i. e. = id est = ts. = toisin sanoen

a nucleus / many nuclei: 1) tuma (biologiassa) 2) ydin (fysiikassa)

nuclear power
Rear Window (a film by Alfred Hitchcock) = Takaikkuna

-ING-form:
1. subjekti
Living is easy.
2. predikatiivi
Seeing you is loving you.
3. tietyt verbit vaativat gerundia eli -ing-muotoa
a) What do you enjoy doing?
I enjoy reading.
I enjoy playing the violin.
b) avoid
Avoid disturbing him.
NB! this house needs painting. = This house needs to be painted.
My hair needs cutting. = My hair needs to be cut.
 c) can't help / can't stand
I can't help falling in love with you.
= I can't help but fall in love with you.
I couldn't help falling in love with him.
= I couldn't help but fall in love with him.
I can't stand lying and I can't stand being lied to.
d) put off = postpone
We put off meeting one another. = We postponed meeting one another.

lauseenvastikkeissa:
Having been given a suspended sentence,... = As / Because / Since he had been given a suspended sentence, ...
Having been done several times before, ... = As / because / Since it had been done several times before, ...

(to) be born = syntyä
I was born in Joensuu.
Where were you born?

crops = harvest = sato

INFINITIIVI:
1. to give: I want to give you a gift.
2. give: I must give a speech in public.
3. to have given: He claimed to have given all his best to the project.
4. have given: He would have given her money if he had had some.
5. to be given: I want to be given another chance.
6. be given: He should be given another chance.
7. to have been given: He claimed to have been given another chance.
8. have been given: He should have been given another chance if he had asked for it.