ENA7 / Haaksluoto / 2025 - 2026 / 2. periodi
Teksti
ENA7-koe on tiistaina 18.11.2025 klo 17.00 – 21.00 luokassa 31. Koe on sähköinen koe. Ota mukaan oma kannettavasi täyteen ladattuna tarvittavine virtajohtoineen ja LANGALLISINE kuulokkeineen.
ENA7 koealue:
- sanasto: 2 A thirst for adventure p. 10 – 19 / 7 What’s going on in the Amazon? p. 68 – 79 / 8 On a mission p. 80 – 91
- Glossaries: 1. Finnish nature p. 38 – 39 2. Environment p. 66 – 67 3. Recycling p. 92 – 93 4. Energy p. 106 – 109
- Grammar 1. Lauseenvastikkeet p. 152 – 162 2. Konjunktiot ja sidossanat p. 163 – 176 3. Pilkun ja ison kirjaimen käyttö p. 178 – 182 4. Apuverbien erityistapaukset p. 182 – 187 5. Prepositioilmaukset p. 190 – 197
- RC
- LC
- Production (700 – 1,300 characters)
ENA7 TUKIPAKETTI
course outline / kurssiohjelma
Töölön yhteiskoulun aikuislukio, Urheilukatu 10-12, 00250 Helsinki
ENGLISH / ADVANCED / NEW INSIGHTS MODULE 7 / SCHOOL YEAR 2025 – 2026 / PERIOD II
Teacher: Erja H. Haaksluoto; e-mail: erja.haaksluoto@tyk.fi
Available for consultation: 1) before and after the lessons, class room 31 and 2) on Mondays at 20.05 - 20.45 hours (except NOT during the exam weeks), classroom 31 (3 rd floor) (= so-called KIELIKLINIKKA) at Töölön yhteiskoulun aikuislukio, Urheilukatu 10 – 12, 00250 Helsinki
Book: Elina Karapalo – Paula Keltto – Mark Kilmer – Päivi Kuusivaara – Teijo Päkkilä – Annukka Suonio: New Insights Module 7 (Otava)
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE:
The themes of the course are nature, wildlife, sustainability and energy. In grammar and structures we shall deal with shortened sentences, conjunctions and linking words, use of the comma and capital letters, special cases of auxiliary verbs and prepositional phrases.
We shall meet 11 (eleven) times on Tuesdays and Thursdays at 17.00 – 18.20 hours in classroom 31 (distant learning simultaneously on Google Meet also available at the link: meet.google.com/her-rxva-umj) as follows:
- October 7, 2025: Introduction to the course & home assignment / Glossary: The Environment p. 66 - 67/ 2 A thirst for adventure p. 10 - 19
- October 9, 2025: ex. 2b, 2c & 2 d p. 15 - 16 // ex. 2 g p. 18 // Conjunctions p. 163 - 168 // ex. 8 & 9 p. 167
- October 14, 2025: ex. 10 p. 168 & ex. 11 p. 168 // Linking words p. 169 – 172 // ex. 13 p. 173 // 7 What’s going on in the Amazon? p. 69 - 79
October 16, 2025 AUTUMN BREAK. NO SCHOOL AT ALL.
- October 21, 2025: ex. 16 & 17 p. 175 - 176 // ex. 7a & 7b p. 71 - 72 // ex. 7d p. 73
- October 23, 2025: ex. 16 p. 175 / / Shortened clauses p. 154 - 159
- October 28, 2025: ex. 19 p. 180 // ex. 4 p. 161 // On the use of the comma and capital letters p. 178 - 181 / ex. 18 p. 180
- October 30, 2025: ex. 5 p. 162 // ex. 20 p. 182 // Special cases of auxiliary verbs p. 184 - 187
- November 4, 2025: ex. 21 p. 187 / ex. 22 p. 188 // 8 On a mission p. 80 – 91 / ex. 8b p. 85 / ex. 8c p. 86
- November 6, 2025: ex. 23 p. 189 // ex. 7c & 7d p. 74 – 75 // Prepositional phrases p. 191 – 193 / ex. 25 p 195 / ex. 27 p. 196
- November 11, 2025: Prepositional phrases p. 155 – 159 / ex. 18 p. 162
- November 13th, 2025: REVISION / KERTAUSTA
HOME ASSIGNMENT: WRITING TASK (700 – 1,300 characters) Write a composition of about 700 – 1,300 characters on one of the topics you find on pages 149 - 150. DEADLINE: on November 11th, 2025
The exam consists of the following parts:
- listening comprehension test on Tuesday, November 18th, 2025, at 17.00 - 21.00 hours
- digital written part on Tuesday, November 18th, 2025, at 17.00 – 21.00 hours, consists of the following parts:
- RC / reading comprehension
- MC / multiple choice?
- Grammar: 1) conjunctions 2) linking words 3) use of the comma 4) capital letters 5) special cases of auxiliary verbs 6) prepositional phrases 7) shortened clauses
- Translations and vocabulary on the texts that we have dealt with during the course
- A short composition of 700 – 1,300 characters
You will get your exams back on your email. If you have any questions concerning your exam, please, come to meet me on Friday, November 28th, 2023, at 16.00 - 17.30 hours in classroom 31.
RETAKE EXAM: on Friday, on December 12th, 2025, at 17.00 – 20.05 hours = UUSINTAKOE, johon on ehdottomasti ILMOITTAUDUTTAVA ETUKÄTEEN kansliasta saatavalla vaaleansinisellä lomakkeella VIIKKOA ENNEN KOETTA eli viimeistään torstaina 4.12.2025. Uusintakoelomakkeesta on myös olemassa sähköinen lomake. Nettisivuilla on pdf, jonka voi suoraan täyttää ja lähettää liitetiedostona kansliaan. Lomake löytyy täältä: https://www.tyk.fi/aikuislukio/tietoa/lomakkeet/
October 7th, 2025
HW ex. 2b p. 15, ex. 2c, ex. 2d p. 16, ex. 2e p. 17
AIKAA ILMAISEVAT eli TEMPORAALISET ALISTUSKONJUNKTIOT:
1. after: I'll call after I have returned home from my journey. (tässä perfekti aikaa ilmaisevassa sivulauseessa)
2. as = kun: I'll go to bed early as I have a train to catch at 6 am tomorrow morning.
3. as long as: I'll love you as long as I live.
4. as soon as: Marc will visit us as soon as he comes back from China.
5. before: Marc will visit us before he flies to South Africa.
6. by-lauseet: He will be gone by the time we get up.
7. once: Once I wake up, I'll start working.
8. until: He'll stay awake until he falls asleep.
9. when: We'll let you know when we know the answer to the question.
10. while: Marc will sing hours on while he stays awake.
ALOITTAVAT AIKAA ILMAISEVAN SIVULAUSEEN, joten ei futuuria vaan preesens.
kuitenkin:
however / nevertheless / nonetheless / yet & still lauseen alussa
strike, struck, struck = lyödä; vaikuttaa
The clock struck five.
It struck me odd that he didn't say a word.
ascend = nousta, kohota
descend = laskeutua
trek = wander
trekking = wandering
arrive in / at
He arrived in the USA. (iso paikka)
He arrived at JFK Airport. (pienempi paikka)
at first sight: It was love at first sight.
focus on s-g = concentrate on s-g
barely = scarcely = hardly = tuskin
eventually = finally = at last = lopulta
AIKAA ILMAISEVAT eli TEMPORAALISET ALISTUSKONJUNKTIOT:
1. after: I'll call after I have returned home from my journey. (tässä perfekti aikaa ilmaisevassa sivulauseessa)
2. as = kun: I'll go to bed early as I have a train to catch at 6 am tomorrow morning.
3. as long as: I'll love you as long as I live.
4. as soon as: Marc will visit us as soon as he comes back from China.
5. before: Marc will visit us before he flies to South Africa.
6. by-lauseet: He will be gone by the time we get up.
7. once: Once I wake up, I'll start working.
8. until: He'll stay awake until he falls asleep.
9. when: We'll let you know when we know the answer to the question.
10. while: Marc will sing hours on while he stays awake.
ALOITTAVAT AIKAA ILMAISEVAN SIVULAUSEEN, joten ei futuuria vaan preesens.
kuitenkin:
however / nevertheless / nonetheless / yet & still lauseen alussa
strike, struck, struck = lyödä; vaikuttaa
The clock struck five.
It struck me odd that he didn't say a word.
ascend = nousta, kohota
descend = laskeutua
trek = wander
trekking = wandering
arrive in / at
He arrived in the USA. (iso paikka)
He arrived at JFK Airport. (pienempi paikka)
at first sight: It was love at first sight.
focus on s-g = concentrate on s-g
barely = scarcely = hardly = tuskin
eventually = finally = at last = lopulta
October 9th, 2025
HW ex. 10 & 11 p. 168, ex. 13 p. 173
as for / as to / as regards / when it comes to:
As regards me and my family, we would support this project whole-heartedly.
joka tapauksessa: at any rate / in any case / anyhow / anyway
KUITENKIN: however / nevertheless / nonetheless / yet & still lauseen tai ajatuksen alussa
On (the) one hand,I am meticulous, on the other hand, I am absent-minded.
In my opinion, climate change is the greatest challenge humanity is facing.
as for / as to / as regards / when it comes to:
As regards me and my family, we would support this project whole-heartedly.
joka tapauksessa: at any rate / in any case / anyhow / anyway
KUITENKIN: however / nevertheless / nonetheless / yet & still lauseen tai ajatuksen alussa
On (the) one hand,I am meticulous, on the other hand, I am absent-minded.
In my opinion, climate change is the greatest challenge humanity is facing.
Teksti
exercise 2b Spot the phrase. How were the following expressed in the text?
