ENA5 / Haaksluoto / 2025 - 2026 / 3. periodi
KOE on sähköinen koe torstaina 11.12.2025 klo 17.00 - 21.00 luokassa 31. Ota oma täyteen ladattu kannettava mukaan tarvittavine virtajohtoineen ja LANGALLISINE kuulokkeineen.
KOEALUE:
- Vocabulary:
- Text 3 Why we do what we do p. 26 – 35
- Text 5 The ubiquitous woman p. 42 – 53
- Text 6 Don’t bet on it p. 55 – 63
- Glossary: Traffic p. 24 - 25
- Glossary: Psychology p. 36 - 37
- Glossary: Science and technology p. 64 – 65
- Grammar:
- Infinitiivi, -ING-muoto & THAT-lause p. 152 – 170
- Paljoussanat p. 172 – 180
- Lukusanat ja ajanilmaukset p. 182 – 200
- LC = Listening Comprehension
- RC = Reading Comprehension
- Production (700 – 1,300 characters)
course outline / kurssiohjelma
ENA5 / ENGLISH / ADVANCED / NEW INSIGHTS MODULE 5 / SCHOOL YEAR 2025 – 2026 / PERIOD III
Töölön yhteiskoulun aikuislukio, Urheilukatu 10 - 12, 00250 Helsinki
Teacher: Erja H. Haaksluoto; e-mail: erja.haaksluoto@tyk.fi
Available for consultation: 1) before and after the lessons and 2) on Mondays at 20.05 - 20.45 hours (except NOT during the exam weeks) (= so-called KIELIKLINIKKA)
Book: Elina Karapalo – Paula Keltto – Mark Kilmer – Päivi Kuusivaara - Teijo Päkkilä – Annukka Suonio: New Insights Module 5 (Otava)
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE: The theme of the course is TECHNOLOGY and SCIENCE. In grammar and structures we shall deal with important structures such as infinitives, ING-forms and THAT-clauses. We shall also take a close look at words of quantity, NUMBERS / NUMERALS and expressions of time.
We shall meet 11 (eleven) times on Monday through Thursday at 18.40 – 20.00 on GoogleMeet online as follows:
The link is ALWAYS the same: meet.google.com/her-rxva-umj
- November 20, 2025: Introduction to the course; home assignment p. 145 - 147 // Text 3 Why we do what we do p. 28 / ex. 3a p. 30 // GRAMMAR: The infinitive p. 152 - 156 / ENGAGE p. 153 // Glossary: Traffic p. 24
- November 24, 2025: Translation B p. 25 // ex. 3b p. 30 & 3d p. 31 & 3e p. 32 & 3j p. 35 // Glossary: Psychology p. 36 - 37 // GRAMMAR: The infinitive p. 152 - 156
- November 25, 2025: GRAMMAR: The infinitive p. 152 - 156 // ex. 1 p. 157, ex. 2 p. 158, ex. 4 p. 159 & ex. 5 p. 160
- November 26, 2025: GRAMMAR: The infinitive or THAT-clause? p. 157 // ex. 6 p. 160 // Text 3 The ubiquitous woman p. 43 – 45
- November 27, 2025: Text 3 The ubiquitous woman p. 43 - 45 // GRAMMAR: The -ING form p. 163 – 165 // ex. 10 p. 167
- December 1, 2025: GRAMMAR: ex. 5a & ex. 5b p. 48 / ex. 5d p. 49 & ex. 5e p. 50 // GRAMMAR: The infinitive or ING-form p. 166 // ex. 12 p. 167 & ex. 14 p. 168
- December 2, 2025: ex. 16 p. 169 & ex. 17 p. 170 // GRAMMAR: Words of quantity p. 173 - 174 // ex. 18 & ex. 19 & ex. 20 p. 177
- December 3, 2025: ex. 21 & ex. 22 p. 178 & ex. 24 p. 179 // Text 6 Don’t bet on it p. 55 - 57 // ex. 23 ex. 24 p. 152 – 153 // Glossary: Science and technology p. 64 - 65
- December 4, 2025: ex. 24 p. 179 & ex. 25 & ex. 26 p. 180 // Text 6 Don’t bet on it p. 55 - 57 // GRAMMAR: Numbers and expressions of time p. 182 – 183 // GRAMMAR: Cardinal numbers p. 184 – 187
on December 6, 2025: Happy Independence Day 😊!
- December 8, 2025: GRAMMAR: Ordinal numbers p. 188 - 190 // GRAMMAR: Numbers in expressions of time p. 194 – 197
- December 9, 2025: ex. 30 p. 193 // ex. 33 p. 198 - 199 & ex. 34 p. 200
HOME ASSIGNMENT: WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT (700 - 1,300 characters): Write a composition of 700 - 1,300 characters on ONE of the topics on pages 145 - 147. DEADLINE: on December 8, 2025
DIGITAL EXAM online at 17.00 – 21.00 hours on Thursday, December 11th, 2025:
The exam consists of the following parts:
1) listening comprehension test
2) written part: a) RC / reading comprehension b) MC / multiple choice c) Grammar: 1) infinitives, ING-forms and THAT-clauses, 2) words of quantity, 3) numbers / numerals 4) expressions of time
3) Translations and vocabulary on the texts that we have dealt with during the course
4)Composition of 700 – 1,300 characters
THE GRADE ON COURSE 5 CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING:
1) LC exam & written exam at 17.00 – 21.00 hours on December 11th, 2025
2) Home Assignment (+)
3) Activity during the lessons (+)
You will have your exams back on your e-mail, but I shall be available for questions in classroom 31, at 16.00 – 17.30 hours on Friday, January 9th, 2026.
RETAKE EXAM: at 17.00 – 20.05 hours on Friday, January 23rd, 2026
= UUSINTAKOE, johon on ehdottomasti ilmoittauduttava etukäteen täyttämällä vaaleansininen lomake, jonka saa kansliasta, 2. krs. Lomake palautetaan kansliaan VIIMEISTÄÄN VIIKKOA ENNEN UUSINTAKOETTA eli viimeistään perjantaina 16.1.2026. Uusintakoelomakkeesta on nyt myös olemassa sähköinen lomake. Nettisivuilla on pdf, jonka voi suoraan täyttää ja lähettää liitetiedostona kansliaan. Lomake löytyy täältä: https://www.tyk.fi/aikuislukio/tietoa/lomakkeet/
Teksti
8 Kirjoitustehtävät
● Written assignments
Write a composition of about 700 to 1,300 characters on one of the topics. Follow the guidance.
1. Traffic my way
What would you like to change in today’s traffic in your area? What are the major problems and how would you go about solving them? You have been asked to give a speech at your local youth council. Write this speech.
2. Commuting in 2036
Describe how you think commuting (to school or work) will be different in the future. Has working from home decreased the need to commute? Discuss the various future scenarios and their pros and cons.
3. Am I gambling away my future?
Write a reply to Jake who is asking for advice on a discussion forum meant for those who feel that their gambling might be getting out of hand.
This can’t go on… The sleepless nights, not meeting my friends at all these days, the pain and stress I keep putting my body through and the debts. I remember my first ever bet – a £3 bet on a football match. A goal in the last minutes of the match won me £39. What a great feeling that was… Little did I know that it was going to become a road to hell. My gambling hasn’t really been under control at all recently. What should I do?
-Jake-
-Jake-
4. When the odds were against me
Write about a situation when the odds were against you, but you managed to beat them anyway.
5. The pros and cons of stem cell research
There are quite a few ethical problems and debates surrounding the use of human embryonic stem cells. Is it morally acceptable to cultivate embryos for research
purposes if they have the potential to cure countless patients? Discuss the pros and cons of stem cell research in the form of a letter to the editor.
purposes if they have the potential to cure countless patients? Discuss the pros and cons of stem cell research in the form of a letter to the editor.
6. Can anyone become truly immortal?
”iStock.com/sdominick”
7. What makes you tick?
Describe a situation in which you felt motivated and encouraged to go on. What is it that usually makes you tick? Write an article to be published on your school’s webpage.
8. A crime story
Write a crime story where the following words appear:
-
fingerprints
-
a convertible
-
a dog that went missing
-
a drone
-
a juvenile delinquent
9. The secrets of my phone
What would happen if your smartphone got stolen? What sort of information could the thief get from your phone if they knew your pin number? What could you do to prevent such a scenario from taking place?
10. Anonymous or not?
What is your view on posting anonymous comments online? What are the pros and cons of staying anonymous?
11. The world would be better off without…
Write a blog post about something that you feel the world would be better off without. What kind of invention or thing shouldn’t exist in your view and why?
12. People in 2050
What will they be like? What will they be wearing and eating? What will working and family life be like? Describe and explain.
13. Science projects
Choose one of the science project topics below and explain how you would go about finding the answer to the question.
-
Does covering the mouth help prevent the spread of germs?
-
Does the shape of ice affect its melting time?
-
How does salt affect the boiling point of water?
14. The future of electricity
What are the sustainable visions of the future? How will electricity be produced then? Write a report for an online magazine.
15. Kitchen science
What is the science project taking place in the picture? Describe and explain.
Stock.com/tagphoto
16. A science activity gone wrong
It seemed like an innocent and easy thing to do. You and your lab partner followed all the instructions, but still something went horribly wrong. What and why?
Materials for dancing raisins science activity:
-
raisins
-
two clear glasses
-
carbonated water and regular tap water
Procedure for dancing raisins science activity:
-
Pour some carbonated water into a clear glass.
-
Add some raisins and watch what happens.
17. There is always a reason
What has happened and what will happen next in this chemistry class?
Getty Images/kali9
18. The limitless possibilities of AI
AI is projected to have a huge impact on just about everything. It is used in our smart devices, cars, healthcare systems, education and favorite apps, and its influence will permeate deeper into society in the future. How will AI change our world?
November 20th, 2025
HW ex. A & B p. 25, ex. 3a & 3b p. 30, ex. 3d p. 31, ex. 3e p. 32
commit a crime = tehdä rikos
juvenile delinquency (n.) = nuorisorikollisuus
a juvenile delinquent (n.) = nuorisorikollinen
raise, -ed, -ed = kasvattaa; nostattaa (transitiiviverbi = verbi EI SAA objektia; tekemisen kohdetta)
She raised a family.
rise, rose, risen = nousta, kohota (intransitiiviverbi = verbi SAA objektin; tekemisen kohteen)
The sun always rises in the east.
commit a crime = tehdä rikos
juvenile delinquency (n.) = nuorisorikollisuus
a juvenile delinquent (n.) = nuorisorikollinen
raise, -ed, -ed = kasvattaa; nostattaa (transitiiviverbi = verbi EI SAA objektia; tekemisen kohdetta)
She raised a family.
rise, rose, risen = nousta, kohota (intransitiiviverbi = verbi SAA objektin; tekemisen kohteen)
The sun always rises in the east.
November 24, 2025
HW ex. 1 p. 157
what / which / when / how // NB! why
I don't know what to do.
I didn't know which one to take.
We didn't know when to go to school.
I don't know how to live my life.
NB! I don't know why study.
"Why not toss the coin, Mr Corleone?"
"Why bother?" = Miksi nähdä vaivaa?
TO-INFINITIVE:
1. kysymyssana liittyy yleensä to-infinitiivi
what / which / when / how // NB! why
I don't know what to do.
I didn't know which one to take.
We didn't know when to go to school.
I don't know how to live my life.
NB! I don't know why study.
"Why not toss the coin, Mr Corleone?"
"Why bother?"
