairaanhoitaja (sellainen, joka saa oistää suoneen) (AmE)
slaughter (n.) = teyrastaminen; lahtaaminen
Slavery was abolished in 1865 in the United States of America.
a speed ticket = nopeussakko
a thief / many thieves = varas / varkaita
a theft (n.) = varkaus
steal, stole, stolen = varastaa
48 hours = 2 vrk
72 hours = 3 vrk
She has an eight-year-old daughter. = She has a daughter who is eight years old.
a kiss of life = tekohengitys
resuscitate (v.) = elvyttää
a registered nurse (n.) = sairaanhoitaja (sellainen, joka saa oistää suoneen) (AmE)
slaughter (n.) = teyrastaminen; lahtaaminen
Slavery was abolished in 1865 in the United States of America.
a speed ticket = nopeussakko
a thief / many thieves = varas / varkaita
a theft (n.) = varkaus
steal, stole, stolen = varastaa
November 12th, 2025
exercise 33
1. Love is everything/all (that) you (will) need.
2. Can you tell us again what you heard?
3. The train arrived late, which was annoying.
4. This was the best thing that has ever happened to me.
5. Something (that) mom said made me question my decision.
6. Forget everything/all (that) Mark said last night.
7. Nothing (that) he told you is true.
8. What / The thing that really makes me happy is your smile.
9. What's the first thing that we should do when we get home?
10. My best friend forgot my birthday, which was not typical of him/her/them at all.
exercise 35
1. Times Square has bright lights whose colours are beautiful / the colours of which are beautiful.
2. Classic pizza joints are packed with people who/that love pizza.
3. Coney Island has the best rides that children and adults alike enjoy.
4. Joggers prefer Central Park where / in which people often walk their dogs.
5. I'm not afraid of heights, which is why The Empire State Building fascinates me.
6. The 9/11 Memorial has waterfalls whose sound / the sound of which is soothing.
7. The West Village inhabitants are artists who/that want to live in a hip place.
8. The Guggenheim Museum of Art, whose specialty is modern art, / the specialty of which is modern art, was built in the form of a spiral.
1. Love is everything/all (that) you (will) need.
2. Can you tell us again what you heard?
3. The train arrived late, which was annoying.
4. This was the best thing that has ever happened to me.
5. Something (that) mom said made me question my decision.
6. Forget everything/all (that) Mark said last night.
7. Nothing (that) he told you is true.
8. What / The thing that really makes me happy is your smile.
9. What's the first thing that we should do when we get home?
10. My best friend forgot my birthday, which was not typical of him/her/them at all.
exercise 35
1. Times Square has bright lights whose colours are beautiful / the colours of which are beautiful.
2. Classic pizza joints are packed with people who/that love pizza.
3. Coney Island has the best rides that children and adults alike enjoy.
4. Joggers prefer Central Park where / in which people often walk their dogs.
5. I'm not afraid of heights, which is why The Empire State Building fascinates me.
6. The 9/11 Memorial has waterfalls whose sound / the sound of which is soothing.
7. The West Village inhabitants are artists who/that want to live in a hip place.
8. The Guggenheim Museum of Art, whose specialty is modern art, / the specialty of which is modern art, was built in the form of a spiral.