1. until I first set foot on it
2. took up rock climbing
3. but it was not to be
4. I started to feel excited about the prospect of
5. one step at a time
6. I ... was unable to see more than a few metres ahead
7. I barely had time to wonder
8. whether I’d be better off unclipping myself
9. the mountain fell silent
10. there was no response
11. I pressed on
12. we realised how lucky we’d been
13. the whole area had been hit by a much bigger avalanche
14. his death affected me
15. on the way home
exercise 2c Choose the best alternative. 1. a, 2. b, 3. a, 4. c, 5. a, 6. a, 7. a, 8. c, 9. b, 10. a
exercise 2d Translate into English.
1. I started to feel excited about the prospect of taking up rock climbing.
2. When I told my boyfriend about it, he fell silent and there was no response / and I didn't get any response.
3. On the way home I realised how lucky I was to have something / when I had something to look forward to.
4. I decided to press on one step at a time / step by step.
5. I barely / hardly have (any) time to wonder whether I'd be better off giving up my dreams or my boyfriend.
exercise 2e Change the underlined parts of the sentences into shortened clauses. Use the text to help you.
1. Having asked / After asking where to find the world’s highest peak, it would be only four years until I first set foot on it.
2. We left at first light, heading up the icefall on the south side of the mountain, laden with rucksacks.
3. We passed towering columns, crumbling ledges and yawning crevasses; but as thick fog obscured the route, I kept my head down, focusing on one step at a time.
4. I looked up, startled, knowing it was ice breaking away from the mountain, but was unable to see more than a few metres ahead.
5. It just kept coming, forcing snow into my nose and mouth.
6. (While) gasping for air, I tried to swim against the white tide.
7. I thought of my family back home and imagined the headlines announcing my death.
8. Twenty-two people had been killed, including three members of our support team.
9. On the way home, I broke down, eaten up by survivor’s guilt.
exercise 2g Kathy Jetnil-Kijiner from Marshall Islands was selected from over 500 candidates to represent the voice of civil society at the UN Climate Summit. Fill in the missing words in her speech based on what you hear.
1. two million square kilometres of ocean
2. The moral of the story
3. the price of inaction is so high
4. wither from the salt and drought
5. Climate change affects
6. carbon pollution
7. greenhouse gas emissions
8. indigenous mothers
1. until I first set foot on it
2. took up rock climbing
3. but it was not to be
4. I started to feel excited about the prospect of
5. one step at a time
6. I ... was unable to see more than a few metres ahead
7. I barely had time to wonder
8. whether I’d be better off unclipping myself
9. the mountain fell silent
10. there was no response
11. I pressed on
12. we realised how lucky we’d been
13. the whole area had been hit by a much bigger avalanche
14. his death affected me
15. on the way home
exercise 2c Choose the best alternative. 1. a, 2. b, 3. a, 4. c, 5. a, 6. a, 7. a, 8. c, 9. b, 10. a
exercise 2d Translate into English.
1. I started to feel excited about the prospect of taking up rock climbing.
2. When I told my boyfriend about it, he fell silent and there was no response / and I didn't get any response.
3. On the way home I realised how lucky I was to have something / when I had something to look forward to.
4. I decided to press on one step at a time / step by step.
5. I barely / hardly have (any) time to wonder whether I'd be better off giving up my dreams or my boyfriend.
exercise 2e Change the underlined parts of the sentences into shortened clauses. Use the text to help you.
1. Having asked / After asking where to find the world’s highest peak, it would be only four years until I first set foot on it.
2. We left at first light, heading up the icefall on the south side of the mountain, laden with rucksacks.
3. We passed towering columns, crumbling ledges and yawning crevasses; but as thick fog obscured the route, I kept my head down, focusing on one step at a time.
4. I looked up, startled, knowing it was ice breaking away from the mountain, but was unable to see more than a few metres ahead.
5. It just kept coming, forcing snow into my nose and mouth.
6. (While) gasping for air, I tried to swim against the white tide.
7. I thought of my family back home and imagined the headlines announcing my death.
8. Twenty-two people had been killed, including three members of our support team.
9. On the way home, I broke down, eaten up by survivor’s guilt.
exercise 2g Kathy Jetnil-Kijiner from Marshall Islands was selected from over 500 candidates to represent the voice of civil society at the UN Climate Summit. Fill in the missing words in her speech based on what you hear.
1. two million square kilometres of ocean
2. The moral of the story
3. the price of inaction is so high
4. wither from the salt and drought
5. Climate change affects
6. carbon pollution
7. greenhouse gas emissions
8. indigenous mothers
October 14, 2025
HW ex. 16 p. 175 & ex. 17 p. 176; ex. A p. 67 & ex. B p. 67
desertification = aavikoituminen
suicide / commit suicide
insecticide
herbicide
pesticide
genocide
homicide
fungicide
spermicide
soil; It was rich, fertile soil.
land (maa meren vastakohtana); The bird was is clumsy on land.
ground; He lay on the ground.
dirt (esim. multa: Put those seeds in the dirt.)
desertification = aavikoituminen
suicide / commit suicide
insecticide
herbicide
pesticide
genocide
homicide
fungicide
spermicide
soil; It was rich, fertile soil.
land (maa meren vastakohtana); The bird was is clumsy on land.
ground; He lay on the ground.
dirt (esim. multa: Put those seeds in the dirt.)
Teksti
exercise 10 Fill in with the help of the prompts given in Finnish.
1. The Saimaa ringed seal is both critically endangered and a source of great pride for Finns.
2. Not only are humans a threat to its survival, but also climate change and the lack of snow and ice during the winter. 3. Neither fishing restrictions nor active climate work have helped to bring the Saimaa ringed seal back from the brink of extinction.
4. Now that more and more summer cottages are being built in the Saimaa region, the seals have trouble finding places to breed in peace.
5. As soon as / Once a solution can be found to some of the problems, the Saimaa ringed seal population might start to increase.
6. There is hope on the horizon provided / providing (that) everybody is willing to do their bit.
7. Some tourists actually travel to Lake Saimaa so (that) they can spot a ringed seal.
8. Though / Although / Even though the seals are extremely rare, they can still be seen in the wild.
9. We couldn't guarantee successful breeding for them even if we created suitable places for them to nest in.
10. On the other hand, we can't act as if / though everything would get better by itself.
11. Whenever we join forces, change is possible.
exercise 11 More advanced. Translate into English. (Suggested)
1. We (will) either have to jump now or wait (for) another two minutes for our turn.
2. I am frightened / scared whereas / while my boyfriend is excited.
3. As long as my parachute opens, I'll be happy.
4. My instructor behaves as if / as though this was child's play / a walk in the park / a piece of cake.
5. I'm not going to chicken out so I'll jump / am going to jump next.
6. If I don't jump, will you still love me?
exercise 13 Fill in the missing words. First impressions matter, and we usually have a hard time changing 1. both them and the way they make us see the world around us. A campaign was launched 2. not only to raise awareness of our deeply rooted prejudices but also to remind us not to judge a book by its cover. 3. First / Firstly, a Florida-based advocacy group came up with the idea to ask homeless people to enlighten the public. 4. Second / Secondly, they decided an old way for the homeless to get attention could be used to do something new. 5. All in all, the idea was very simple. 6. However / Yet / Still / Nonetheless / Nevertheless, the campaign turned out to be a success: some homeless people living on the streets in Orlando are now sharing their life stories on pieces of cardboard. 7. For this / that reason / Therefore / Consequently / In consequence / So / Thus / Hence, the campaign got the name Cardboard Story Series. One homeless woman was once a figure skater, 8. for example / instance, proving that life can all of a sudden go downhill for anybody. 9. In addition / Additionally / Moreover / What’s more / On top of that, a homeless man shared that he has a degree in biology. 10. Finally / In conclusion / To conclude / To summarize / To sum up, all the cardboard signs proved to be eye opening, 16
1. The Saimaa ringed seal is both critically endangered and a source of great pride for Finns.
2. Not only are humans a threat to its survival, but also climate change and the lack of snow and ice during the winter. 3. Neither fishing restrictions nor active climate work have helped to bring the Saimaa ringed seal back from the brink of extinction.
4. Now that more and more summer cottages are being built in the Saimaa region, the seals have trouble finding places to breed in peace.
5. As soon as / Once a solution can be found to some of the problems, the Saimaa ringed seal population might start to increase.
6. There is hope on the horizon provided / providing (that) everybody is willing to do their bit.
7. Some tourists actually travel to Lake Saimaa so (that) they can spot a ringed seal.
8. Though / Although / Even though the seals are extremely rare, they can still be seen in the wild.
9. We couldn't guarantee successful breeding for them even if we created suitable places for them to nest in.
10. On the other hand, we can't act as if / though everything would get better by itself.
11. Whenever we join forces, change is possible.
exercise 11 More advanced. Translate into English. (Suggested)
1. We (will) either have to jump now or wait (for) another two minutes for our turn.
2. I am frightened / scared whereas / while my boyfriend is excited.
3. As long as my parachute opens, I'll be happy.
4. My instructor behaves as if / as though this was child's play / a walk in the park / a piece of cake.
5. I'm not going to chicken out so I'll jump / am going to jump next.
6. If I don't jump, will you still love me?
exercise 13 Fill in the missing words. First impressions matter, and we usually have a hard time changing 1. both them and the way they make us see the world around us. A campaign was launched 2. not only to raise awareness of our deeply rooted prejudices but also to remind us not to judge a book by its cover. 3. First / Firstly, a Florida-based advocacy group came up with the idea to ask homeless people to enlighten the public. 4. Second / Secondly, they decided an old way for the homeless to get attention could be used to do something new. 5. All in all, the idea was very simple. 6. However / Yet / Still / Nonetheless / Nevertheless, the campaign turned out to be a success: some homeless people living on the streets in Orlando are now sharing their life stories on pieces of cardboard. 7. For this / that reason / Therefore / Consequently / In consequence / So / Thus / Hence, the campaign got the name Cardboard Story Series. One homeless woman was once a figure skater, 8. for example / instance, proving that life can all of a sudden go downhill for anybody. 9. In addition / Additionally / Moreover / What’s more / On top of that, a homeless man shared that he has a degree in biology. 10. Finally / In conclusion / To conclude / To summarize / To sum up, all the cardboard signs proved to be eye opening, 16
October 21, 2025
HW ex. 1 p. 160, ex. 2 lauseet 1 - 6
1. relatiivilauseiden vastikkeet
a) The woman who sings on this record has a fine voice.
aktiivinen: -ing-muodolla
The woman singing on this record has a fine voice.
b) Tomatoes that are grown in Iceland are most delicious.