2. substantiivi
It is time to go.
It is a pleasure to meet you.
I had an appointment to meet my dentist.
3. pronomini
I had nothing to eat.
Everybody needs someone to love.
There is nothing to do.
There is nothing to be done.
4. subjekti
To love is to suffer.
5. predikatiivi
To love is to suffer.
6. adjektiivi
I am anxious to see you.
It was easy for her to learn languages.
NB! busy + -ing
What are you busy doing?
I am busy studying.
7. finaalinen rakenne: -kse- / jotta
In the 1960s many people moved to Australia (in order) to earn money.
NB!
I didn't say word so as not to hurt your feelings.
"To be or not to be..." (Hamlet)
adolescence (n.) = nuoruusikä
an adolescent (n.) = nuori; nuorukainen
a pedestrian = jalankulkija
a road user = tienkäyttäjä
a motorist = autoilija
a crossroads // many crossroads
a hard shoulder = piennar; tien reuna
F = ma (force equals mass times acceleration = voima on massa kertaa kiihtyvyys)
I had accelerated... = Minä olin kiihdyttänyt...
what / which / when / how // NB! why
I don't know what to do.
I didn't know which one to take.
We didn't know when to go to school.
I don't know how to live my life.
NB! I don't know why study.
"Why not toss the coin, Mr Corleone?"
"Why bother?" = Miksi nähdä vaivaa?
TO-INFINITIVE:
1. kysymyssana liittyy yleensä to-infinitiivi
what / which / when / how // NB! why
I don't know what to do.
I didn't know which one to take.
We didn't know when to go to school.
I don't know how to live my life.
NB! I don't know why study.
"Why not toss the coin, Mr Corleone?"
"Why bother?"
2. substantiivi
It is time to go.
It is a pleasure to meet you.
I had an appointment to meet my dentist.
3. pronomini
I had nothing to eat.
Everybody needs someone to love.
There is nothing to do.
There is nothing to be done.
4. subjekti
To love is to suffer.
5. predikatiivi
To love is to suffer.
6. adjektiivi
I am anxious to see you.
It was easy for her to learn languages.
NB! busy + -ing
What are you busy doing?
I am busy studying.
7. finaalinen rakenne: -kse- / jotta
In the 1960s many people moved to Australia (in order) to earn money.
NB!
I didn't say word so as not to hurt your feelings.
"To be or not to be..." (Hamlet)
adolescence (n.) = nuoruusikä
an adolescent (n.) = nuori; nuorukainen
a pedestrian = jalankulkija
a road user = tienkäyttäjä
a motorist = autoilija
a crossroads // many crossroads
a hard shoulder = piennar; tien reuna
F = ma (force equals mass times acceleration = voima on massa kertaa kiihtyvyys)
I had accelerated... = Minä olin kiihdyttänyt...
Teksti
Glossary: Traffic exercise A I am giving up driving for good. From now on, I'm going to be 1. a pedestrian rather than a motorist. You see, I was approaching 2. a crossroads when I saw a deer standing quite near 3. the hard shoulder. I had just 4. accelerated to get across before the oncoming traffic. Imagine the shock I got! A few minutes earlier a huge lorry 5. had overtaken me too close and left me shaking in my boots. In the morning, I had suffered precious minutes in 6. congestion, seen 7. a multiple collision and witnessed how a guy in a huge car ignored 8. a yield sign only to cause 9. road rage in those who had been patiently waiting their turn. On top of it all, I was so exhausted by the end of the day that I failed to notice the gaping 10. pothole and bumped right into it hitting my head in the process. So, no more 11. exhaust fumes caused by me. I'm going to 12. be a back seat driver from now on, not go behind the wheel myself!
exercise B. Translate the following questions and comments. Then act out each situation with your partner. Your partner is a police officer and starts each discussion with you. Keep each conversation going for a few minutes. Take turns being the police officer
1. Could I see your driving licence / driver's license, please?
2. Didn't you see the yield sign?
3. Why did you park your car / are you parked on the pavement/sidewalk?
4. You just went the wrong way in the roundabout.
5. Doesn't your speedometer work properly?
6. Why did you overtake/pass seven cars with only one hand on the steering wheel?
7. The local traffic wardens / traffic officers say that you have dozens of unpaid parking tickets.
8. Road rage endangers (the safety of) others / puts other road-users at risk.
9. Didn't you notice the pedestrian / zebra crossing or why didn't you stop your vehicle?
10. Where did you take your driver's ed(ucation) classes?
Text 3 Why we do what we do exercise 3a Fill in this chart.
life-course-persistent offender Starting when young, throughout life
Why / Mental issues, tough childhood
adolescence-limited offender
When do they commit crime? Only in teenage years
Why do they commit crime? To make up for the maturity gap
exercise B. Translate the following questions and comments. Then act out each situation with your partner. Your partner is a police officer and starts each discussion with you. Keep each conversation going for a few minutes. Take turns being the police officer
1. Could I see your driving licence / driver's license, please?
2. Didn't you see the yield sign?
3. Why did you park your car / are you parked on the pavement/sidewalk?
4. You just went the wrong way in the roundabout.
5. Doesn't your speedometer work properly?
6. Why did you overtake/pass seven cars with only one hand on the steering wheel?
7. The local traffic wardens / traffic officers say that you have dozens of unpaid parking tickets.
8. Road rage endangers (the safety of) others / puts other road-users at risk.
9. Didn't you notice the pedestrian / zebra crossing or why didn't you stop your vehicle?
10. Where did you take your driver's ed(ucation) classes?
Text 3 Why we do what we do exercise 3a Fill in this chart.
life-course-persistent offender Starting when young, throughout life
Why / Mental issues, tough childhood
adolescence-limited offender
When do they commit crime? Only in teenage years
Why do they commit crime? To make up for the maturity gap
Teksti
exercise 3b Mark the following statements true or false. Then correct the false statements to make them true.
1 False Most people commit crimes when they are adolescents or young adults.
False The life-course-persistent offenders start to show problem behavior early on.
True
True
False The maturity gap is when young people are biologically mature, but they are not allowed to do what adults do.
True
exercise 3d Match each word with its opposite from the wordlist.
1F, 2J, 3D, 4A, 5B, 6K, 7I, 8C, 9G, 10H, 11E
exercise 3e Spot the phrase. Put these phrases from the text into the sentence where they make the most sense.
1C, 2B, 3J, 4G, 5A, 6E, 7H, 8F, 9D, 10I
1 False Most people commit crimes when they are adolescents or young adults.
False The life-course-persistent offenders start to show problem behavior early on.
True
True
False The maturity gap is when young people are biologically mature, but they are not allowed to do what adults do.
True
exercise 3d Match each word with its opposite from the wordlist.
1F, 2J, 3D, 4A, 5B, 6K, 7I, 8C, 9G, 10H, 11E
exercise 3e Spot the phrase. Put these phrases from the text into the sentence where they make the most sense.
1C, 2B, 3J, 4G, 5A, 6E, 7H, 8F, 9D, 10I
November 25, 2025
HW ex. 2 p. 158, ex. 4 p. 159
thorough (adj.) = läpikotainen
He has a thorough knowledge of Finnish history.
deep / profound
through (prep.)
He walked through the park.
in my brother's opinion
He doesn't have anybody but himself to blame.
8. first, last, next, only relatiivilauseen vastineena
Who was the first man to step on the Moon?
Why am I always the last to know the truth?
Was I the only one to be invited?
9. verbi liittyy toiseen verbiin - väliin to
I tried to do my best.
I decided to ask for help.
He claimed to have tried to do his best.
10. seuraavat verbit:
advise / allow / ask / order / permit / tell / want / warn / would like
I want to go now.
I want you to help me.
Mom warned us not to swim too far.
I would like to have a cup of coffee.
THAT-lause:
believe, know, think
I believe (that) I am right.
I know that I am right.
She thought I said so.
MUTTA PASSIIVISSA:
She is believed to be a genius.
He was thought to have done it alone.
INFINITIVE without the particle TO
1. modaaliset apuverbit
must / can, could / will, would / shall, should / may, might // joskus need & dare
I must go now.
Shall I open the window?
Shall we go?
We should have helped him.
He would have been left alone if he had wanted it.
NB! ought to
We ought to help those who need help.
2. AISTIHAVAINTOVERBIT (feel / hear / observe / notice / watch) AKTIIVISSA
I saw him go out.
We heard people talk about the accident.
We watched the birds fly south.
I felt my heart jump.
I saw a little girl cross the street.
Minä näin pienen tytön ylittävän kadun.
I saw a little girl crossing the street.
Minä näin pienen tytön ylittävän katua.
3. let s-b do s-g / make s-b do s-g / have s-b do s-g / help s-b do s-g / let & make AKTIIVISSA
Let's go. = Let us go.
Let me help you.
Will you let me try?
He always makes me cry.
Ulla Tapaninen always makes me laugh.
Marc had made us work really hard.
He will have his secretary book the flight.
He helped me (to) carry my bags.
4. idiomaattiset sanonnat
a) had better = olisi parasta
I had better go now.
I had better not go at all. = I hadn't better go at all.
You'd better do it.
Mary had better live in Spain for the rest of her life.
b) rather than = mieluummin kuin
Rather than stay at school she wanted to go home.
c) do nothing but
Dad did nothing but sleep.
My brother does nothing but read.
5. GO käskymuodossa
"Go tell it on the mountain..."
Go wash your hands.
6. "Why bother?"
"Why not toss the coin, Mr Corleone?"
thorough (adj.) = läpikotainen
He has a thorough knowledge of Finnish history.
deep / profound
through (prep.)
He walked through the park.
in my brother's opinion
He doesn't have anybody but himself to blame.
8. first, last, next, only relatiivilauseen vastineena
Who was the first man to step on the Moon?
Why am I always the last to know the truth?
Was I the only one to be invited?
9. verbi liittyy toiseen verbiin - väliin to
I tried to do my best.
I decided to ask for help.
He claimed to have tried to do his best.
10. seuraavat verbit:
advise / allow / ask / order / permit / tell / want / warn / would like
I want to go now.
I want you to help me.
Mom warned us not to swim too far.
I would like to have a cup of coffee.
THAT-lause:
believe, know, think
I believe (that) I am right.
I know that I am right.
She thought I said so.
MUTTA PASSIIVISSA:
She is believed to be a genius.
He was thought to have done it alone.
INFINITIVE without the particle TO
1. modaaliset apuverbit
must / can, could / will, would / shall, should / may, might // joskus need & dare
I must go now.
Shall I open the window?
Shall we go?
We should have helped him.
He would have been left alone if he had wanted it.
NB! ought to
We ought to help those who need help.
2. AISTIHAVAINTOVERBIT (feel / hear / observe / notice / watch) AKTIIVISSA
I saw him go out.
We heard people talk about the accident.
We watched the birds fly south.
I felt my heart jump.
I saw a little girl cross the street.
Minä näin pienen tytön ylittävän kadun.
I saw a little girl crossing the street.
Minä näin pienen tytön ylittävän katua.
3. let s-b do s-g / make s-b do s-g / have s-b do s-g / help s-b do s-g / let & make AKTIIVISSA
Let's go. = Let us go.
Let me help you.
Will you let me try?
He always makes me cry.
Ulla Tapaninen always makes me laugh.
Marc had made us work really hard.
He will have his secretary book the flight.
He helped me (to) carry my bags.
4. idiomaattiset sanonnat
a) had better = olisi parasta
I had better go now.
I had better not go at all. = I hadn't better go at all.
You'd better do it.
