Chapter 5.

2. Food chains
Examples:
1: pine - squirrel - pine marten
2: blueberry - the northern spinach butterfly - ground beetle - great tit- northern goshawk
3: lingonberry - black grouse - bear
4: silver birch - greenfly - willow warbler - pygmy owl - fox
5: stair-step moss - metsäpäästäinen - kanahaukka
6: blueberry - the northern spinach butterfly- red ant - bear

Experiment: Flower vase
Water travels through the flower's vascular tissue → the color of the plant changes.

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Chapter 9.

2. Snow
a) Snow hinders movement and buries the food of many animals.

b) Snow provides protection and insulation from the cold winter air.

3. Preparation for the winter
a) Blueberry: stores its chlorophyll, drops its leaves, sprigs survive the winter
b) Heather: overwinters without dropping its leaves
c) Pine: overwinters without dropping its leaves, closes its stomates
d) Aspen: stores its chlorophyll into its trunks and branches, drops its leaves
e) May lily: the rhizome survives as the visible part of the plant dies away
f) Small cow-wheat: annual plant that overwinters as seeds
g) Haircap moss: overwinters without dropping its leaves

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Chapter 12.

2. Food chains
Food chains always begin at the producer. In bogs, such producers are green plants such as mosses or sprigs.
The 1st degree consumer is a herbivore such as an insect larva or a small rodent.
The 2nd and 3rd degree consumers are predators, such as the peregrine falcon, the wolf, or the bear.

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Chapter 13.

B2. Explain the terms
a) fell summit: The bare, treeless top of a fell.
b) tree line: The elevation above which trees cannot grow. In fells, the tree line is located between the zones of mountain birch forest and tundra vegetation.
c) mountain birch: A subspecies or variation of the white birch that has adapted to the harsh conditions of fell slopes.