Tomatoes grown in Iceland are most delicious.
passiivinen: teeman 3. muodolla
c) Yuri Gagarin was the first man that flew in space.
Yuri Gagarin was the first man to fly in space.
infinitiivillä, jos edellä on only, next, last, superlatiivi tai järjestysluku
The nicest thing that happened to me was the fireworks at my birthday party.
The nicest thing to happen to me was the fireworks at my birthday party.
d) Who is that woman that is wearing a red dress?
= Who is that woman in the red dress?
voi lyhentää prepositiorakenteella
at any rate / in any case / anyhow / anyway = joka tapauksessa
(When I was) listening to music, I dozed off.
Cars (which are) parked illegally will be towed away.
poach (v.)
a poacher (n.)
poaching (n.)
trekking = hiking
1. relatiivilauseiden vastikkeet
a) The woman who sings on this record has a fine voice.
aktiivinen: -ing-muodolla
The woman singing on this record has a fine voice.
b) Tomatoes that are grown in Iceland are most delicious.
Tomatoes grown in Iceland are most delicious.
passiivinen: teeman 3. muodolla
c) Yuri Gagarin was the first man that flew in space.
Yuri Gagarin was the first man to fly in space.
infinitiivillä, jos edellä on only, next, last, superlatiivi tai järjestysluku
The nicest thing that happened to me was the fireworks at my birthday party.
The nicest thing to happen to me was the fireworks at my birthday party.
d) Who is that woman that is wearing a red dress?
= Who is that woman in the red dress?
voi lyhentää prepositiorakenteella
at any rate / in any case / anyhow / anyway = joka tapauksessa
(When I was) listening to music, I dozed off.
Cars (which are) parked illegally will be towed away.
poach (v.)
a poacher (n.)
poaching (n.)
trekking = hiking
Teksti
p. 67 Glossary: Environment A Choose the best alternative.
1. According to many environmentalists, political decisions will play a crucial role in the future of our planet. 2. There is still an ongoing debate over climate change and its effect on global temperatures. 3. Is it possible to secure economic growth under the principles of sustainable development? Is it possible to find solutions that are good for the economy, people and biodiversity? 4. Avoiding deforestation is an example of nature-based solutions and one way to increase our resilience to climate impacts. 5. Nearly 40 percent of Earth’s ice-free surface has been cleared for agriculture. Subsistence farming was practised traditionally in the 19th century, but nowadays even the smallest farms rely on having business partners. 6. If the soil is exhausted we will run out of farming land. 7. By 2050 two thirds of the world’s population will live in cities. This urbanisation combined with climate change means we have to find solutions to improve the well-being of these people. 8. Since The Endangered Species Act of 1973, at least 17 species have died out and even more are facing extinction. One of the main reasons for this is loss of habitat.
exercise B Match the beginnings and endings of the following compound words.
1. e, 2. h, 3. c, 4. i, 5. g , 6. a, 7. b, 8. f, 9. l, 10. d, 11. k, 12. j
1. According to many environmentalists, political decisions will play a crucial role in the future of our planet. 2. There is still an ongoing debate over climate change and its effect on global temperatures. 3. Is it possible to secure economic growth under the principles of sustainable development? Is it possible to find solutions that are good for the economy, people and biodiversity? 4. Avoiding deforestation is an example of nature-based solutions and one way to increase our resilience to climate impacts. 5. Nearly 40 percent of Earth’s ice-free surface has been cleared for agriculture. Subsistence farming was practised traditionally in the 19th century, but nowadays even the smallest farms rely on having business partners. 6. If the soil is exhausted we will run out of farming land. 7. By 2050 two thirds of the world’s population will live in cities. This urbanisation combined with climate change means we have to find solutions to improve the well-being of these people. 8. Since The Endangered Species Act of 1973, at least 17 species have died out and even more are facing extinction. One of the main reasons for this is loss of habitat.
exercise B Match the beginnings and endings of the following compound words.
1. e, 2. h, 3. c, 4. i, 5. g , 6. a, 7. b, 8. f, 9. l, 10. d, 11. k, 12. j
Teksti
exercise 16 Choose the best alternative. Travel broadens the mind.
1. Unfortunately, travelling may also harm Mother Earth. Is it even possible to minimise the environmental impact of travelling? 2. After all, we wouldn't want to cancel all of our travel plans. Green travel is an umbrella term with two main meanings. 3. On the one hand, it refers to responsible travel practices that pay attention to sustainable development. 4. On the other hand, it can also refer to eco-tourism. 5. As for the latter meaning, it involves responsible travel specifically to natural areas. 6. At any rate, both types of travel help to conserve nature. 7. Needless to say, in this day and age we are required to put the needs of the environment ahead of our own hopes and wishes. 8. In brief, we should consider the different options available to us before travelling. 9. On the whole, travelling with a clean conscience is possible. 10. Nonetheless, it will usually take more time and will require that we look into matters a bit more thoroughly.
exercise 17 More advanced. Translate into English.
1. Hiking in the countryside / the great outdoors is not only refreshing but also relaxing.
2. Once / As soon as I make it / get to the forest / woods, all my troubles/worries will seem distant.
3. In addition / What’s more / On top of that / Furthermore / Moreover, hiking is an inexpensive / affordable hobby / interest / free time activity / pastime.
4. To my amazement / To my surprise, nowadays / these days I also enjoy picking berries.
5. In brief / In short, hiking makes me feel happy.
1. Unfortunately, travelling may also harm Mother Earth. Is it even possible to minimise the environmental impact of travelling? 2. After all, we wouldn't want to cancel all of our travel plans. Green travel is an umbrella term with two main meanings. 3. On the one hand, it refers to responsible travel practices that pay attention to sustainable development. 4. On the other hand, it can also refer to eco-tourism. 5. As for the latter meaning, it involves responsible travel specifically to natural areas. 6. At any rate, both types of travel help to conserve nature. 7. Needless to say, in this day and age we are required to put the needs of the environment ahead of our own hopes and wishes. 8. In brief, we should consider the different options available to us before travelling. 9. On the whole, travelling with a clean conscience is possible. 10. Nonetheless, it will usually take more time and will require that we look into matters a bit more thoroughly.
exercise 17 More advanced. Translate into English.
1. Hiking in the countryside / the great outdoors is not only refreshing but also relaxing.
2. Once / As soon as I make it / get to the forest / woods, all my troubles/worries will seem distant.
3. In addition / What’s more / On top of that / Furthermore / Moreover, hiking is an inexpensive / affordable hobby / interest / free time activity / pastime.
4. To my amazement / To my surprise, nowadays / these days I also enjoy picking berries.
5. In brief / In short, hiking makes me feel happy.
October 23, 2025
HW ex. 2 lauseet 7 - 16, ex. 4 p. 161; ex. A & B p. 93
relatiivilauseiden vastikkeet
a) The woman who sings on this record has a fine voice.
aktiivinen: -ing-muodolla
The woman singing on this record has a fine voice.
b) Tomatoes that are grown in Iceland are most delicious.
Tomatoes grown in Iceland are most delicious.
c) Yuri Gagarin was the first man that flew in space.
Yuri Gagarin was the first man to fly in space.
infinitiivillä, jos edellä on only, next, last, superlatiivi tai järjestysluku
The nicest thing that happened to me was the fireworks at my birthday party.
The nicest thing to happen to me was the fireworks at my birthday party.
d) Who is that woman that is wearing a red dress?
= Who is that woman in the red dress?
voi lyhentää prepositiorakenteella
2. aikaa ilmaisevat l. temporaaliset sivulauseet
(after, before, when, while)
Before I ordered my meal, I read the menu carefully.
= Before ordering my meal, I read the menu carefully.
After I had had my breakfast, I took a shower.
= After having my breakfast, I took a shower.
= Having had my breakfast, I took a shower.
When we entered the restaurant, we saw that it was quite full.
(When) entering the restaurant, we saw that it was quite full.
On entering the restaurant, we saw that it was quite full.
While I was waiting for my flight, I was reading a good book.
= While waiting for my flight, I was reading a good book.
3. ehtolausetta korvaavat l. konditionaaliset
(if, unless)
If the weather is good, we can go on a picnic.
= The weather being good, we can go on a picnic.
Unless the milk is kept in the fridge, it will go sour.
Unless kept in the fridge, the milk will go sour.
4. syytä ilmaisevat l. kausaaliset
(as, because, since)
As / because / since Marc had missed the last bus, he got home very late.
= Missing the last bus, Marc got home very late.
As / because / since he didn't want to wake up the others, he tiptoed to his room.
= Not wanting to wake up the others, he tiptoed to his room.
5. myönnytystä ilmaisevat l. konsessiiviset
(although)
Although he is 103 years old, he still goes to the gym.
= Though being 103 years old, he still goes to the gym.
NB!
God willing, we'll meet again.
= If God so wills, ...
Judging by her face, she didn't pass the driving test.
Generally speaking, climate change is the biggest threat humanity is facing.
relatiivilauseiden vastikkeet
a) The woman who sings on this record has a fine voice.
aktiivinen: -ing-muodolla
The woman singing on this record has a fine voice.
b) Tomatoes that are grown in Iceland are most delicious.
Tomatoes grown in Iceland are most delicious.
c) Yuri Gagarin was the first man that flew in space.
Yuri Gagarin was the first man to fly in space.
infinitiivillä, jos edellä on only, next, last, superlatiivi tai järjestysluku
The nicest thing that happened to me was the fireworks at my birthday party.
The nicest thing to happen to me was the fireworks at my birthday party.
d) Who is that woman that is wearing a red dress?