Mary had better live in Spain for the rest of her life.
b) rather than = mieluummin kuin
Rather than stay at school she wanted to go home.
c) do nothing but
Dad did nothing but sleep.
My brother does nothing but read.
5. GO käskymuodossa
"Go tell it on the mountain..."
Go wash your hands.
6. "Why bother?"
"Why not toss the coin, Mr Corleone?"
Teksti
exercise 1 Say the following sentences in English. Work together with a partner.
1. I would like to meet famous inventors.
2. I want to understand how their minds work.
3. It must be interesting to study new things.
4. I wouldn’t know where to start.
5. I would give anything to be that smart.
6. Some people read books (in order) to become smarter.
7. Others need practice (in order) to learn.
8. My brother thinks physics is too difficult to understand.
9. I don’t know what to say to / tell him.
10. He has nobody to blame but himself.
11. He has never made any effort to study it.
12. He always says (that) he has other things to think about.
13. Somehow he has still managed to pass all his physics exams.
14. I have always done my best (in order) to succeed.
1. I would like to meet famous inventors.
2. I want to understand how their minds work.
3. It must be interesting to study new things.
4. I wouldn’t know where to start.
5. I would give anything to be that smart.
6. Some people read books (in order) to become smarter.
7. Others need practice (in order) to learn.
8. My brother thinks physics is too difficult to understand.
9. I don’t know what to say to / tell him.
10. He has nobody to blame but himself.
11. He has never made any effort to study it.
12. He always says (that) he has other things to think about.
13. Somehow he has still managed to pass all his physics exams.
14. I have always done my best (in order) to succeed.
November 26, 2025
HW ex. 6 p. 160, ex. 7 p. 161
vaccine (n.)
vaccination (n.)
Latin: vacca, -ae = vasikka; nautaeläin
look at s-g: Look at her!
stare at s-g: It is not polite to stare at other people.
glance at s-g: He glanced at his watch.
gaze at s-g: He gazed at her.
lead, led, led: She led a peaceful life.
a nucleus / many nuclei
a fungus / many fungi
a syllabus / many syllabi
a foetus / a fetus
a uterus = a womb = kohtu
She inherited dozens of silver spoons.
She was given two dozen silver spoons.
There were hundreds of cars on the street.
There were five hundred cars on the street.
There were thousands of people at the concert.
There were seven thousand people at the concert.
There are tens of thousands of homeless people in the USA.
They used to say that there are sixty thousand lakes in Finland.
There are millions of refugees in the world.
There are at least fourteen million refugees in the world.
There are billions of people in the world.
There are over eight billion people in the world.
If she had wanted to become an actress, she would have had to fight against her parents.
I advise you to stay at home.
Mom advised me to go to school.
He wanted me to come to his party.
He warned me not to go to town.
in the 90s
in the early 90s
in the mid-90s
in the late 90s
1. Our teacher forced us to go (to) see...
However, (s)he allowed us to choose when.
vaccine (n.)
vaccination (n.)
Latin: vacca, -ae = vasikka; nautaeläin
look at s-g: Look at her!
stare at s-g: It is not polite to stare at other people.
glance at s-g: He glanced at his watch.
gaze at s-g: He gazed at her.
lead, led, led: She led a peaceful life.
a nucleus / many nuclei
a fungus / many fungi
a syllabus / many syllabi
a foetus / a fetus
a uterus = a womb = kohtu
She inherited dozens of silver spoons.
She was given two dozen silver spoons.
There were hundreds of cars on the street.
There were five hundred cars on the street.
There were thousands of people at the concert.
There were seven thousand people at the concert.
There are tens of thousands of homeless people in the USA.
They used to say that there are sixty thousand lakes in Finland.
There are millions of refugees in the world.
There are at least fourteen million refugees in the world.
There are billions of people in the world.
There are over eight billion people in the world.
If she had wanted to become an actress, she would have had to fight against her parents.
I advise you to stay at home.
Mom advised me to go to school.
He wanted me to come to his party.
He warned me not to go to town.
in the 90s
in the early 90s
in the mid-90s
in the late 90s
1. Our teacher forced us to go (to) see...
However, (s)he allowed us to choose when.
Teksti
exercise 2 Say the following sentences in English. Work together with a partner.
1. Our teacher made us go (to) see a play / forced us to go to a play.
2. However, she/he let us choose when.
3. I think we should see the play tonight.
4. We could go there a bit/little early.
5. Perhaps/Maybe we’ll see the actors come/coming to the theatre.
6. In fact, we had better leave right now.
7. I can hardly wait!
8. Didn’t you hear Sarah talk/talking about their experience?
9. They hoped to meet / that they could meet the actors after the play.
10. The actors had made them wait outside for two hours.
11. And the bodyguard didn’t even let them talk to the actors.
12. I think the same will happen to us so why bother.
13. At least I’d rather stay (at) home than wait outside in the cold.
14. Why do you say Sarah does nothing but complain?
exercise 4 Fill in with to or –. Here are a few facts you have always wanted to know about cars.
1. In Churchill, Canada, people leave their cars unlocked to offer an escape for pedestrians who might – see polar bears on the street.
2. In 2004, Oprah gave her audience free cars. In reality, the people had to pay 6000 dollars in taxes and many were made to take loans or sell the car to pay the taxes.
3. Norway doesn’t let advertisers – claim that a car is ‘green’. They may – say it is less harmful to drive a certain car than another.
4. Honda Prelude was the first mass produced car to feature a 4-wheel steering system. It was said to beat even Porsche and Ferrari in the slalom test.
5. In some countries it is illegal to ride a motorcycle between two parallel cars.
6. The first car to use a rear-view mirror was driven by Indy 500 winner Ray Harroun in 1911 to see the cars catching up behind him.
7. South African residents are allowed to attach small flamethrowers to their cars to provide defence against carjackers.
8. In 1896, Bridget Driscoll was the first pedestrian to be killed by a car in the UK. The car was said to have travelled at 4 mph.
9. For a car to have been the best selling car in the 90s it would have had to beat the sales figures of a particular toy car.
10. Your car remote can – become useless if you try to use it more than 256 times when the remote is out of range. I advise you – never to try this at home.
exercise 5 Translate into Finnish. Pay special attention to the underlined verb structures. 1. Ensimmäisen avaruudessa olleen britin, eteläkorealaisen ja iranilaisen tiedetään olleen naisia.
2. Aivan ensimmäinen avaruteen lentänyt nainen oli kuitenkin Valentina Tereshkova vuonna 1963.
3. Hänen sanotaan tulleen valituksi kosmonautiksi, koska hänellä oli kokemusta laskuvarjohyppäämisestä.
4. Hänen tyttärensä Elena oli ensimmäinen avaruuteen lentäneelle äidille sekä isälle syntynyt henkilö.
5. Tereshkova on edelleen historian ainoa yksin avaruuslennon tehnyt nainen.
1. Our teacher made us go (to) see a play / forced us to go to a play.
2. However, she/he let us choose when.
3. I think we should see the play tonight.
4. We could go there a bit/little early.
5. Perhaps/Maybe we’ll see the actors come/coming to the theatre.
6. In fact, we had better leave right now.
7. I can hardly wait!
8. Didn’t you hear Sarah talk/talking about their experience?
9. They hoped to meet / that they could meet the actors after the play.
10. The actors had made them wait outside for two hours.
11. And the bodyguard didn’t even let them talk to the actors.
12. I think the same will happen to us so why bother.
13. At least I’d rather stay (at) home than wait outside in the cold.
14. Why do you say Sarah does nothing but complain?
exercise 4 Fill in with to or –. Here are a few facts you have always wanted to know about cars.
1. In Churchill, Canada, people leave their cars unlocked to offer an escape for pedestrians who might – see polar bears on the street.
2. In 2004, Oprah gave her audience free cars. In reality, the people had to pay 6000 dollars in taxes and many were made to take loans or sell the car to pay the taxes.
3. Norway doesn’t let advertisers – claim that a car is ‘green’. They may – say it is less harmful to drive a certain car than another.
4. Honda Prelude was the first mass produced car to feature a 4-wheel steering system. It was said to beat even Porsche and Ferrari in the slalom test.
5. In some countries it is illegal to ride a motorcycle between two parallel cars.
6. The first car to use a rear-view mirror was driven by Indy 500 winner Ray Harroun in 1911 to see the cars catching up behind him.
7. South African residents are allowed to attach small flamethrowers to their cars to provide defence against carjackers.
8. In 1896, Bridget Driscoll was the first pedestrian to be killed by a car in the UK. The car was said to have travelled at 4 mph.
9. For a car to have been the best selling car in the 90s it would have had to beat the sales figures of a particular toy car.
10. Your car remote can – become useless if you try to use it more than 256 times when the remote is out of range. I advise you – never to try this at home.
exercise 5 Translate into Finnish. Pay special attention to the underlined verb structures. 1. Ensimmäisen avaruudessa olleen britin, eteläkorealaisen ja iranilaisen tiedetään olleen naisia.
2. Aivan ensimmäinen avaruteen lentänyt nainen oli kuitenkin Valentina Tereshkova vuonna 1963.
3. Hänen sanotaan tulleen valituksi kosmonautiksi, koska hänellä oli kokemusta laskuvarjohyppäämisestä.
4. Hänen tyttärensä Elena oli ensimmäinen avaruuteen lentäneelle äidille sekä isälle syntynyt henkilö.
5. Tereshkova on edelleen historian ainoa yksin avaruuslennon tehnyt nainen.
November 28, 2025
HW ex. 8 p. 162, ex. 5a p. 47, ex. 5c p. 48, ex. 5d p. 49, ex. 5e p. 50
a sample / a specimen = näyte
an appendix = umpilisäke
appendicitis = umpilisäkkeen tulehdus
bronchitis = bronkiitti; keuhkoputkentulehdus
s-o-itis = salphingo-oophoritis = munasarjantulehdus
Many have heard Tom Hanks saying / say, "Houston, we have a problem" in Apollo 13.
This house needs painting. = This house needs to be painted.
My hair needs cutting. = My hair needs to be cut.
His beard needs trimming. = His beard needs to be trimmed.
in the 20th century = in the 1900s
in the 19th century = in the 1800s
in the 18th century = in the 1700s
in the 17th century = in the 1600s
in the 16th century = in the 1500s
We now live in the 21st century. = We now live in the 2000s.
INFINTIIVIT:
1. to entertain
He wanted to entertain us.
2. entertain
Marc had better entertain us.
3. to have entertained
He was told to have entertained them all evening long. = Hänen kerrottiin VIIHDYTTÄNEEN heitä koko illan.
4. have entertained
Marc would have entertained them if he had been allowed to do that.
5. to be entertained
Henry VIII wanted to be entertained all the time.
6. be entertained
He must be entertained all the time.
7. to have been entertained
He claimed to have been entertained at all times.
8. have been entertained
He should have been entertained so that he wouldn't have been bored.
Tell me about it!
He told me to go home immediately.
THAT-lause:
believe-, hope-, know- ja think-verbien jälkeen, kun ne ovat aktiivissa
I believe (that) you are right.
We hope (that) he will come to his senses.
He knows (that) I was right.
They think (that) he will come back one day.
a sample / a specimen = näyte
an appendix = umpilisäke
appendicitis = umpilisäkkeen tulehdus
bronchitis = bronkiitti; keuhkoputkentulehdus
s-o-itis = salphingo-oophoritis = munasarjantulehdus
Many have heard Tom Hanks saying / say, "Houston, we have a problem" in Apollo 13.
This house needs painting. = This house needs to be painted.
My hair needs cutting. = My hair needs to be cut.
His beard needs trimming. = His beard needs to be trimmed.
in the 20th century = in the 1900s
in the 19th century = in the 1800s
in the 18th century = in the 1700s
in the 17th century = in the 1600s
in the 16th century = in the 1500s
We now live in the 21st century. = We now live in the 2000s.
INFINTIIVIT:
1. to entertain
He wanted to entertain us.
2. entertain
Marc had better entertain us.
3. to have entertained
He was told to have entertained them all evening long. = Hänen kerrottiin VIIHDYTTÄNEEN heitä koko illan.
4. have entertained
Marc would have entertained them if he had been allowed to do that.
5. to be entertained
Henry VIII wanted to be entertained all the time.
6. be entertained
He must be entertained all the time.
7. to have been entertained
He claimed to have been entertained at all times.
8. have been entertained
He should have been entertained so that he wouldn't have been bored.
Tell me about it!
He told me to go home immediately.
THAT-lause:
believe-, hope-, know- ja think-verbien jälkeen, kun ne ovat aktiivissa
I believe (that) you are right.
We hope (that) he will come to his senses.
He knows (that) I was right.
They think (that) he will come back one day.
Teksti
exercise 6 Say the following sentences in English. Use either the infinitive or a that-clause. Work together with a partner.
1. I want you to succeed in life.
2. I believe (that) you can do anything.
3. My grandfather advised all his grandchildren to aim high in life.
4. I know (that) it was the most important (piece of) advice in my life.
5. I want to do something meaningful with my life.
6. I hope (that) it will also make a difference in other people’s lives.
7. I believe (that) people will remember me as an important member of our community.
8. Few / Not many people want to remain unknown.
9. Successful people are known to be ambitious.
10. Some even claim it to be the most important thing. / Some even claim (that) it is the most important thing.
11. I don’t want you to believe everything (that) you read in the papers.
12. I think (that) people are sometimes too gullible.
13. I believe (that) it can/may cause problems in society.
14. My parents didn’t allow me to / didn’t let me read tabloids.
15. They wanted me to be critical towards everything I read.
16. I know (that) it was a useful lesson.
17. The teacher asked us to give a presentation on media reliability.
18. He/She told us to compare different sources.
19. I wanted us to do our presentation on global warming.
20. Some people still claim (that) it is only a fairytale. / Some people still claim it to be only a fairytale.
7 Fill in with the help of the clues. Here is a list of movies about the moon made to entertain us.
exercise 7 1. In Moon, Sam Rockwell is hired to work at a lunar station. He is supposed to be there alone, but is he?
2. In the Shadow of the Moon lets the images and interviews with astronauts tell the stories. Unfortunately, Neil Armstrong declined to take part.
3. Moonraker is perhaps too clumsily made to be taken seriously, but like most Bond movies, it is entertaining to watch.
4. In a film adaptation of an H.G.Wells novel, two British men use an anti-gravity substance to fly them to the moon.
5. Georges Méliès’ 14-minute film from 1902 is the first sci-fi movie (to have been) made / to be made in the 20th century.
6. In case you run out of cheese and need restocking / to restock, the best place to go is the moon. This Wallace and Gromit classic, A Grand Day Out, was nominated for an Oscar, only to lose to another film by the same creators.
7. Many have heard Tom Hanks say / saying, “Houston, we have a problem” in Apollo 13. The zero gravity scenes were filmed aboard a simulation plane to achieve genuine weightlessness.
8. One of the first 3D movies made / to have been made / to be made is Magnificent Desolation where actual footage, computer-created imagery (CGI) and interviews are used to create a more compelling atmosphere.
9. Iron Sky is a story about Nazis who set up a base on the moon in 1945, and then decide to return to a future Earth to take over the planet.
10. Despicable Me is a CGI comedy about a super-villain who decides to steal the moon. The movie ranks among the best animated movies ever created / to have been created.
1. I want you to succeed in life.
2. I believe (that) you can do anything.
3. My grandfather advised all his grandchildren to aim high in life.
4. I know (that) it was the most important (piece of) advice in my life.
5. I want to do something meaningful with my life.
6. I hope (that) it will also make a difference in other people’s lives.
7. I believe (that) people will remember me as an important member of our community.
8. Few / Not many people want to remain unknown.
9. Successful people are known to be ambitious.
10. Some even claim it to be the most important thing. / Some even claim (that) it is the most important thing.
11. I don’t want you to believe everything (that) you read in the papers.
12. I think (that) people are sometimes too gullible.
13. I believe (that) it can/may cause problems in society.
14. My parents didn’t allow me to / didn’t let me read tabloids.
15. They wanted me to be critical towards everything I read.
16. I know (that) it was a useful lesson.
17. The teacher asked us to give a presentation on media reliability.
18. He/She told us to compare different sources.
19. I wanted us to do our presentation on global warming.
20. Some people still claim (that) it is only a fairytale. / Some people still claim it to be only a fairytale.
7 Fill in with the help of the clues. Here is a list of movies about the moon made to entertain us.
exercise 7 1. In Moon, Sam Rockwell is hired to work at a lunar station. He is supposed to be there alone, but is he?
2. In the Shadow of the Moon lets the images and interviews with astronauts tell the stories. Unfortunately, Neil Armstrong declined to take part.
3. Moonraker is perhaps too clumsily made to be taken seriously, but like most Bond movies, it is entertaining to watch.
4. In a film adaptation of an H.G.Wells novel, two British men use an anti-gravity substance to fly them to the moon.
5. Georges Méliès’ 14-minute film from 1902 is the first sci-fi movie (to have been) made / to be made in the 20th century.
6. In case you run out of cheese and need restocking / to restock, the best place to go is the moon. This Wallace and Gromit classic, A Grand Day Out, was nominated for an Oscar, only to lose to another film by the same creators.
7. Many have heard Tom Hanks say / saying, “Houston, we have a problem” in Apollo 13. The zero gravity scenes were filmed aboard a simulation plane to achieve genuine weightlessness.
8. One of the first 3D movies made / to have been made / to be made is Magnificent Desolation where actual footage, computer-created imagery (CGI) and interviews are used to create a more compelling atmosphere.
9. Iron Sky is a story about Nazis who set up a base on the moon in 1945, and then decide to return to a future Earth to take over the planet.
10. Despicable Me is a CGI comedy about a super-villain who decides to steal the moon. The movie ranks among the best animated movies ever created / to have been created.
December 1st, 2025
kestomuodot: What are you doing? = kestopreensens
I was walking home when the phone rang. = kestoimperfekti
I have been living in Helsinki since 2010. = kestoperfekti
It had been raining for weeks before it stopped. = kestopluskvamperfekti
Will you be taking care of my kids next weekend? = kestofutuuri
The ING-form = The Gerund:
1. subjektina
Seeing is believing.
2. predikatiivina
Seeing is believing.
3. adjektiiveina
Reading is interesting.
Running a marathon is exhausting.
Let sleeping dogs lie.
Her smiling face makes me happy.
There was no running water there.
He was so boring.
She is a charming lady.
4. preposition jälkeen verbi on -ing-muodossa
He left the room without saying a word.
Lauri Markkanen is good at playing basketball.
Marc insisted on paying the bill.
He suffered from fear of flying.
Are you interested in playing video games?
5. tietyt verbit vaativat muotoa
enjoy: He enjoys playing icehockey
can't help: I can't help falling in love with you.
can't stand: I can't stand lying and especially I can't stand being lied to.
can't resist: I couldn't resist eating chocolate.
fancy: Now I fancy eating pizza.
feel like: I feel like eating pasta.
mind: Do you mind opening the window?
miss: I miss being admired.
practise: He practised kicking the ball.
Latin: in privativum
1) incredible: It was incredible. = It was unbelievable.
2) illegal: It is illegal to kill another person.
3) irregular: irregular verbs
4) immortal: We believe we have immortal souls.impossible: He was impossible.
vice (n.) vs. virtue
vicious (adj.)
a vicious circle = noidankehä
She was oblivious to the disease. = She was ignorant of the disease.
"What kind of life did she lead?"
We don't know what kind of life she led.
"When will she come?"
I don't know when she will come.
"How old was she?"
I don't know how old she was.
epäsuorissa kysymyksissä on suora sanajärjestys: ensin subjekti, sitten vasta predikaatti
I was walking home when the phone rang. = kestoimperfekti
I have been living in Helsinki since 2010. = kestoperfekti
It had been raining for weeks before it stopped. = kestopluskvamperfekti
Will you be taking care of my kids next weekend? = kestofutuuri
The ING-form = The Gerund:
1. subjektina
Seeing is believing.
2. predikatiivina
Seeing is believing.
3. adjektiiveina
Reading is interesting.
Running a marathon is exhausting.
Let sleeping dogs lie.
Her smiling face makes me happy.
There was no running water there.
He was so boring.
She is a charming lady.
4. preposition jälkeen verbi on -ing-muodossa
He left the room without saying a word.
Lauri Markkanen is good at playing basketball.
Marc insisted on paying the bill.
He suffered from fear of flying.
Are you interested in playing video games?
5. tietyt verbit vaativat muotoa
enjoy: He enjoys playing icehockey
can't help: I can't help falling in love with you.
can't stand: I can't stand lying and especially I can't stand being lied to.
can't resist: I couldn't resist eating chocolate.
fancy: Now I fancy eating pizza.
feel like: I feel like eating pasta.
mind: Do you mind opening the window?
miss: I miss being admired.
practise: He practised kicking the ball.
Latin: in privativum
1) incredible: It was incredible. = It was unbelievable.
2) illegal: It is illegal to kill another person.
3) irregular: irregular verbs
4) immortal: We believe we have immortal souls.impossible: He was impossible.
vice (n.) vs. virtue
vicious (adj.)
a vicious circle = noidankehä
She was oblivious to the disease. = She was ignorant of the disease.
"What kind of life did she lead?"
We don't know what kind of life she led.
"When will she come?"
I don't know when she will come.
"How old was she?"
I don't know how old she was.
epäsuorissa kysymyksissä on suora sanajärjestys: ensin subjekti, sitten vasta predikaatti
Teksti
exercise 8 More advanced. Translate into English.
1. My big brother made me believe that it is possible to travel to the sun and back.
2. Even my parents let me think that, so I didn’t know who to believe when I heard my teacher say(ing) it wasn’t true.
3. As a child I did nothing but dream about becoming an astronaut.
4. Instead I was made/forced to take piano lessons (even) though I said I had better study astronomy.
5. I only wanted them to take my dream seriously, because I knew (that) I could/would be able to achieve my goals.
1. My big brother made me believe that it is possible to travel to the sun and back.
2. Even my parents let me think that, so I didn’t know who to believe when I heard my teacher say(ing) it wasn’t true.
3. As a child I did nothing but dream about becoming an astronaut.
4. Instead I was made/forced to take piano lessons (even) though I said I had better study astronomy.
5. I only wanted them to take my dream seriously, because I knew (that) I could/would be able to achieve my goals.
Teksti
5a Come up with questions for these answers based on the text. (Suggested)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. What kind of a woman can you see in the picture? What is HeLa? What happened to Henrietta’s cells after her death? How many of Henrietta’s cells are alive today? How did the writer find out about HeLa cells? What happens in mitosis? When can cancer occur? Why do we still have Henrietta’s cells? What is special about Henrietta’s cells? What is contradictory about Henrietta and her cells?
exercise 5c Spot the phrase. How were these phrases expressed in the text?