= Who is that woman in the red dress?
voi lyhentää prepositiorakenteella
2. aikaa ilmaisevat l. temporaaliset sivulauseet
(after, before, when, while)
Before I ordered my meal, I read the menu carefully.
= Before ordering my meal, I read the menu carefully.
After I had had my breakfast, I took a shower.
= After having my breakfast, I took a shower.
= Having had my breakfast, I took a shower.
When we entered the restaurant, we saw that it was quite full.
(When) entering the restaurant, we saw that it was quite full.
On entering the restaurant, we saw that it was quite full.
While I was waiting for my flight, I was reading a good book.
= While waiting for my flight, I was reading a good book.
3. ehtolausetta korvaavat l. konditionaaliset
(if, unless)
If the weather is good, we can go on a picnic.
= The weather being good, we can go on a picnic.
Unless the milk is kept in the fridge, it will go sour.
Unless kept in the fridge, the milk will go sour.
4. syytä ilmaisevat l. kausaaliset
(as, because, since)
As / because / since Marc had missed the last bus, he got home very late.
= Missing the last bus, Marc got home very late.
As / because / since he didn't want to wake up the others, he tiptoed to his room.
= Not wanting to wake up the others, he tiptoed to his room.
5. myönnytystä ilmaisevat l. konsessiiviset
(although)
Although he is 103 years old, he still goes to the gym.
= Though being 103 years old, he still goes to the gym.
NB!
God willing, we'll meet again.
= If God so wills, ...
Judging by her face, she didn't pass the driving test.
Generally speaking, climate change is the biggest threat humanity is facing.
Teksti
exercise 1 Work with a partner. Translate the following items into Finnish. (Suggested)
1. Kymmeniä pidätettiin mielenosoituksissa viikonloppuna.
2. Toimitusjohtajaa odottaa jopa kymmenen vuotta vankeutta, koska hänet todettiin syylliseksi kavallukseen.
3. Kulujen leikkauksia vastaan protestoivat opiskelijat uskovat, että kaupungin virkamiehet kuulivat heitä.
4. Voittajajoukkueen saapuessa lentokentälle sitä oli vastaanottamassa/tervehtimässä satoja faneja.
5. Vale-eläinlääkäri riskeerasi monen lemmikkieläimen hengen, sillä hän ei ollut pätevä työhönsä.
6. Viisi asiaa, joiden et koskaan tiennyt voivan mennä pieleen ensimmäistä asuntoasi vuokratessasi.
7. Perheen autotalliin lukituksi tullut murtovaras hakee perheeltä korvauksia kärsimyksistään.
8. Kaksinkertainen olympiavoittaja jäi lopulta ilman mitalia, vaikka häntä pidettiin voittamattomana.
exercise 2 Work with a partner. Change the subclauses into shortened clauses.
1. People working hard often find success.
2. The man driving in the wrong lane caused the accident.
3. Pedestrians without / not wearing reflectors are nearly invisible in the dark.
4. Employers asked for recommendations can make a huge difference.
5. Shops closed on Sundays may lose some of their customers.
6. Pizza Hut was among the first companies to offer online services.
1. Kymmeniä pidätettiin mielenosoituksissa viikonloppuna.
2. Toimitusjohtajaa odottaa jopa kymmenen vuotta vankeutta, koska hänet todettiin syylliseksi kavallukseen.
3. Kulujen leikkauksia vastaan protestoivat opiskelijat uskovat, että kaupungin virkamiehet kuulivat heitä.
4. Voittajajoukkueen saapuessa lentokentälle sitä oli vastaanottamassa/tervehtimässä satoja faneja.
5. Vale-eläinlääkäri riskeerasi monen lemmikkieläimen hengen, sillä hän ei ollut pätevä työhönsä.
6. Viisi asiaa, joiden et koskaan tiennyt voivan mennä pieleen ensimmäistä asuntoasi vuokratessasi.
7. Perheen autotalliin lukituksi tullut murtovaras hakee perheeltä korvauksia kärsimyksistään.
8. Kaksinkertainen olympiavoittaja jäi lopulta ilman mitalia, vaikka häntä pidettiin voittamattomana.
exercise 2 Work with a partner. Change the subclauses into shortened clauses.
1. People working hard often find success.
2. The man driving in the wrong lane caused the accident.
3. Pedestrians without / not wearing reflectors are nearly invisible in the dark.
4. Employers asked for recommendations can make a huge difference.
5. Shops closed on Sundays may lose some of their customers.
6. Pizza Hut was among the first companies to offer online services.
October 28th, 2025-ä'.
HW ex. 19 p. 180
On commas:
When in doubt, leave it out.
heavy punctuation vs light punctuation
Silvester T. J. Mazzarella Esq.,
Hackington House,
Canterbury,
Kent,
CT 67897.
1. lauseenvastikkeet - toisin kuin suomessa - erotetaan pilkulla muusta lauseyhteyhteydestä
After reading the paper, I went to the gym.
Having read the paper, I went to the gym.
2. päälause ja sen jälkeen sivulause: ei tule pilkkua
I heard that Nvidia is going to invest one billion dollars in Nokia.
Do you know if Donald J. Trump is coming to Finland?
He is coming over when he has time.
3. Sivulause ensin ja sitten päälause: tulee pilkku
After I had heard the news, I changed my mind.
If you go to the concert, I will come with you.
4. linkkisanat erotetaan pilkulla muusta yhteydestä
He was sick. However, he came to the concert.
He felt, however, very bad.
5. kirje
Dear Mr Brown,
Yours sincerely,
Erja H. Haaksluoto
6. suoran esityksen pilkuttaminen
Mary said, "I've lost lamb."
"I've lost my lamb," Mary said.
7. relatiivilauseen pilkuttaminen
a) My Mother who is a brilliant cook lives in eastern Finland. (= Se äitini, joka on loistava kokki, asuu Itä-Suomessa.) (tulee mielikuva, että minulla on useampi äiti)
b) My Mother, who is a brilliant cook, lives in eastern Finland. (antaa ylimääräistä informaatiota äidistäni)
8. ei pilkkua ennen that-sanaa
It was the best concert (that) I have ever heard.
He said to me (that) he would help me.
NB! that on appositio = selittävä lisä
He wrote RSVP, that is repondez, s'il vous plait.
contaminated = polluted = tainted
On commas:
When in doubt, leave it out.
heavy punctuation vs light punctuation
Silvester T. J. Mazzarella Esq.,
Hackington House,
Canterbury,
Kent,
CT 67897.
1. lauseenvastikkeet - toisin kuin suomessa - erotetaan pilkulla muusta lauseyhteyhteydestä
After reading the paper, I went to the gym.
Having read the paper, I went to the gym.
2. päälause ja sen jälkeen sivulause: ei tule pilkkua
I heard that Nvidia is going to invest one billion dollars in Nokia.
Do you know if Donald J. Trump is coming to Finland?
He is coming over when he has time.
3. Sivulause ensin ja sitten päälause: tulee pilkku
After I had heard the news, I changed my mind.
If you go to the concert, I will come with you.
4. linkkisanat erotetaan pilkulla muusta yhteydestä
He was sick. However, he came to the concert.
He felt, however, very bad.
5. kirje
Dear Mr Brown,
Yours sincerely,
Erja H. Haaksluoto
6. suoran esityksen pilkuttaminen
Mary said, "I've lost lamb."
"I've lost my lamb," Mary said.
7. relatiivilauseen pilkuttaminen
a) My Mother who is a brilliant cook lives in eastern Finland. (= Se äitini, joka on loistava kokki, asuu Itä-Suomessa.) (tulee mielikuva, että minulla on useampi äiti)
b) My Mother, who is a brilliant cook, lives in eastern Finland. (antaa ylimääräistä informaatiota äidistäni)
8. ei pilkkua ennen that-sanaa
It was the best concert (that) I have ever heard.
He said to me (that) he would help me.
NB! that on appositio = selittävä lisä
He wrote RSVP, that is repondez, s'il vous plait.
contaminated = polluted = tainted
Teksti
Glossary: Recycling
exercise A Fill in the crossword puzzle according to the clues.
sewage
hazardous
sort
litter
polluted
flea market
disposable
second-hand
discard
composting
domestic
dumpster
repurpose
incineration
toxic
exericise B Translate the questions and then take turns in asking and answering them.
1. Does your family sort / separate their domestic / household waste? If yes, how? If no, why not?
2. What are the benefits of recycling?
3. Why is it important to buy products with / that have a longer lifespan?
4. Can you give examples of repurposing / upcycling?
5. Do you know where the nearest drop-off site and bottle bank are? Give directions to their whereabouts.
exercise A Fill in the crossword puzzle according to the clues.
sewage
hazardous
sort
litter
polluted
flea market
disposable
second-hand
discard
composting
domestic
dumpster
repurpose
incineration
toxic
exericise B Translate the questions and then take turns in asking and answering them.
1. Does your family sort / separate their domestic / household waste? If yes, how? If no, why not?
2. What are the benefits of recycling?
3. Why is it important to buy products with / that have a longer lifespan?
4. Can you give examples of repurposing / upcycling?
5. Do you know where the nearest drop-off site and bottle bank are? Give directions to their whereabouts.
Teksti
exercise 2 sentences 7 - 16
7. (When) cooking dinner, I burnt myself.
8. (When) asked to join the team, Billy jumped at the opportunity.
9. After finishing / Having finished the dress rehearsal, we felt very confident.
10. (When) crossing the finish line, the runners heard the crowd chanting their names.
11. Before leaving the house, I always double check that I have my keys with me.
12. After being fired / Having been fired, Michael decided to take up studying again. 13. Finally given a chance to prove her skills, Jules won’t let us down.
14. Having been sick three times that year, I decided to see a doctor.
15. Not (having been) invited to my wedding, my second cousins didn’t talk to me for a year.
16. Desperately wanting to see the play, I was willing to pay a bit extra for the tickets.
exercise 3 Work with a partner. Spot the mistakes and correct the sentences. Päälauseessa ja sivulauseessa on eri subjekti, jolloin lauseenvastiketta ei voi muodostaa.