1. the late 1940s '
2. reached the age of thirty
3. hundreds of times
4. what kind of life she led
5. advances in medicine
6. spanning more than 350 million feet
7. a bit over five feet tall
8. I first learned about
9. every twenty-four hours '
10. millions... of Henrietta’s cells
11. in small vials on ice
12. one of the most important things
13. in the last hundred years
14. in one fast swipe
15. students filed out of the room
16. There has to be more to the story.
exercise 5d Use the phrases from the previous exercise to complete the sentences. You might have to change them a little. Lou Gehrig's disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is 1. {{one of the most famous}} diseases named after a celebrity. He played for the New York Yankees major league baseball team from 1923 to 1939, his career 2. {{spanning more than 2100}} consecutive games. He set several records and was adored by fans, but by 3. {{the late 1930s}} it was obvious something was wrong. He had hit that ball 4.{{hundreds of times}} but in 1938 his batting average fell significantly. He grew weak and sluggish and he played his last game on April 29, 1939. That’s when 5. {{many Americans first learned about ALS.}} He died before he 6. {{had reached the age of forty.}} Although 7. {{there have been significant advances in medicine}}, especially 8. {{in the last 20 years}}, there is still no cure for this disease.
exercise 5e Fill in with a word from the list in its right form.
1. The police haven’t {{identified}} the victim yet.
2. That somebody can be so cruel to animals is just {{inconceivable}}.
3. I {{estimate/calculate}} that it will take us about three hours to finish this.
4. Do you know how to {{calculate/estimate}} the area of a square?
5. Haven’t you noticed what’s going on – are you completely {{oblivious}}?
6. Many cultures believe that people have {{immortal}} souls.
7. That looks like a very {{vicious}} infection; you’ll have to get antibiotics.
8. If you try to {{suppress}} your anger for too long, you’ll eventually lose your temper.
9. That’s a nasty looking cut; it’ll take a while to {{heal}}.
10. Animal hair and even cat saliva can {{trigger}} an asthma attack.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. What kind of a woman can you see in the picture? What is HeLa? What happened to Henrietta’s cells after her death? How many of Henrietta’s cells are alive today? How did the writer find out about HeLa cells? What happens in mitosis? When can cancer occur? Why do we still have Henrietta’s cells? What is special about Henrietta’s cells? What is contradictory about Henrietta and her cells?
exercise 5c Spot the phrase. How were these phrases expressed in the text?
1. the late 1940s '
2. reached the age of thirty
3. hundreds of times
4. what kind of life she led
5. advances in medicine
6. spanning more than 350 million feet
7. a bit over five feet tall
8. I first learned about
9. every twenty-four hours '
10. millions... of Henrietta’s cells
11. in small vials on ice
12. one of the most important things
13. in the last hundred years
14. in one fast swipe
15. students filed out of the room
16. There has to be more to the story.
exercise 5d Use the phrases from the previous exercise to complete the sentences. You might have to change them a little. Lou Gehrig's disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is 1. {{one of the most famous}} diseases named after a celebrity. He played for the New York Yankees major league baseball team from 1923 to 1939, his career 2. {{spanning more than 2100}} consecutive games. He set several records and was adored by fans, but by 3. {{the late 1930s}} it was obvious something was wrong. He had hit that ball 4.{{hundreds of times}} but in 1938 his batting average fell significantly. He grew weak and sluggish and he played his last game on April 29, 1939. That’s when 5. {{many Americans first learned about ALS.}} He died before he 6. {{had reached the age of forty.}} Although 7. {{there have been significant advances in medicine}}, especially 8. {{in the last 20 years}}, there is still no cure for this disease.
exercise 5e Fill in with a word from the list in its right form.
1. The police haven’t {{identified}} the victim yet.
2. That somebody can be so cruel to animals is just {{inconceivable}}.
3. I {{estimate/calculate}} that it will take us about three hours to finish this.
4. Do you know how to {{calculate/estimate}} the area of a square?
5. Haven’t you noticed what’s going on – are you completely {{oblivious}}?
6. Many cultures believe that people have {{immortal}} souls.
7. That looks like a very {{vicious}} infection; you’ll have to get antibiotics.
8. If you try to {{suppress}} your anger for too long, you’ll eventually lose your temper.
9. That’s a nasty looking cut; it’ll take a while to {{heal}}.
10. Animal hair and even cat saliva can {{trigger}} an asthma attack.
December 2nd, 2025
HW: ex. 12 p. 167, ex. 14 p. 168, ex. 16 p. 169
regret / remember
We regret to inform you...
We regretted hurting him.
I regret saying so.
Remember to buy milk. = Muista ostaa maitoa. (to-infinitiivi viittaa tulevaan)
She remembers buying milk. = Hän muistaa ostaneensa maitoa. (-ing-muoto viittaa menneeseen)
He stopped greeting me. = Hän lakkasi tervehtimästä minua.
He stopped to greet me. = Hän oysähtyi tervehtimään minua.
forget:
She forgot having seen me. = Hän unohti nähneensä minut.
She forgot to thank us. = Hän unohti kiittää meitä.
go on:
Go on working! = Jatka työn tekemistä!
Go on to look at the next piece of furniture. = Siirry katsomaan seuraavaa huonekalua.
After he had taught English for 40 years, Matt decided to retire.
Having taught / After teaching English for 40 years,...
After they had been taught the rules, they could start the game.
= Having been taught the rules, they could start the game.
5. What do these verbs in common?
stop: He stopped greeting me.
quit: Marc quit / quitted going to school.
finish: What time did you finish working?
give up: He gave up smoking.
end up: He ended up being in prison for the rest of his life.
leave off: She left off playing the piano to answer the door.
escape: He escaped being caught.
avoid: Avoid disturbing him.
put off: We put off meeting one another.
postpone: We postponed meeting one another.
prevent (from): Nobody can prevent me (from) loving you.
lopettamista tai siihen verrattavissa olevaa toimintaa ilmaisevat verbit vaativat ing-muotoa
keep (on): Keep on doing the good work-
go on: He went on working.
continue: They continued singing.
jatkamista ilmaisevat verbit vaativat -ing-muotoa
risk: They risked being caught.
deny: He denied lying (having lied).
dislike: He dislikes running.
6. poikkeusadjektiivi busy
What are you busy doing?
I am busy studying for the exam.
7. need
This house needs painting.
= This house needs to be painted.
8. idiomit
1. worth: This book is worth reading.
The Zone of Interest was worth (while) seeing / watching.
2. - 3. It is no good / no use: It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
It was no good watching TV.
4. There is nothing like: There is nothing like sleeping late in the morning.
9. TO = prepositio
1. look forward to:
I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
2. be used to = be accustomed to s-g = olla tottunut
I was used / accustomed to getting up at 5 am.
3. get used to s-g = tottua jhkn
I got used to waking up at 5 am.
4. devote oneself / one's life to s-g
Mother Theresa devoted herself / her life to helping the poor and the less fortunate in Calcutta.
5. object to s-g: vastustaa jtkn
Do you object us to smoking here?
10. lauseenvastikkeet, kun ne korvaavat aktiivista lausetta
After I had taken a shower, I read the paper.
= After taking a shower, I read the paper.
= Having taken a shower, I read the paper.
NB!
Saara Lilja used to smoke five cigarettes a day. = oli tapana / poltti ennen
Saara Lilja was used to smoking five cigarettes a day. = oli tottunut
I used to get up at 5 am.
I am used to getting up at 5 am.
regret / remember
We regret to inform you...
We regretted hurting him.
I regret saying so.
Remember to buy milk. = Muista ostaa maitoa. (to-infinitiivi viittaa tulevaan)
She remembers buying milk. = Hän muistaa ostaneensa maitoa. (-ing-muoto viittaa menneeseen)
He stopped greeting me. = Hän lakkasi tervehtimästä minua.
He stopped to greet me. = Hän oysähtyi tervehtimään minua.
forget:
She forgot having seen me. = Hän unohti nähneensä minut.
She forgot to thank us. = Hän unohti kiittää meitä.
go on:
Go on working! = Jatka työn tekemistä!
Go on to look at the next piece of furniture. = Siirry katsomaan seuraavaa huonekalua.
After he had taught English for 40 years, Matt decided to retire.
Having taught / After teaching English for 40 years,...
After they had been taught the rules, they could start the game.
= Having been taught the rules, they could start the game.
5. What do these verbs in common?
stop: He stopped greeting me.
quit: Marc quit / quitted going to school.
finish: What time did you finish working?
give up: He gave up smoking.
end up: He ended up being in prison for the rest of his life.
leave off: She left off playing the piano to answer the door.
escape: He escaped being caught.
avoid: Avoid disturbing him.
put off: We put off meeting one another.
postpone: We postponed meeting one another.
prevent (from): Nobody can prevent me (from) loving you.
lopettamista tai siihen verrattavissa olevaa toimintaa ilmaisevat verbit vaativat ing-muotoa
keep (on): Keep on doing the good work-
go on: He went on working.
continue: They continued singing.
jatkamista ilmaisevat verbit vaativat -ing-muotoa
risk: They risked being caught.
deny: He denied lying (having lied).
dislike: He dislikes running.
6. poikkeusadjektiivi busy
What are you busy doing?
I am busy studying for the exam.
7. need
This house needs painting.
= This house needs to be painted.
8. idiomit
1. worth: This book is worth reading.
The Zone of Interest was worth (while) seeing / watching.
2. - 3. It is no good / no use: It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
It was no good watching TV.
4. There is nothing like: There is nothing like sleeping late in the morning.
9. TO = prepositio
1. look forward to:
I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
2. be used to = be accustomed to s-g = olla tottunut
I was used / accustomed to getting up at 5 am.
3. get used to s-g = tottua jhkn
I got used to waking up at 5 am.
4. devote oneself / one's life to s-g
Mother Theresa devoted herself / her life to helping the poor and the less fortunate in Calcutta.
5. object to s-g: vastustaa jtkn
Do you object us to smoking here?
10. lauseenvastikkeet, kun ne korvaavat aktiivista lausetta
After I had taken a shower, I read the paper.
= After taking a shower, I read the paper.
= Having taken a shower, I read the paper.
NB!
Saara Lilja used to smoke five cigarettes a day. = oli tapana / poltti ennen
Saara Lilja was used to smoking five cigarettes a day. = oli tottunut
I used to get up at 5 am.
I am used to getting up at 5 am.
December 3rd, 2025
HW: ex. 17 p. 170, ex. A & B p. 37
much / many // more; (the) most
I have much time on me.
I have many friends.
I have more time than you do.
Who has the most time? = Kenellä on eniten aikaa?
Most people are kind and friendly. = Useimmat ihmiset...
turvalliset sanat:
a lot of / lots of / plenty of
She has a lot of / plenty of / lots of money.
Mary has a lot of / plenty of / lots of books.
Quantity Words:
YKSIKÖSSÄ: a little / little; less; the least
With a little luck I can do it. +
I know a little Spanish, so I can manage in Spain. :-)
I need a little help.
adj. You look a little tired.
There is little we can do. -
Unfortunately I know little Spanish, so I can't manage with my Spanish in Spain.
I know little Spanish, which is a shame.
We knew little what would happen next.
Little DID WE KNOW what would happen next.
I will eat less red meat in the future.
He decided to smoke less than before.
The least you could do is try.
I have less money than you do.
Mary had the least money.
MONIKKO:
a few / few; fewer; the fewest
I am lucky to have a few good friends whom I can always trust.
We went to New York City for a few days. + :-)
But few people came to my party.
= Hardly any people came to my party.
Very few birdwatchers saw that bird.
I have few friends.
I have fewer friends than you do.
I am sure I have the fewest friends.
She comes from a dysfunctional family.
sane // insane
an analysis / many analyses
a thesis / many theses
an oasis / many oases
a basis / many bases
I = 1
self worth = self esteem
innate = inborn
much / many // more; (the) most
I have much time on me.
I have many friends.
I have more time than you do.
Who has the most time? = Kenellä on eniten aikaa?
Most people are kind and friendly. = Useimmat ihmiset...
turvalliset sanat:
a lot of / lots of / plenty of
She has a lot of / plenty of / lots of money.
Mary has a lot of / plenty of / lots of books.
Quantity Words:
YKSIKÖSSÄ: a little / little; less; the least
With a little luck I can do it. +
I know a little Spanish, so I can manage in Spain. :-)
I need a little help.
adj. You look a little tired.
There is little we can do. -
Unfortunately I know little Spanish, so I can't manage with my Spanish in Spain.
I know little Spanish, which is a shame.
We knew little what would happen next.
Little DID WE KNOW what would happen next.
I will eat less red meat in the future.
He decided to smoke less than before.
The least you could do is try.
I have less money than you do.
Mary had the least money.
MONIKKO:
a few / few; fewer; the fewest
I am lucky to have a few good friends whom I can always trust.
We went to New York City for a few days. + :-)
But few people came to my party.
= Hardly any people came to my party.
Very few birdwatchers saw that bird.
I have few friends.
I have fewer friends than you do.
I am sure I have the fewest friends.
She comes from a dysfunctional family.
sane // insane
an analysis / many analyses
a thesis / many theses
an oasis / many oases
a basis / many bases
I = 1
self worth = self esteem
innate = inborn
Teksti
exercise 12 Choose the best alternative. In your own words, explain to your partner why you chose what you did or translate the phrase into Finnish. Refer back to the rules if need be.
1. Ooops! I forgot to inform you that we have an exam today. Unohdin kertoa
2. What do you mean you regret trusting me to take care of things? Kadut luottaneesi
3. I remembered to tell you all the important gossip. Muistin kertoa
4. So you might stop complaining! Lakata valittamasta
5. I also remember bringing you food when you were sick. Muistan tuoneeni
6. In addition, I stopped to buy you flowers at the flower kiosk. That was pretty romantic, wasn’t it? Pysähdyin ostamaan
7. What are you doing? Stop throwing those flowers at me! Lakkaa heittämästä
exercise 13 Fill in according to what you hear. Translate the sentences into Finnish. Track 32
1. Having read a lot about the environment, I learned that animals and plants living at the edges of a habitat are most vulnerable.,
2. Having been found in Australia, a skeleton dating from 1280 CE is displayed in a museum in Melbourne.
3. Having taken place without any warnings in Chernobyl in 1986, a nuclear disaster prompted many new regulations and guidance on power plants.
4. Having been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1945, A.I. Virtanen helped improve a method of preserving milk.
1. Luettuani paljon ympäristöstä opin, että asuinalueensa reunoilla elävät eläimet ja kasvit ovat kaikkein haavoittuvaisimpia.
2. Australiasta löytymisen jälkeen luuranko vuodelta 1280 on esillä museossa Melbournessa.
3. Ydinonnettomuuden tapahduttua ilman mitään varoituksia Chernobylissä 1986 katastrofia seurasi monia uusia sääntöjä ja ohjeita ydinvoimaloille.
4. Saatuaan Nobelin kemianpalkinnon 1945 A. I. Virtanen auttoi parantamaan maidon säilytystapaa.
exercise 14 Choose the best alternative.
1. My friends and I used to be active members of our school’s science club.
2. I used to think I would become a chemist.
3. People who are used to waking up early in the morning find it easy to start school at 8 am.
4. When we were little, every one of us used to dream about becoming the next great inventor.
5. I’m still not used to reading books in English.
6. I think I’d better get used to studying in other languages.
exercise 16 More advanced. Choose the best alternative. Trying to predict the future can be difficult if not impossible. What appears to be the next success story now might be thrown in the bin tomorrow. However, there are inventions that have the potential to alter the world we now know. The DEKA prosthetic arm will allow amputees to raise their hands above their heads. This lets them perform much more complicated tasks than ever before. The Smart Pipe is designed to reduce the amount of wasted clean water by monitoring water flow and leaks in public water systems. The leaking is estimated to have cost millions of dollars annually in the US. In the future you might end up seeing delivery people and construction workers wear Titan Arms. In addition to helping them lift heavy things, Titan Arms could be used by people with back injuries caused by lifting heavy things or even by people recovering from a stroke. Slingshot is a device made to clean water from almost any source. One device would be sufficient to serve the needs of 300 people. After a decade of being developed, the Slingshot technology is now to be taken to parts of Africa and Latin America.
1. a 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. b 7. c 8. a 9. c 10. b 11. a 12. b 13. a 14. b 15. c 16. a 17. c 18. a 19. b 20. b 21. a 22. b
1. Ooops! I forgot to inform you that we have an exam today. Unohdin kertoa
2. What do you mean you regret trusting me to take care of things? Kadut luottaneesi
3. I remembered to tell you all the important gossip. Muistin kertoa
4. So you might stop complaining! Lakata valittamasta
5. I also remember bringing you food when you were sick. Muistan tuoneeni
6. In addition, I stopped to buy you flowers at the flower kiosk. That was pretty romantic, wasn’t it? Pysähdyin ostamaan
7. What are you doing? Stop throwing those flowers at me! Lakkaa heittämästä
exercise 13 Fill in according to what you hear. Translate the sentences into Finnish. Track 32
1. Having read a lot about the environment, I learned that animals and plants living at the edges of a habitat are most vulnerable.,
2. Having been found in Australia, a skeleton dating from 1280 CE is displayed in a museum in Melbourne.
3. Having taken place without any warnings in Chernobyl in 1986, a nuclear disaster prompted many new regulations and guidance on power plants.
4. Having been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1945, A.I. Virtanen helped improve a method of preserving milk.
1. Luettuani paljon ympäristöstä opin, että asuinalueensa reunoilla elävät eläimet ja kasvit ovat kaikkein haavoittuvaisimpia.
2. Australiasta löytymisen jälkeen luuranko vuodelta 1280 on esillä museossa Melbournessa.
3. Ydinonnettomuuden tapahduttua ilman mitään varoituksia Chernobylissä 1986 katastrofia seurasi monia uusia sääntöjä ja ohjeita ydinvoimaloille.
4. Saatuaan Nobelin kemianpalkinnon 1945 A. I. Virtanen auttoi parantamaan maidon säilytystapaa.
exercise 14 Choose the best alternative.
1. My friends and I used to be active members of our school’s science club.
2. I used to think I would become a chemist.
3. People who are used to waking up early in the morning find it easy to start school at 8 am.
4. When we were little, every one of us used to dream about becoming the next great inventor.
5. I’m still not used to reading books in English.
6. I think I’d better get used to studying in other languages.
exercise 16 More advanced. Choose the best alternative. Trying to predict the future can be difficult if not impossible. What appears to be the next success story now might be thrown in the bin tomorrow. However, there are inventions that have the potential to alter the world we now know. The DEKA prosthetic arm will allow amputees to raise their hands above their heads. This lets them perform much more complicated tasks than ever before. The Smart Pipe is designed to reduce the amount of wasted clean water by monitoring water flow and leaks in public water systems. The leaking is estimated to have cost millions of dollars annually in the US. In the future you might end up seeing delivery people and construction workers wear Titan Arms. In addition to helping them lift heavy things, Titan Arms could be used by people with back injuries caused by lifting heavy things or even by people recovering from a stroke. Slingshot is a device made to clean water from almost any source. One device would be sufficient to serve the needs of 300 people. After a decade of being developed, the Slingshot technology is now to be taken to parts of Africa and Latin America.
1. a 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. b 7. c 8. a 9. c 10. b 11. a 12. b 13. a 14. b 15. c 16. a 17. c 18. a 19. b 20. b 21. a 22. b
December 4th, 2025
HW: ex. 19 p. 177, ex. 19 & 20 & 21 & 22 p. 177 - 178; ex. 25 p. 180; ex. 26 p. 180
commit suicide = take one's life
opt for s-g: He will opt for football. = He will choose football.
He will opt out of basketball.
an option (n.)
nevertheless = nonetheless = however = yet (lauseen alussa) = still (lauseen alussa) = kuitenkin
a dice / a die // many dice
a pip = arpakuution silmä
gamble (v.) = wager (v.)
mathematics = math = maths
a mathematician
probability (n.)
probably (adv.)
probable (adj.)
an equation = yhtälö
F = ma
a pattern
= a formula
calculus
calculate (v.)
NB!
only a little time
quite a little money
just a little patience
He had only a little money left in the end of the month.
Mary has just a little patience left with Marc.
She had quite a little money on her when she was unemployed.
only a few friendsjust a few peoplequite a few days
She had only a few friends left after her divorce.
Just a few people came to my Christmas party.
We spent quite a few days hiking in Lapland.
compassion (n.)
= empathy (n.)
I can't help falling in love with you. = I can't help but fall in love with you.
He can't help running every day. = He can't help but run every day.
commit suicide = take one's life
opt for s-g: He will opt for football. = He will choose football.
He will opt out of basketball.
an option (n.)
nevertheless = nonetheless = however = yet (lauseen alussa) = still (lauseen alussa) = kuitenkin
a dice / a die // many dice
a pip = arpakuution silmä
gamble (v.) = wager (v.)
mathematics = math = maths
a mathematician
probability (n.)
probably (adv.)
probable (adj.)
an equation = yhtälö
F = ma
a pattern
= a formula
calculus
calculate (v.)
NB!
only a little time
quite a little money
just a little patience
He had only a little money left in the end of the month.
Mary has just a little patience left with Marc.
She had quite a little money on her when she was unemployed.
only a few friendsjust a few peoplequite a few days
She had only a few friends left after her divorce.
Just a few people came to my Christmas party.
We spent quite a few days hiking in Lapland.
compassion (n.)
= empathy (n.)
I can't help falling in love with you. = I can't help but fall in love with you.
He can't help running every day. = He can't help but run every day.
Teksti
exercise 17 More advanced. Fill in according to the clues.
1. If you were to see some of the smartest animals in the world go/going about their daily routines, you couldn’t help but be amazed about how smart they are.
2. Being closely related to human beings, chimpanzees also have the ability to perform complex tasks.
3. While we may look very different, chimpanzees and humans have remarkably similar ways of communicating.
4. You might have heard a parrot say / saying ‘Polly wants a cracker’ before, but they are not only capable of repeating human phrases, they also know how to use the conveyed information to solve problems. So repeating human words is just one of their many tricks.
5. Octopuses use their ink to disorient their victims before killing them with their tentacles. They have been known to break into fishing boats and have been seen to eat / eating the catch.
6. In addition to surprising scientists with their amazing physical abilities, rats have also been shown to be ingenious at solving problems.
7. Research has shown that pigs compete with one another to learn new skills, usually related to gathering food.
1. If you were to see some of the smartest animals in the world go/going about their daily routines, you couldn’t help but be amazed about how smart they are.
2. Being closely related to human beings, chimpanzees also have the ability to perform complex tasks.
3. While we may look very different, chimpanzees and humans have remarkably similar ways of communicating.
4. You might have heard a parrot say / saying ‘Polly wants a cracker’ before, but they are not only capable of repeating human phrases, they also know how to use the conveyed information to solve problems. So repeating human words is just one of their many tricks.