1. When I was driving down the hill, the car suddenly started to swerve uncontrollably.
2. If the suspect is found guilty, the crime scene investigators can take full credit for the result.
3. After she had been gossiping with her friend for an hour, the phone overheated and stopped working.
4. When you walk / are walking along the road, the enormous statue arises on the horizon.
5. Now that the puppy is almost 13 weeks old, the breeder told us we could take the puppy / it home.
exercise 4 Change the subclauses into shortened clauses.
1. Before applying for a job, you should consider the following things.
2. Applicants invited for an interview are expected to be prepared in many ways.
3. Before being interviewed, be sure to do some research on the company.
4. When choosing what to wear for the interview, there are certain rules to follow.
5. People not wearing appropriate clothing can be considered unprofessional.
6. After choosing / Having chosen your outfit, ask for a second opinion.
7. Not being very experienced with interviews, young people might not be the best ones to give advice.
8. (When) commuting to the interview, make sure you have enough time.
9. (When) arriving at the office, remember that first impressions are everything.
10. Some of the questions asked may seem strange and irrelevant.
11. The person interviewing you just wants to see how you react.
12. (When) answering the questions, remember to sound positive and enthusiastic.
13. Looking for a motivated employee, the employer will expect you to have questions for them.
14. (When) asked about their line of business, the employers know the applicant has prepared for the interview.
15. The applicant chosen for the job often has both qualifications and great social skills.
16. Applicants not hired should stay optimistic and try again as many times as needed.
7. (When) cooking dinner, I burnt myself.
8. (When) asked to join the team, Billy jumped at the opportunity.
9. After finishing / Having finished the dress rehearsal, we felt very confident.
10. (When) crossing the finish line, the runners heard the crowd chanting their names.
11. Before leaving the house, I always double check that I have my keys with me.
12. After being fired / Having been fired, Michael decided to take up studying again. 13. Finally given a chance to prove her skills, Jules won’t let us down.
14. Having been sick three times that year, I decided to see a doctor.
15. Not (having been) invited to my wedding, my second cousins didn’t talk to me for a year.
16. Desperately wanting to see the play, I was willing to pay a bit extra for the tickets.
exercise 3 Work with a partner. Spot the mistakes and correct the sentences. Päälauseessa ja sivulauseessa on eri subjekti, jolloin lauseenvastiketta ei voi muodostaa.
1. When I was driving down the hill, the car suddenly started to swerve uncontrollably.
2. If the suspect is found guilty, the crime scene investigators can take full credit for the result.
3. After she had been gossiping with her friend for an hour, the phone overheated and stopped working.
4. When you walk / are walking along the road, the enormous statue arises on the horizon.
5. Now that the puppy is almost 13 weeks old, the breeder told us we could take the puppy / it home.
exercise 4 Change the subclauses into shortened clauses.
1. Before applying for a job, you should consider the following things.
2. Applicants invited for an interview are expected to be prepared in many ways.
3. Before being interviewed, be sure to do some research on the company.
4. When choosing what to wear for the interview, there are certain rules to follow.
5. People not wearing appropriate clothing can be considered unprofessional.
6. After choosing / Having chosen your outfit, ask for a second opinion.
7. Not being very experienced with interviews, young people might not be the best ones to give advice.
8. (When) commuting to the interview, make sure you have enough time.
9. (When) arriving at the office, remember that first impressions are everything.
10. Some of the questions asked may seem strange and irrelevant.
11. The person interviewing you just wants to see how you react.
12. (When) answering the questions, remember to sound positive and enthusiastic.
13. Looking for a motivated employee, the employer will expect you to have questions for them.
14. (When) asked about their line of business, the employers know the applicant has prepared for the interview.
15. The applicant chosen for the job often has both qualifications and great social skills.
16. Applicants not hired should stay optimistic and try again as many times as needed.
October 30th, 2025
HW ex. 20 p. 182, ex. 8a & 8b p. 85, ex. 8c p. 86
aware of: Are you aware of it?
afraid of: Are you afraid of death?
awake: I was awake.
asleep: He fell asleep.
ashamed of: I was ashamed of my behavior.
ajar: The door was ajar.
afloat: The majority of the plastic stays afloat.
ablaze: The house was ablaze. = Talo oli ilmiliekeissä.
on Capital Letters:
1. I always capitalized
Who am I?
2. weekdays
I come to school on Monday.
What are you going to do on Saturday?
3. months
I was born in August.
Sibelius was born on the eighth of December.
4. languages
I speak Finnish. Do you speak Swedish?
He speaks Dari.
5. nationalities
I am Finnish. I am a Finn. He is Dutch. He is a Dutchman. Fernando is Spanish. He is a Spaniard.
6. holidays
What are you going to at Christmas?
Do we celebrate Halloween? All Saints' Day
Do we celebrate Thanksgiving here in Finland?
When do we have Easter next year?
7. religions
Christianity / Islam / Hinduism / Judaism / Buddhism
8. political / religious stands
He is a Muslim.
J. F. Kennedy was a Roman Catholic.
He is Jewish. He is a Jew.
He is a Republican/ a Democrat / a Conservative.
9. geographical names
Lake Erie
Lake Ladoga
the Arctic Circle = pohjoinen napapiiri
the North Pole
the Equator = päiväntasaaja
the Atlantic (Ocean)
the Indian Ocean
the Baltic Sea
the Mediterranean (Sea)
the Red Sea
the Golden Gate Bridge
10. ships
When did the Titanic sink? The Titanic sank on April 15th, 1912.
11. magazines & newspapers
Newsweek
Time
the Daily Mail
the Economist
12. titles
When did Prince Philip die?
Reverend Jastram
Father Brown
President Kennedy
President Stubb
Queen Mary
When did Lady Diana die?
Dame Kiri
Sir Elton
Have you ever seen the Queen / the Pope?
13. close relatives
My Mom is a good cook.
Uncle Martti
Aunt Liisa
Grandma / Grandpa
14. monotheistic God
Do you believe in God?
God in all His power
15. institutions
the Houses of Parliament
the House of Lords / the House of Commons
the Church of England
the Government
16. historical periods
How long did the Middle Ages last?
the Renaissance
the Stone Age
the Bronze Age
the Second World War
the First World War
The Winter War lasted for 105 days.
the Gulf War
17. important words are capitalized in the names of the plays, books, operas...
The Taming of the Shrew (Kuinka äkäpussi kesytetään)
Have you seen The Death of a Salesman? (Kauppamatkustajan kuolema)
Much Ado about Nothing (Paljon melua tyhjästä)
The Horseman by Aulis Sallinen is a wonderful opera. (Ratsumies)
aware of: Are you aware of it?
afraid of: Are you afraid of death?
awake: I was awake.
asleep: He fell asleep.
ashamed of: I was ashamed of my behavior.
ajar: The door was ajar.
afloat: The majority of the plastic stays afloat.
ablaze: The house was ablaze. = Talo oli ilmiliekeissä.
on Capital Letters:
1. I always capitalized
Who am I?
2. weekdays
I come to school on Monday.
What are you going to do on Saturday?
3. months
I was born in August.
Sibelius was born on the eighth of December.
4. languages
I speak Finnish. Do you speak Swedish?
He speaks Dari.
5. nationalities
I am Finnish. I am a Finn. He is Dutch. He is a Dutchman. Fernando is Spanish. He is a Spaniard.
6. holidays
What are you going to at Christmas?
Do we celebrate Halloween? All Saints' Day
Do we celebrate Thanksgiving here in Finland?
When do we have Easter next year?
7. religions
Christianity / Islam / Hinduism / Judaism / Buddhism
8. political / religious stands
He is a Muslim.
J. F. Kennedy was a Roman Catholic.
He is Jewish. He is a Jew.
He is a Republican/ a Democrat / a Conservative.
9. geographical names
Lake Erie
Lake Ladoga
the Arctic Circle = pohjoinen napapiiri
the North Pole
the Equator = päiväntasaaja
the Atlantic (Ocean)
the Indian Ocean
the Baltic Sea
the Mediterranean (Sea)
the Red Sea
the Golden Gate Bridge
10. ships
When did the Titanic sink? The Titanic sank on April 15th, 1912.
11. magazines & newspapers
Newsweek
Time
the Daily Mail
the Economist
12. titles
When did Prince Philip die?
Reverend Jastram
Father Brown
President Kennedy
President Stubb
Queen Mary
When did Lady Diana die?
Dame Kiri
Sir Elton
Have you ever seen the Queen / the Pope?
13. close relatives
My Mom is a good cook.
Uncle Martti
Aunt Liisa
Grandma / Grandpa
14. monotheistic God
Do you believe in God?
God in all His power
15. institutions
the Houses of Parliament
the House of Lords / the House of Commons
the Church of England
the Government
16. historical periods
How long did the Middle Ages last?
the Renaissance
the Stone Age
the Bronze Age
the Second World War
the First World War
The Winter War lasted for 105 days.
the Gulf War
17. important words are capitalized in the names of the plays, books, operas...
The Taming of the Shrew (Kuinka äkäpussi kesytetään)
Have you seen The Death of a Salesman? (Kauppamatkustajan kuolema)
Much Ado about Nothing (Paljon melua tyhjästä)
The Horseman by Aulis Sallinen is a wonderful opera. (Ratsumies)
October 30th, 2025
exercise 19 Add the missing commas. Listen to the story and then read it aloud.
Cuteness overload? Have a look at some photographs, which were provided by Mark Taylor at Warren Photographic, featuring adorable animals such as kittens, rabbits, puppies, dogs(,) and even deer that have matching fur. In an interview(,) Mark Taylor told reporters that it had been his mother who had come up with the idea. Since then(,) Taylor and his mother have photographed countless animal companions that have similar fur. Most of the photos, which are really lovely, can be seen online on his webpage. After being asked how he gets them to stay still, which any pet owner knows is the most difficult bit, Mark said, “We have a talented animal handler who’s good at getting animals to sit still. We just have to take the pictures, which is much easier."
Cuteness overload? Have a look at some photographs, which were provided by Mark Taylor at Warren Photographic, featuring adorable animals such as kittens, rabbits, puppies, dogs(,) and even deer that have matching fur. In an interview(,) Mark Taylor told reporters that it had been his mother who had come up with the idea. Since then(,) Taylor and his mother have photographed countless animal companions that have similar fur. Most of the photos, which are really lovely, can be seen online on his webpage. After being asked how he gets them to stay still, which any pet owner knows is the most difficult bit, Mark said, “We have a talented animal handler who’s good at getting animals to sit still. We just have to take the pictures, which is much easier."
November 4th, 2025
HW ex. 8d p. 86, ex. 21 p. 187
1. varsinaiset apuverbit: BE, DO & HAVE
1. BE
a) KESTOMUOTOJEN APUVERBI: BE + -ing
What are you doing? I am studying.
When I was going home, my phone rang.
He has been living in Finland since 2015.
b) PASSIIVIN APUVERBI: BE + teeman 3. muoto
This building was built in 1927.
A new bridge is being built.
2. DO
a) kysymysten apuverbi preesensissä & imperfektissä
Do you study Russian?
Does he often come here?
Did you hear the news yesterday?
b) kiellot preesensissä & imperfektissä
I don't like Mr Smith.
Marc doesn't live in Finland anymore.
Matti didn't come to school yesterday.
3. HAVE
a) perfektin apuverbi
Have you ever been to New York City?
Aisha has been living in the UK since 2014.
b) pluskvamperfektin apuverbi
After I had read the paper, I went to the gym.
It had been raining cats and dogs before we decided to go abroad.
2. vaillinaiset apuverbit
will / would
1.
a) I futuurin apuverbi: Teemu will go to the grave next week as he did this week.
kestomuoto: Will you be taking care of my children this coming weekend?
II futuuri: Hjallis will have reached Sydney by Thursday. = Hjallis on saavuttanut Sydneyn torstaihin mennessä.
b) would = konditionaalin apuverbi
I konditionaalie: I would go to Australia if I had money and time.
II konditionaali: I would have gone to Australia if I had had money and time.
shall / should
may / might
can / could
must
need (voi käyttää apuverbinä tai tavallisena verbinä)
dare (voi käyttää apuverbinä tai tavallisena verbinä)
analyze (AmE)
analyse (BrE)
honor (AmE)
honour (BrE)
1. varsinaiset apuverbit: BE, DO & HAVE
1. BE
a) KESTOMUOTOJEN APUVERBI: BE + -ing
What are you doing? I am studying.
When I was going home, my phone rang.
He has been living in Finland since 2015.
b) PASSIIVIN APUVERBI: BE + teeman 3. muoto
This building was built in 1927.
A new bridge is being built.
2. DO
a) kysymysten apuverbi preesensissä & imperfektissä
Do you study Russian?
Does he often come here?
Did you hear the news yesterday?
b) kiellot preesensissä & imperfektissä
I don't like Mr Smith.
Marc doesn't live in Finland anymore.
Matti didn't come to school yesterday.
3. HAVE
a) perfektin apuverbi
Have you ever been to New York City?
Aisha has been living in the UK since 2014.
b) pluskvamperfektin apuverbi
After I had read the paper, I went to the gym.
It had been raining cats and dogs before we decided to go abroad.
2. vaillinaiset apuverbit
will / would
1.
a) I futuurin apuverbi: Teemu will go to the grave next week as he did this week.
kestomuoto: Will you be taking care of my children this coming weekend?
II futuuri: Hjallis will have reached Sydney by Thursday. = Hjallis on saavuttanut Sydneyn torstaihin mennessä.
b) would = konditionaalin apuverbi
I konditionaalie: I would go to Australia if I had money and time.
II konditionaali: I would have gone to Australia if I had had money and time.
shall / should
may / might
can / could
must
need (voi käyttää apuverbinä tai tavallisena verbinä)
dare (voi käyttää apuverbinä tai tavallisena verbinä)
analyze (AmE)
analyse (BrE)
honor (AmE)
honour (BrE)
Teksti
exercise 20 Add the missing capital letters to the story.
The explorers who first discovered Yosemite National Park promoted a park bill in Washington in late 1871 and early 1872. The Yosemite Act of 1864 was a good starting point. It had banned settlement in Yosemite Valley and entrusted it to the care of California officials. Elsewhere in the US, the wonders of Yellowstone, which were shown through Jackson’s photographs, Moran’s paintings and Elliot’s sketches, had sparked interest in Congress. Therefore, it didn't come as a surprise that the United States Congress founded Yellowstone National Park in 1872. On a spring Friday, March 1, 1872, President Ulysses S. Grant signed the Yellowstone National Park Protection Act into law. The national parks became an American invention and Yellowstone the world’s first national park.
The explorers who first discovered Yosemite National Park promoted a park bill in Washington in late 1871 and early 1872. The Yosemite Act of 1864 was a good starting point. It had banned settlement in Yosemite Valley and entrusted it to the care of California officials. Elsewhere in the US, the wonders of Yellowstone, which were shown through Jackson’s photographs, Moran’s paintings and Elliot’s sketches, had sparked interest in Congress. Therefore, it didn't come as a surprise that the United States Congress founded Yellowstone National Park in 1872. On a spring Friday, March 1, 1872, President Ulysses S. Grant signed the Yellowstone National Park Protection Act into law. The national parks became an American invention and Yellowstone the world’s first national park.
Teksti
exercise 8a Explain how the following figures tie in with the text.
1. In the earth's waters, there are more than 22,000 fish species.
2. Nearly double the number of fish species, 44,000, is the approximate number of different species of crustaceans.
3. There are 18 types of seal, and 17 types of penguin on Earth.
4. Throughout the ocean, there are 5.25 trillion pieces of discarded plastic.
5. Eight million tons of waste plastic are dumped by humans into the earth's water system every year.
6. For 70 years or so that plastic has been a fixture in consumer society.
7. Boyan Slat is a 23-year-old inventor developing a system to clean up oceans.
8. In 2010 Boyan Slat took a diving class in Lesbos and was shocked by the level of plastic pollution in the water.
9. In 2012 Slat started a university degree in aerospace engineering.
10. 97 percent of all of the plastic in the ocean consists of big pieces of plastic.
exercise 8b Spot the phrase. How were these expressed in the text?
1. more than 22,000 fish species
2. double that amount
3. in all shapes and all sizes
4. according to conservative estimates
5. the Pacific
6. succumbing to the conditions
7. mistake them for food
8. an obvious solution to all this
9. at best … at worst
10. the Netherlands
11. if all goes to plan
12. twice the size of
13. one of the planet's greatest puzzles
exercise 8c Fill in the blanks. Use the words and phrase from the previous exercise to help you.
1. Imagine a landfill more than twice the size of France floating in the middle of the Pacific (Ocean). That is the Garbage Patch, a swirling vortex of plastic 2. Over 8 million tons of plastic is dumped into the seas every year, and double that amount is likely to be discarded in the next ten to fifteen years. 3. Plastic pollution comes in all shapes and sizes: from garden furniture and plastic bags to microbeads in toothpaste and cosmetics. 4. 30% of plastic packaging isn't recyclable or reusable and is headed to landfills at best – and, at worst, to our lakes, rivers and oceans. 5. According to estimates, within the next thirty years, oceans will carry more plastic than fish. 6. More than 1,000 fish species are at risk of extinction. 7. By 2050, 99% of seabirds will have ingested microplastic by having eaten fish that have mistaken plastic for food. 8. One of the greatest puzzles of our time is how to change the direction in which we are heading. 9. A young inventor from the Netherlands will not succumb to the current conditions but has rolled up his sleeves and is trying to find a solution to the problem. 10. If all goes to plan we might see some positive results in the near future.
1. In the earth's waters, there are more than 22,000 fish species.
2. Nearly double the number of fish species, 44,000, is the approximate number of different species of crustaceans.
3. There are 18 types of seal, and 17 types of penguin on Earth.
4. Throughout the ocean, there are 5.25 trillion pieces of discarded plastic.
5. Eight million tons of waste plastic are dumped by humans into the earth's water system every year.
6. For 70 years or so that plastic has been a fixture in consumer society.
7. Boyan Slat is a 23-year-old inventor developing a system to clean up oceans.
8. In 2010 Boyan Slat took a diving class in Lesbos and was shocked by the level of plastic pollution in the water.
9. In 2012 Slat started a university degree in aerospace engineering.
10. 97 percent of all of the plastic in the ocean consists of big pieces of plastic.
exercise 8b Spot the phrase. How were these expressed in the text?
1. more than 22,000 fish species
2. double that amount
3. in all shapes and all sizes
4. according to conservative estimates
5. the Pacific
6. succumbing to the conditions
7. mistake them for food
8. an obvious solution to all this
9. at best … at worst
10. the Netherlands
11. if all goes to plan
12. twice the size of
13. one of the planet's greatest puzzles
exercise 8c Fill in the blanks. Use the words and phrase from the previous exercise to help you.
1. Imagine a landfill more than twice the size of France floating in the middle of the Pacific (Ocean). That is the Garbage Patch, a swirling vortex of plastic 2. Over 8 million tons of plastic is dumped into the seas every year, and double that amount is likely to be discarded in the next ten to fifteen years. 3. Plastic pollution comes in all shapes and sizes: from garden furniture and plastic bags to microbeads in toothpaste and cosmetics. 4. 30% of plastic packaging isn't recyclable or reusable and is headed to landfills at best – and, at worst, to our lakes, rivers and oceans. 5. According to estimates, within the next thirty years, oceans will carry more plastic than fish. 6. More than 1,000 fish species are at risk of extinction. 7. By 2050, 99% of seabirds will have ingested microplastic by having eaten fish that have mistaken plastic for food. 8. One of the greatest puzzles of our time is how to change the direction in which we are heading. 9. A young inventor from the Netherlands will not succumb to the current conditions but has rolled up his sleeves and is trying to find a solution to the problem. 10. If all goes to plan we might see some positive results in the near future.