5. Octopuses use their ink to disorient their victims before killing them with their tentacles. They have been known to break into fishing boats and have been seen to eat / eating the catch.
6. In addition to surprising scientists with their amazing physical abilities, rats have also been shown to be ingenious at solving problems.
7. Research has shown that pigs compete with one another to learn new skills, usually related to gathering food.
Teksti
Glossary: Psychology A. What are the following words?
1. phobia
2. delusion
3. sanity
4. obsession
5. innate
6. frustration
7. insomnia
8. conscious
9. trait
10. mature
11. neurological
1. phobia
2. delusion
3. sanity
4. obsession
5. innate
6. frustration
7. insomnia
8. conscious
9. trait
10. mature
11. neurological
Teksti
Glossary: Psychology
exercise B. Choose the best alternative. The term positive psychology is broad. It comprises a variety of techniques that encourage people to be 1. conscious and further develop their own positive 2. emotions, experiences and character 3. traits. It makes use of positive 4. reinforcement and 5. intrinsic motivation in people to want to feel better about themselves. Although initially developed as a means to promote well-being in healthy people, positive psychology techniques are now being promoted as an alternative to more traditional forms of 6. therapy. Its core philosophy is to prevent 7. disorders or problems with low 8. self-esteem. Even though positive psychology has been dismissed as unnecessary happy talk, it seems to be gaining ground. However, most textbooks on psychology still contain thousands of lines devoted to matters such as 9. anxiety disorder, neurotic 10. obsession, or depression. Not a word about joy, hope or compassion.
exercise B. Choose the best alternative. The term positive psychology is broad. It comprises a variety of techniques that encourage people to be 1. conscious and further develop their own positive 2. emotions, experiences and character 3. traits. It makes use of positive 4. reinforcement and 5. intrinsic motivation in people to want to feel better about themselves. Although initially developed as a means to promote well-being in healthy people, positive psychology techniques are now being promoted as an alternative to more traditional forms of 6. therapy. Its core philosophy is to prevent 7. disorders or problems with low 8. self-esteem. Even though positive psychology has been dismissed as unnecessary happy talk, it seems to be gaining ground. However, most textbooks on psychology still contain thousands of lines devoted to matters such as 9. anxiety disorder, neurotic 10. obsession, or depression. Not a word about joy, hope or compassion.
December 8th, 2025
HW: ex. 6b p. 59, ex. 6c p. 60, ex. 6d p. 60, ex. 6e p. 60
density = d = tiheys (fysiikassa)
in the 18th century = in the 1700s
in the early 18th century = in the early 1700s
in the mid-18th century = in the mid-1700s
in the late 18th century = in the late 1700s
in the 21st century = in the 2000s
Finland was doing fine in the early 21st century. = in the early 2000s
Finland should be free of fossils fuels in the mid-21st century. = in the mid-2000s
What will life be like in the late 21st century? = in the late 2000s
Venice
Naples
Rome
Florence
purchases = ostoksia
Dad picked the most berries. = eniten marjoja
I picked the fewest berries. = vähiten marjoja
an alcoholic
a shopaholic
a chocoholic
several interesting articles = a few interesting articles = some interesting articles
density = d = tiheys (fysiikassa)
in the 18th century = in the 1700s
in the early 18th century = in the early 1700s
in the mid-18th century = in the mid-1700s
in the late 18th century = in the late 1700s
in the 21st century = in the 2000s
Finland was doing fine in the early 21st century. = in the early 2000s
Finland should be free of fossils fuels in the mid-21st century. = in the mid-2000s
What will life be like in the late 21st century? = in the late 2000s
Venice
Naples
Rome
Florence
purchases = ostoksia
Dad picked the most berries. = eniten marjoja
I picked the fewest berries. = vähiten marjoja
an alcoholic
a shopaholic
a chocoholic
several interesting articles = a few interesting articles = some interesting articles
Teksti
exercise 19 Work with a partner and say the sentences in English.
1. I was a little / a bit nervous before the biology exam.
2. I had (only a) little time / only had a little time to revise.
3. I had even less time to sleep the previous night.
4. The teacher had given a few / some interesting articles about/on dolphins.
5. Few students have seen dolphins.
6. Even fewer have seen them outside captivity.
7. Unfortunately, they have too little space to swim in captivity.
8. I have visited a few / some zoos.
9. This year the local zoo has had the fewest visitors for years.
10. It also means that there is the least money available.
11. Little can be done to improve the situation. / Not much can be done… / There is little that can be done…
12. The course gave me some / a few ideas on how to help animals.
exercise 20 Choose the best alternative.
1. The internet has brought us many opportunities that didn’t exist fifty years ago.
2. We have easy access to a lot of information in all areas of life.
3. Never before has it been so easy to communicate with so many people from around the world.
4. It has also changed the way we work a lot.
5. Just think about how much time people save with the option to telework.
6. We don’t even need that many office buildings anymore.
7. Perhaps within thirty years most people will work outside the traditional office.
8. Not everyone will like that idea very much.
9. They might not have much experience in working from home.
10. Do you think we will lose many more jobs to robots in the future?
11. Perhaps. Doesn’t it cost much more money to hire people than to build robots?
1. I was a little / a bit nervous before the biology exam.
2. I had (only a) little time / only had a little time to revise.
3. I had even less time to sleep the previous night.
4. The teacher had given a few / some interesting articles about/on dolphins.
5. Few students have seen dolphins.
6. Even fewer have seen them outside captivity.
7. Unfortunately, they have too little space to swim in captivity.
8. I have visited a few / some zoos.
9. This year the local zoo has had the fewest visitors for years.
10. It also means that there is the least money available.
11. Little can be done to improve the situation. / Not much can be done… / There is little that can be done…
12. The course gave me some / a few ideas on how to help animals.
exercise 20 Choose the best alternative.
1. The internet has brought us many opportunities that didn’t exist fifty years ago.
2. We have easy access to a lot of information in all areas of life.
3. Never before has it been so easy to communicate with so many people from around the world.
4. It has also changed the way we work a lot.
5. Just think about how much time people save with the option to telework.
6. We don’t even need that many office buildings anymore.
7. Perhaps within thirty years most people will work outside the traditional office.
8. Not everyone will like that idea very much.
9. They might not have much experience in working from home.
10. Do you think we will lose many more jobs to robots in the future?
11. Perhaps. Doesn’t it cost much more money to hire people than to build robots?
Teksti
exercise 21 Work with a partner and say the sentences in English.
1. How many pairs of jeans have you bought this year?
2. You do more shopping than anyone else I know.
3. Most of the shops that you visit / go to must already know you by name.
4. Do you even know what you spend the most money on?
5. Most doctors would call that an addiction.
6. Many more people suffer from a shopping addiction than we think.
7. Most of them shop to forget an/some unpleasant thing in their lives.
8. How many times have you lied about the price of something you (have) bought?
9. According to some studies, shopaholics are more likely to be women.
10. Many / A lot of studies say the difference is very small, though.
11. Many / A lot of people shop for things they don’t need very much.
12. However, if you think about shopping the most, perhaps you could read more about it.
exercise 22 Choose the best alternative. 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. a 7. d 8. c
exercise 24 Work with a partner and say the sentences in English.
1. Most people use a computer almost daily.
2. Most computers are used for both work and for fun.
3. Most young people watch programs on their computers instead of a TV.
4. Most of my friends don’t even own a TV anymore.
5. Most new TV series can be watched via the internet.
6. Most of these series have become extremely popular.
7. A few decades ago, most famous movie stars only acted in movies.
8. However, now most of them have also acted in many series.
exercise 25 Fill in.
1. There are many / a lot of / lots of / plenty of important innovations in the history of technology.
2. The printing press, electricity and penicillin are only a few / only some of them.
3. Sanitation systems had very much to do with people’s life expectancy increasing by 40 years.
4. Few people would deny the importance of the aeroplane.
5. In the 18th century, people were a little / somewhat / a bit sceptical about the fact that making someone sick on purpose would be a good thing.
6. The arguments against vaccination in the 21st century are very much the same as they were in the 19th century.
7. Most scientists would agree that the steam engine was the most significant force in the Industrial Revolution.
8. The 1970s brought us personal computers. Little did we realise/realize/understand then how important a part of our everyday lives they would become within/in a few / some decades.
exercise 26 More advanced. Translate.
1. I was a little / a bit surprised how few people know who Sally Ride, the first female astronaut, was.
2. Even less famous/known are Virginia Apgar and Alice Hamilton, whose work has affected/influenced medicine a great deal / a lot.
3. Few scientists get a lot of appreciation from ordinary people.
4. Most scientific inventions benefit most of us.
5. This year I am going to spend a lot / much more time reading a lot / many more scientific articles.
6. Perhaps the greatest scientists are the least famous and have received the fewest awards.
1. How many pairs of jeans have you bought this year?
2. You do more shopping than anyone else I know.
3. Most of the shops that you visit / go to must already know you by name.
4. Do you even know what you spend the most money on?
5. Most doctors would call that an addiction.
6. Many more people suffer from a shopping addiction than we think.
7. Most of them shop to forget an/some unpleasant thing in their lives.
8. How many times have you lied about the price of something you (have) bought?
9. According to some studies, shopaholics are more likely to be women.
10. Many / A lot of studies say the difference is very small, though.
11. Many / A lot of people shop for things they don’t need very much.
12. However, if you think about shopping the most, perhaps you could read more about it.
exercise 22 Choose the best alternative. 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. a 7. d 8. c
exercise 24 Work with a partner and say the sentences in English.
1. Most people use a computer almost daily.
2. Most computers are used for both work and for fun.
3. Most young people watch programs on their computers instead of a TV.
4. Most of my friends don’t even own a TV anymore.
5. Most new TV series can be watched via the internet.
6. Most of these series have become extremely popular.
7. A few decades ago, most famous movie stars only acted in movies.
8. However, now most of them have also acted in many series.
exercise 25 Fill in.
1. There are many / a lot of / lots of / plenty of important innovations in the history of technology.
2. The printing press, electricity and penicillin are only a few / only some of them.
3. Sanitation systems had very much to do with people’s life expectancy increasing by 40 years.
4. Few people would deny the importance of the aeroplane.
5. In the 18th century, people were a little / somewhat / a bit sceptical about the fact that making someone sick on purpose would be a good thing.
6. The arguments against vaccination in the 21st century are very much the same as they were in the 19th century.
7. Most scientists would agree that the steam engine was the most significant force in the Industrial Revolution.
8. The 1970s brought us personal computers. Little did we realise/realize/understand then how important a part of our everyday lives they would become within/in a few / some decades.
exercise 26 More advanced. Translate.
1. I was a little / a bit surprised how few people know who Sally Ride, the first female astronaut, was.
2. Even less famous/known are Virginia Apgar and Alice Hamilton, whose work has affected/influenced medicine a great deal / a lot.
3. Few scientists get a lot of appreciation from ordinary people.
4. Most scientific inventions benefit most of us.
5. This year I am going to spend a lot / much more time reading a lot / many more scientific articles.
6. Perhaps the greatest scientists are the least famous and have received the fewest awards.
December 9th, 2025
HW: ex. 30 p. 193
109 = ten to the ninth = ten to the power of nine = kymmenen potenssiin yhdeksän
1012
a billion
a milliard
Prior to the sixteenth century, people couldn't count probabilities. (Ennen 1500-lukua...)