November 6th, 2025
shall / should
a. Shall I open the window?
Shall we go?
b. should = pitäisi
I konditionaali: I should do my homework.
II konditionaali: I should have done homework
may / might:
a. May I help you? You may go now.
b. might = saattaisi
I konditionaali: He might come if he had time.
II konditionaali: He might have come if he had had time.
can / could
a. Can you speak French? She can knit.
b. 1. can-verbin imperfekti
He could sing before he could talk.
b. could = voisi
I konditionaali: He could sing if he were asked to do so.
II konditionaali: He could have sung if he had been asked to do so.
must:
I must go now. We mustn't smoke here.
need
dare
ERIKOISMERKITYKSET:
will: 1. Boys will be boys. Pojat ovat poikia. Accidents will happen. TAIPUMUS
2. Coffee stains will not come out easily. = Kahvitahrat eivät tahdo millään lähteä. ITSEPINTAISUUS
3. Grandma will sit by the window for hours. = on tapana / NYKYINEN TAPA
4. You may remain seated if you will. HALUAMINEN
would:
1. Grandma would sit by the window for hours. Isoäidillä OLI TAPANA...
2. If you would be so kind as not to mention this to anybody, I would be so grateful. MATELEVA HALUKKUUS
BE:
1. be to do s-g: President Stubb is to give a speech tonight. = on määrä pitää puhe / on pitävä puheen
Aleksis Kivi was to die young. = oli kuoleva
2. be about to do s-g: = olla tekemäisillään jtkn "The test is about to begin soon. Listen straight through."
I am about faint soon. = Olen pyörtymäisilläni.
DO:
1. korostava DO: They do talk much. I do love you. He does love his wife. = He really loves his wife.
2. REAGOIVA / KORVAAVA DO: Who wants ice-cream? - I do.
I heard an awful noise last night. - So did I. = Niin minäkin.
I don't like scary movies. Neither / Nor do I. = En minäkään.
You lived in the Bronx, didn't you?
You didn't live in Brooklyn, did you?
HAVE:
1. pyytää jtk tekemään jtkn: I'll have a doctor check / examine my eyes. = I'll ask a doctor to check my eyes. I'll have my secretary book the flights.
HAVE + a person + perusmuoto l. infinitiivi
2. I'll have the painting framed somewhere.
I had my bike repaired. = korjautin pyöräni.
I'll have to have my hair cut.
have + s-g (eloton; ei-ihminen) + teeman 3. muoto
a. Shall I open the window?
Shall we go?
b. should = pitäisi
I konditionaali: I should do my homework.
II konditionaali: I should have done homework
may / might:
a. May I help you? You may go now.
b. might = saattaisi
I konditionaali: He might come if he had time.
II konditionaali: He might have come if he had had time.
can / could
a. Can you speak French? She can knit.
b. 1. can-verbin imperfekti
He could sing before he could talk.
b. could = voisi
I konditionaali: He could sing if he were asked to do so.
II konditionaali: He could have sung if he had been asked to do so.
must:
I must go now. We mustn't smoke here.
need
dare
ERIKOISMERKITYKSET:
will: 1. Boys will be boys. Pojat ovat poikia. Accidents will happen. TAIPUMUS
2. Coffee stains will not come out easily. = Kahvitahrat eivät tahdo millään lähteä. ITSEPINTAISUUS
3. Grandma will sit by the window for hours. = on tapana / NYKYINEN TAPA
4. You may remain seated if you will. HALUAMINEN
would:
1. Grandma would sit by the window for hours. Isoäidillä OLI TAPANA...
2. If you would be so kind as not to mention this to anybody, I would be so grateful. MATELEVA HALUKKUUS
BE:
1. be to do s-g: President Stubb is to give a speech tonight. = on määrä pitää puhe / on pitävä puheen
Aleksis Kivi was to die young. = oli kuoleva
2. be about to do s-g: = olla tekemäisillään jtkn "The test is about to begin soon. Listen straight through."
I am about faint soon. = Olen pyörtymäisilläni.
DO:
1. korostava DO: They do talk much. I do love you. He does love his wife. = He really loves his wife.
2. REAGOIVA / KORVAAVA DO: Who wants ice-cream? - I do.
I heard an awful noise last night. - So did I. = Niin minäkin.
I don't like scary movies. Neither / Nor do I. = En minäkään.
You lived in the Bronx, didn't you?
You didn't live in Brooklyn, did you?
HAVE:
1. pyytää jtk tekemään jtkn: I'll have a doctor check / examine my eyes. = I'll ask a doctor to check my eyes. I'll have my secretary book the flights.
HAVE + a person + perusmuoto l. infinitiivi
2. I'll have the painting framed somewhere.
I had my bike repaired. = korjautin pyöräni.
I'll have to have my hair cut.
have + s-g (eloton; ei-ihminen) + teeman 3. muoto
Teksti
exercise 8d Translate the sentences, and then ask and answer them with a partner.
. Give / List the names of all the marine species that you know in English.
2. What is a major component in oceans that doesn’t belong there? Why is it hazardous?
3. How much waste plastic do people / humans dump / throw into our waters / waterways annually / every year? Why do they do that?
4. Should we succumb to the position / fact that it is impossible to rid the oceans of rubbish? Why / Why not?
5. Have you noticed the effect of the broken-window theory on people’s behaviour? Do you yourself act that way?
. Give / List the names of all the marine species that you know in English.
2. What is a major component in oceans that doesn’t belong there? Why is it hazardous?
3. How much waste plastic do people / humans dump / throw into our waters / waterways annually / every year? Why do they do that?
4. Should we succumb to the position / fact that it is impossible to rid the oceans of rubbish? Why / Why not?
5. Have you noticed the effect of the broken-window theory on people’s behaviour? Do you yourself act that way?
November 11th, 2025
Everyone is (supposed) to hand in their composition by Monday.
What am I supposed to do with my life?
I should have a psychiatrist examine my head.
I should have my head examined. (by a psychiatrist)
the Member of Parliament = the MP
The speech was just about to begin...
Minulla oli tapana juoda kolme kuppia kahvia.
1. I used to drink three cups of coffee.
2. I WOULD DRINK three cups of coffee.
3. I had a habit of drinking three cups of coffee.
4. I was in the habit of drinking three cups of coffee.
5. I usually drank three cups of coffee.
What am I supposed to do with my life?
I should have a psychiatrist examine my head.
I should have my head examined. (by a psychiatrist)
the Member of Parliament = the MP
The speech was just about to begin...
Minulla oli tapana juoda kolme kuppia kahvia.
1. I used to drink three cups of coffee.
2. I WOULD DRINK three cups of coffee.
3. I had a habit of drinking three cups of coffee.
4. I was in the habit of drinking three cups of coffee.
5. I usually drank three cups of coffee.
Teksti
shall:
Shall I close the door?
Shall we go...?
1. Thou Shalt Not Kill. = Sinun ei pidä tappaman. = Älä tapa.
2. You shall get your money back. LUPAUS
3. You shall perish. UHKAUS
They shall hear from me.
SHOULD
1. should = pitäisi
I should do my homework.
2. If someone should call me while I am gone tell them that I'll be back on Monday.
= Should someone call me...
= Jos joku sattuisi soittamaan minulle...
3. mielipidettä tai tunnetta ilmaisevien sanontojen jälkeen sivulauseessa should
It is a pity you should think so.
it is strange / it is interesting / it is a shame
It is strange you should mention it.
It is a shame he should lose his job.
4. tiettyjen adjektiivien jälkeen sivulauseessa should
it is necessary / it is essential / it is important / it is vital / it is better
It is necessary that everybody should have a job.
5. tiettyjen verbien jälkeen should
It was decided that Henry should be sent to Brussels.
suggest / agree / recommend / insist / request / propose
I suggest you should stay here.
They suggest he (should) be sent to Washington D.C. (amerikan englannissa subjunktiivi, joka on infinitiivin näköinen)
Shall I close the door?
Shall we go...?
1. Thou Shalt Not Kill. = Sinun ei pidä tappaman. = Älä tapa.
2. You shall get your money back. LUPAUS
3. You shall perish. UHKAUS
They shall hear from me.
SHOULD
1. should = pitäisi
I should do my homework.
2. If someone should call me while I am gone tell them that I'll be back on Monday.
= Should someone call me...
= Jos joku sattuisi soittamaan minulle...
3. mielipidettä tai tunnetta ilmaisevien sanontojen jälkeen sivulauseessa should
It is a pity you should think so.
it is strange / it is interesting / it is a shame
It is strange you should mention it.
It is a shame he should lose his job.
4. tiettyjen adjektiivien jälkeen sivulauseessa should
it is necessary / it is essential / it is important / it is vital / it is better
It is necessary that everybody should have a job.
5. tiettyjen verbien jälkeen should
It was decided that Henry should be sent to Brussels.
suggest / agree / recommend / insist / request / propose
I suggest you should stay here.
They suggest he (should) be sent to Washington D.C. (amerikan englannissa subjunktiivi, joka on infinitiivin näköinen)
Teksti
exercise 21 Work with a partner. Translate using auxiliary verb structures.
1. Stop arguing. I am about to lose my temper.
2. What were you about to say before I interrupted you?
3. Everyone is to hand in their composition by Monday.
4. Liam didn’t want to go hiking and neither did I.
5. Five years ago I would drink three cups of coffee in the morning.
6. I would be very grateful if you would kindly help me with
these boxes.
7. Funny you should ask that! I was just about to tell you what happened yesterday.
8. Dare I even ask / Do I even dare to ask how your interview went?
9. How dare you tell me what to do!
10. You should have that cut checked/examined by a doctor. / You should have a doctor examine / check that cut.
11. I’ll have my friend drive / take me to the hospital. / I'll ask/get my friend to drive/take me to the hospital.
12. We need to have that broken window repaired / fixed as soon as possible.
exercise 22 Fill in the sentences using auxiliary verb structures.
1. What I am about to tell you might come as a surprise.
2. Yesterday when I was about to leave for work, I made a decision.
3. For a few years now I’ve thought about having / getting my house appraised.
4. I have already decided to have my neighbour sell / get/ask my neighbour to sell it because she used to work as a real estate agent.
5. As I was about to step out the door, the cold breeze made me shiver.
6. I wasn’t going to have my health jeopardized by this miserable weather anymore.
7. I decided I was going to have my boss relocate me / get/ask my boss to relocate me to another country where the weather conditions aren’t quite so unbearable.
8. I think it’s only fair and I expect to have my demands heard very soon.
9. That is why I’m about to pack all my belongings and sell my house this week.
10. What do you mean I should have / get my head examined?
exercise 23 More advanced. Translate using auxiliaries.
1. The MP was to give a speech at the library.
2. The speech was about to begin/start when suddenly / all of a sudden there was a power cut / blackout.
3. Had the organizers forgotten to have the electric appliances checked?
4. Every time / Whenever I was in charge of an event, I would check everything at least five times.
5. The organizers should always have experts take care of the sound system / have the sound system taken care of by experts.
6. If anything should go wrong / Should anything go wrong, an expert would be able to / know how to fix / solve the problem.
7. I (will) get annoyed quite easily if something is important to me.
8. I was about to leave / go when the power / electricity finally came back on.
9. Otherwise I would have had the organizers reschedule the event.
10. I needn’t have worried that I wouldn’t hear the MP’s speech.
1. Stop arguing. I am about to lose my temper.
2. What were you about to say before I interrupted you?
3. Everyone is to hand in their composition by Monday.
4. Liam didn’t want to go hiking and neither did I.
5. Five years ago I would drink three cups of coffee in the morning.
6. I would be very grateful if you would kindly help me with
these boxes.
7. Funny you should ask that! I was just about to tell you what happened yesterday.
8. Dare I even ask / Do I even dare to ask how your interview went?
9. How dare you tell me what to do!
10. You should have that cut checked/examined by a doctor. / You should have a doctor examine / check that cut.
11. I’ll have my friend drive / take me to the hospital. / I'll ask/get my friend to drive/take me to the hospital.
12. We need to have that broken window repaired / fixed as soon as possible.
exercise 22 Fill in the sentences using auxiliary verb structures.
1. What I am about to tell you might come as a surprise.
2. Yesterday when I was about to leave for work, I made a decision.
3. For a few years now I’ve thought about having / getting my house appraised.
4. I have already decided to have my neighbour sell / get/ask my neighbour to sell it because she used to work as a real estate agent.
5. As I was about to step out the door, the cold breeze made me shiver.
6. I wasn’t going to have my health jeopardized by this miserable weather anymore.
7. I decided I was going to have my boss relocate me / get/ask my boss to relocate me to another country where the weather conditions aren’t quite so unbearable.
8. I think it’s only fair and I expect to have my demands heard very soon.
9. That is why I’m about to pack all my belongings and sell my house this week.
10. What do you mean I should have / get my head examined?
exercise 23 More advanced. Translate using auxiliaries.
1. The MP was to give a speech at the library.
2. The speech was about to begin/start when suddenly / all of a sudden there was a power cut / blackout.
3. Had the organizers forgotten to have the electric appliances checked?
4. Every time / Whenever I was in charge of an event, I would check everything at least five times.
5. The organizers should always have experts take care of the sound system / have the sound system taken care of by experts.
6. If anything should go wrong / Should anything go wrong, an expert would be able to / know how to fix / solve the problem.
7. I (will) get annoyed quite easily if something is important to me.
8. I was about to leave / go when the power / electricity finally came back on.
9. Otherwise I would have had the organizers reschedule the event.
10. I needn’t have worried that I wouldn’t hear the MP’s speech.
November 13th, 2025
sulphur = rikki
ozone depletion = otsonikato
On (the) one hand, I am absent-minded, on the other hand, I am meticulous.
except for = apart from
Everybody came except for / apart from Matthew.
Despite global warming, we should keep up our spirits.
= In spite of global warming, we should keep up our spirits.
As for me, the world is a sad place. = As to me,... = When it comes to me,... = As far as I am concerned,...
As for President Stubb, Europe should discuss some matters with President Putin. = As to President Stubb, ... = When it comes to President Stubb, ... = As far as President Stubb is concerned, ...
at any rate / in any case / anyway / anyhow = joka tapauksessa
They threw stones at him.
He threw a stone at him.
It is not polite to laugh at other people.
NB!
She smiled at me.
on foot = jalkaisin
I did it on purpose. = deliberately
ozone depletion = otsonikato
On (the) one hand, I am absent-minded, on the other hand, I am meticulous.
except for = apart from
Everybody came except for / apart from Matthew.
Despite global warming, we should keep up our spirits.
= In spite of global warming, we should keep up our spirits.
As for me, the world is a sad place. = As to me,... = When it comes to me,... = As far as I am concerned,...
As for President Stubb, Europe should discuss some matters with President Putin. = As to President Stubb, ... = When it comes to President Stubb, ... = As far as President Stubb is concerned, ...
at any rate / in any case / anyway / anyhow = joka tapauksessa
They threw stones at him.
He threw a stone at him.
It is not polite to laugh at other people.
NB!
She smiled at me.
on foot = jalkaisin
I did it on purpose. = deliberately
Teksti
exercise 24 Choose the best alternative. What should you do if you met a bear 1. by accident? Aren't they mainly active 2. by night? So, thanks 3. to your different schedules, meeting one isn't even very likely, is it? 4. On the whole, meeting a bear isn't very common these days. But however unlikely meeting one might seem, 5. in my opinion it doesn't hurt to be prepared. 6. To my mind, running might be the reaction most people have the first time they come face to face with a bear. Indeed, the first time I saw a bear up close with two friends, we 7. by no means remembered to follow protocol. All the advice we had been given seemed to have been 8. in vain. We bolted simultaneously, in a desperate effort to save our own skin. There was no help 9. at hand. After 150 metres we stopped to catch our breath, legs like jelly. Regardless 10. of our fear, we turned back and saw a big old black bear licking a jar of maple syrup. It had only been a warning charge, and we had learnt our lesson. Bears can run as fast as a racehorse on open, flat ground, so owing 11. to their speed, running and provoking a bear to chase you is not the best option. You are better off shouting 12. in a loud voice. Or playing dead.
exercise 25 Fill in the missing prepositional phrases. 1. There’s an ever-growing number of people who have lost trust in scientists, professors and academics for good. 2. Are you one of them, by chance? 3. What these people reject is a fact that was established on average hundreds of years ago. 4. At a glance their claim seems outrageous. 5. Would you support the flat Earth conspiracy theory in public / publicly? 6. In brief / In short, the earth being a spinning ball is central to our satellite-reliant electronics. 7. In spite of / Despite it being such a weird claim, some people actually believe that the earth is flat. 8. To my horror, I realized that my best friend was one of them. 9. As for me / As to me / As far as I am concerned / As far as I'm concerned, I don't believe in the flat earth conspiracy theory. 10. On no account can the theory be true since days, nights and how long they last can only be explained by the Earth being round. 11. In theory, anything is open to question. 12. However, nothing could have prepared me for the arguments of the flat-Earthers in advance / beforehand.
exercise 27 Fill in the missing prepositions. Wolverines are elusive animals 1. for a reason. Once nearly hunted to extinction for their fur, it's no wonder they seem to want to hide from us 2. on purpose. They are also typically elusive 3. by nature. 4. To my surprise, I learnt wolverines have rebounded from the brink of extinction and aren't 5. at all in danger of dying out these days. 6. In any case, you hardly ever meet one, and much about them remains mysterious apart 7. from a few facts that we know for sure.
exercise 25 Fill in the missing prepositional phrases. 1. There’s an ever-growing number of people who have lost trust in scientists, professors and academics for good. 2. Are you one of them, by chance? 3. What these people reject is a fact that was established on average hundreds of years ago. 4. At a glance their claim seems outrageous. 5. Would you support the flat Earth conspiracy theory in public / publicly? 6. In brief / In short, the earth being a spinning ball is central to our satellite-reliant electronics. 7. In spite of / Despite it being such a weird claim, some people actually believe that the earth is flat. 8. To my horror, I realized that my best friend was one of them. 9. As for me / As to me / As far as I am concerned / As far as I'm concerned, I don't believe in the flat earth conspiracy theory. 10. On no account can the theory be true since days, nights and how long they last can only be explained by the Earth being round. 11. In theory, anything is open to question. 12. However, nothing could have prepared me for the arguments of the flat-Earthers in advance / beforehand.
exercise 27 Fill in the missing prepositions. Wolverines are elusive animals 1. for a reason. Once nearly hunted to extinction for their fur, it's no wonder they seem to want to hide from us 2. on purpose. They are also typically elusive 3. by nature. 4. To my surprise, I learnt wolverines have rebounded from the brink of extinction and aren't 5. at all in danger of dying out these days. 6. In any case, you hardly ever meet one, and much about them remains mysterious apart 7. from a few facts that we know for sure.
Teksti
8. At present, wolverines live in boreal forests and tundras in North America, Europe and Asia. 9. To all appearances, these animals have evolved to deal with cold weather. 10. By means of their big paws that spread to twice their size when they hit the ground, they travel over snow. When they run 11. at full speed, they can go up to 30 mph! Wolverines aren't fussy eaters. 12. On the contrary, gulo gulo hunt live prey but also feed on any carcass they come across. They also eat vegetables and berries. 13. On account of their greediness, even frozen meat isn't a deterrent. 14. With regard to their teeth, they are so sharp and strong that they can even eat bones. Other animals, such as marmots and porcupines, are sometimes mistaken for wolverines when they are 15. in sight but further away. 16. In my opinion, wolverines are fascinating creatures.