LUKUSANOISTA:
1) nolla
a) zero
It is - 5 centigrades. (five below zero)
b) / ou / O
Daniel Graig was 007. double-O seven
c) nought
How many noughts are there in a billion?
d) in tennis, badminton & squash: love
Björn Borg was leading 30 - love.
e) nil
Real Madrid beat Ajax three - nil.
f) duck in cricket
g) nothing: He was just nothing to me.
2) Shakespeare wrote The Twelfth Night. (= Loppiaisaatto suomeksi)
3) pai = 3.14159(englannissa on DESIMAALIPISTE)
1,000,000 = a million (tuhannet erotetaan pilkulla)
4) Eila Roine passed away at (the age of) 94.
7) Eila Roine was born in 1931. (= vuonna 1931)
8) The siege of Jerusalem of 70 CE...
CE = Common / Current Era = jaa
AD = Anno Domini = jKr
BCE = Before Common / Current Era = eaa
BC = Before Christ = eKr
exercise 34 page 200:
7. In the late 1940s
8. in the early 1980s
9. in the late 1980s
10. In 1997
11. in the early 21st century = in the early 2000s
6. In the late 1940s
7. in the early 1980s
8. in the late 1980s
9. In 1997
10. in the early 21st century = in the early 2000s
ennustaa:
predict (v.): The likely consequences of my actions were easy to predict.
foretell, foretold, foretold: I went to the fortune teller who foretold my future.
foresee, foresaw, foreseen: Can you foresee what will happen?
forecast, forecast, forecast: Pekka Pouta forecast the weather on TV yesterday.
when it came to his gambling
= as for his gambling
= as to his gambling
= as far as his gambling was concerned
109 = ten to the ninth = ten to the power of nine = kymmenen potenssiin yhdeksän
1012
a billion
a milliard
Prior to the sixteenth century, people couldn't count probabilities. (Ennen 1500-lukua...)
LUKUSANOISTA:
1) nolla
a) zero
It is - 5 centigrades. (five below zero)
b) / ou / O
Daniel Graig was 007. double-O seven
c) nought
How many noughts are there in a billion?
d) in tennis, badminton & squash: love
Björn Borg was leading 30 - love.
e) nil
Real Madrid beat Ajax three - nil.
f) duck in cricket
g) nothing: He was just nothing to me.
2) Shakespeare wrote The Twelfth Night. (= Loppiaisaatto suomeksi)
3) pai = 3.14159(englannissa on DESIMAALIPISTE)
1,000,000 = a million (tuhannet erotetaan pilkulla)
4) Eila Roine passed away at (the age of) 94.
- 5) She was a 94-year-old actress.
- She was 94 years old when she died.
- He caught a five-kilo salmon. He caught a salmon that weighed five kilos.
I read a 900-page novel. I read a novel that was 900 pages long. - 6) sanontoja: It was love at first sight. On second thought, I could come to your party. (= tarkemmin ajateltuna...)
7) Eila Roine was born in 1931. (= vuonna 1931)
8) The siege of Jerusalem of 70 CE...
CE = Common / Current Era = jaa
AD = Anno Domini = jKr
BCE = Before Common / Current Era = eaa
BC = Before Christ = eKr
exercise 34 page 200:
7. In the late 1940s
8. in the early 1980s
9. in the late 1980s
10. In 1997
11. in the early 21st century = in the early 2000s
6. In the late 1940s
7. in the early 1980s
8. in the late 1980s
9. In 1997
10. in the early 21st century = in the early 2000s
ennustaa:
predict (v.): The likely consequences of my actions were easy to predict.
foretell, foretold, foretold: I went to the fortune teller who foretold my future.
foresee, foresaw, foreseen: Can you foresee what will happen?
forecast, forecast, forecast: Pekka Pouta forecast the weather on TV yesterday.
when it came to his gambling
= as for his gambling
= as to his gambling
= as far as his gambling was concerned
Teksti
Glossary: Science
exercise A. Choose the best word. After watching squirrels in our yard, we decided to conduct an 1. investigation of their behaviour. We had a 2. theory that squirrels could be trained to do tricks if they were offered the right food. So first we had to 3. research what squirrels really like to eat. It turned out that there are no 4. studies on this topic, so we had to use 5. trial and error to find out: we put out six different kinds of nuts and snacks in trays and watched to see which the squirrels ate the most. They liked potato chips the best. So we made the type of food the 6. variable. Our 7. hypothesis was that the squirrels would come and take potato chips from our hands, but not peanuts. We stood in the yard holding chips and nuts, but no squirrels came to take any food. After 8. observing the squirrels for a while, we realised that they had gotten very well-fed while we had been trying to find out what they liked. We are maybe not the best 9. researchers after all.
Glossary: Science
exercise B. Find the words to fit the definitions and the spaces, and then finish the sentence.
1 A N A L Y S E
2 D I S C O V E R
3 I N N O V A T O R
4 C O N T R O L
5 G R O U P
6 D E D U C T I O N K
7 P R E C I S I O N
8 T H E O R Y If something is quite easy, you might say, “It’s NOT ROCKET science.”
Glossary: Science
exercise C. Translate into English. (Suggested)
1. Where was this gadget/device/appliance assembled?
2. Do we already know how to recycle e-waste/electronic refuse?
3. The development of batteries enables shorter charging times.
4. Is artificial intelligence / AI able to generate/produce new information/data?
5. The precision/accuracy of these predictions is questionable.
6. The evidence was analysed/analyzed carefully.
7. Will today's technology be out-of-date/dated/obsolete/outdated as early as tomorrow?
exercise A. Choose the best word. After watching squirrels in our yard, we decided to conduct an 1. investigation of their behaviour. We had a 2. theory that squirrels could be trained to do tricks if they were offered the right food. So first we had to 3. research what squirrels really like to eat. It turned out that there are no 4. studies on this topic, so we had to use 5. trial and error to find out: we put out six different kinds of nuts and snacks in trays and watched to see which the squirrels ate the most. They liked potato chips the best. So we made the type of food the 6. variable. Our 7. hypothesis was that the squirrels would come and take potato chips from our hands, but not peanuts. We stood in the yard holding chips and nuts, but no squirrels came to take any food. After 8. observing the squirrels for a while, we realised that they had gotten very well-fed while we had been trying to find out what they liked. We are maybe not the best 9. researchers after all.
Glossary: Science
exercise B. Find the words to fit the definitions and the spaces, and then finish the sentence.
1 A N A L Y S E
2 D I S C O V E R
3 I N N O V A T O R
4 C O N T R O L
5 G R O U P
6 D E D U C T I O N K
7 P R E C I S I O N
8 T H E O R Y If something is quite easy, you might say, “It’s NOT ROCKET science.”
Glossary: Science
exercise C. Translate into English. (Suggested)
1. Where was this gadget/device/appliance assembled?
2. Do we already know how to recycle e-waste/electronic refuse?
3. The development of batteries enables shorter charging times.
4. Is artificial intelligence / AI able to generate/produce new information/data?
5. The precision/accuracy of these predictions is questionable.
6. The evidence was analysed/analyzed carefully.
7. Will today's technology be out-of-date/dated/obsolete/outdated as early as tomorrow?
Teksti
exercise 6b Translate the following sentences from the text into Finnish.
1. Arpakuution silmät on kaiverrettu noppaan ja sitten täytetty maalilla, jonka tiheys on sama kuin muovin, jota käytetään/on käytetty nopan valmistuksessa.
2. Tällä varmistetaan, ettei sivu, jossa on numero 6, ole hiukkaakaan kevyempi kuin sivu vastakkaisella puolella, missä on vain yksi silmä.
3. Varmastikin siinä on vain kyse oikeiden fysiikan lakien soveltamisesta ja sopivien matemaattisten yhtälöiden ratkaisusta.
4. Kyky huomata kaavoja/säännönmukaisuuksia on vahva ase evoluution henkiinjäämiskamppailussa.
5. Mutta on joitakin asioita, jotka eivät vaikuta olevan säännönmukaisia tai joiden kaavat ovat niin monimutkaisia tai niin piilossa, että ne ovat inhimillisen ymmärryksen ulottumattomissa.
6. Hän oli niin omistautunut pyrkimykselleen ennustaa sitä, mitä ei voi tietää, että kerran hän jopa myi vaimonsa omaisuuden kerätäkseen varoja pelipöydän panoksiin.
exercise 6c Spot the phrase. How were the following ideas expressed in the text?
1. provided there is some way
2. it's just a matter of applying the right laws of physics
3. To become masters of fate, not its servants
4. the human species
5. some chance to predict the future
6. in the evolutionary fight for survival
7. beyond human knowledge
8. the dice has been used since antiquity
9. to raise the funds
10. when it came to his gambling
11. he took matters into his own hands
12. As much as I crave knowledge
13. most would prefer to opt out
exercise 6d Translate the following sentences. Use the previous exercise to help you.
1. Is winning just a matter of playing better than the opponent?
2. You need to control your nerves to become master of your fate, not its servant.
3. For most animal species, life is a daily fight for survival.
4. I crave adventures as much as I crave routines.
5. The laws of physics are not beyond human understanding. 6. I took the matters into my own hands to raise the funds for the tournament.
7. When it comes to predicting the future, we have to leave something to chance.
exericise 6e Choose the best alternative.
1. predetermined, rely
2. predict, Nevertheless
3. advantage, opponent
4. emerge, individual
1. Arpakuution silmät on kaiverrettu noppaan ja sitten täytetty maalilla, jonka tiheys on sama kuin muovin, jota käytetään/on käytetty nopan valmistuksessa.
2. Tällä varmistetaan, ettei sivu, jossa on numero 6, ole hiukkaakaan kevyempi kuin sivu vastakkaisella puolella, missä on vain yksi silmä.
3. Varmastikin siinä on vain kyse oikeiden fysiikan lakien soveltamisesta ja sopivien matemaattisten yhtälöiden ratkaisusta.
4. Kyky huomata kaavoja/säännönmukaisuuksia on vahva ase evoluution henkiinjäämiskamppailussa.
5. Mutta on joitakin asioita, jotka eivät vaikuta olevan säännönmukaisia tai joiden kaavat ovat niin monimutkaisia tai niin piilossa, että ne ovat inhimillisen ymmärryksen ulottumattomissa.
6. Hän oli niin omistautunut pyrkimykselleen ennustaa sitä, mitä ei voi tietää, että kerran hän jopa myi vaimonsa omaisuuden kerätäkseen varoja pelipöydän panoksiin.
exercise 6c Spot the phrase. How were the following ideas expressed in the text?
1. provided there is some way
2. it's just a matter of applying the right laws of physics
3. To become masters of fate, not its servants
4. the human species
5. some chance to predict the future
6. in the evolutionary fight for survival
7. beyond human knowledge
8. the dice has been used since antiquity
9. to raise the funds
10. when it came to his gambling
11. he took matters into his own hands
12. As much as I crave knowledge
13. most would prefer to opt out
exercise 6d Translate the following sentences. Use the previous exercise to help you.
1. Is winning just a matter of playing better than the opponent?
2. You need to control your nerves to become master of your fate, not its servant.
3. For most animal species, life is a daily fight for survival.
4. I crave adventures as much as I crave routines.
5. The laws of physics are not beyond human understanding. 6. I took the matters into my own hands to raise the funds for the tournament.
7. When it comes to predicting the future, we have to leave something to chance.
exericise 6e Choose the best alternative.
1. predetermined, rely
2. predict, Nevertheless
3. advantage, opponent
4. emerge, individual