Chapter 1.

3.
a) In South America.
b) Argentina and Brasil.
c) Paraguay.
d) use the query "distance Asuncion Iguazu Falls"
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Chapter 2.

3. 
Denver: 39°45′43″N 104°52′52″W
Tokyo: 35°41′N 139°41′E
Cairo: 30°03′53″N, 31°14′58″E
Santiago (Chile): 33°27′S, 70°40′W
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Chapter 3.

1.
a) Space and all the substances and energy that are contained inside it.
b) A star system that consists of millions of stars and other celestial bodies.
c) The distance that a ray of light travels during a year. Approximately 9,5 billion kilometers. 
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Chapter 4.

2.
a) Our planet rotates around its axis, completing one rotation in 24 hours – as a result, any location on Earth will experience day when it faces the Sun and night when it faces away from the Sun.
b) When Earth orbits around the Sun, its axis maintains its 23,5 degree angle relative to the Sun. Because of this, the Northern hemisphere is occasionally tilted towards the Sun (summer) and away from the Sun (winter).
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Chapter 5.

2.
A. Distances between places:
a) Different atlases have different levels of accurary. Approximately 8 000 km. 
b) ~ 6 000 km.
c) ~ 900 km.
d) ~ 4 000 km.
B. Coordinates.
a) Manaus (Brazil): 3°S, 60°W.
b) Punta Arenas (Chile): 53°S, 70°W.
c) Caracasin (Venezuela): 10°N, 66°W
d) Guayaquil (Ecuador): 2°S, 79°W.

4.
b) Africa, Asia, North America.
d) Asia, Africa, North America.
e) Asia (~ 90 inhabitants per square kilometer).
f) Antarctica.
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Chapter 6.

3.
a) When molten rock or magma erupts from the Earth's mantle into the planet's surface. 
b) Because the two lithospheric plates that have formed continue their collision to this day.
c) An earthquake on the ocean floor sets the water moving, creating a large tidal wave known as a tsunami. 
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Chapter 8.

3.
a) Erosion is the wearing down of rock or soil as a result of exogenous processes such as wind or flowing water.
b) A delta is a triangular structure that forms near the mouth of the river as soil carried by the flowing water settles on the shoreline.
c) A dune is a structure that is formed by sand that has been carried by the wind.

4. / Google Maps assignment

LOCATION 1:
46.16276,8.78269
1. Delta.
2. The river has carried soil and other loose material towards its mouth.
3. Near the mouth of the river.
4. The habitation is concentrated around the river, avoiding its center.

LOCATION 2:
46.616667, 8.033333
1. In Switzerland.
2. They are U valleys that have formed as a result of glacial movement.

LOCATION 3:
49.278467,8.470363
1. The Rhine.
2. It varies a lot depending on rainfall in the catchment area, but is mostly quite slow.
3. Because the river has a large catchment area.
4. The river's water erodes the outer curve and piles up material in its outer curve. Rapidly flowing rivers do not meander. 
5. Oxbow lakes are formed when the river's channel decides to take a shortcut when the curves become too steep. 

LOCATION 4: 
"Seven sisters Sussex"
1. United Kingdom.
2. Limestone cliffs.
3. When the waves wear down the lower part of the cliffs, the higher part will eventually collapse. As a result, the cliffs retain their steep angle.

LOCATION 5:
50.917061,0.971164
1. They move and pile up sand on the shore.


LOCATION 6:
61.475497,6.845828
1. Norway.
2. Fjords.
3. They are U valleys formed as a result of glacial movement.

LOCATION 7:
57.997237,19.179523
1. The waves have worn down the rock so that only the hardest parts have remained untouched.

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Chapter 9.

2.
b) It has destroyed the slope of the mountain and caused significant damage to the town below it.
c) By constructing protective structures and by taking care of the slope's vegetation. suojarakennelmia, pitämällä kasvillisuudesta huolta.
e) In mountain ranges that receive a lot of rainfall.

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Chapter 11.

3.

Vegetation zone	Characteristics	Climate	Location
Tundra	No trees; grasses, mosses, lichens, some shrubs.	Frigid climate	E.g. on the coast of the Arctic Ocean.
Coniferous forest	Coniferous trees, shrubs.	Temperate climate with cold winters.	Between the latitudes 55-65 North in Eurasia and North America.
Temperate broadleaf forest	Broadleaf trees.	Temperate climate.	Western Europe, Southwest United States, East Asia.
Mediterranean vegetation or chaparral	Plants with small, waxy leaves.	Warm and dry summer, long and temperate winter.	Mediterranean region, California, also in Australia and Chile.
Temperate grassland	Grasses and bulbous plants.	Temperate climate with little precipitation.	The innermost parts of North America and Eurasia, some parts of Argentina.
Desert	Almost zero vegetation.	Warm or temperate climate with very low precipitation.	Sahara, the innermost parts of Asia and North America, etc.
Savanna	Grasses and some trees.	Kuuman ilmaston alueet, joissa 1-2 sadekautta.	Africa, South America, India.
Tropical rainforest	Lush, varied vegetation.	Warm, high precipitation.	Areas near the equator.
Mountain vegetation	Scarce vegetation: grasses, shrubs, lichens, mosses.	Cold alpine climate.	Areas of high elevation, such as mountain tops.

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Chapter 12.

2.
a) In the tropical zone, in areas near the oceans.
b) The formation of a tropical storm requires the warm water of an ocean.

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Chapter 13.

4.
a) Finland: A more temperate winter, more precipitation, higher sea levels, more extreme weather phenomena, new species radiating from the South, difficulties for native Finnish species, a short-term rise in agricultural production.

b) More extreme weather phenomena, predicting weather becomes more difficult, changes in the vegetation zones, some parts of the planet become inhabitable, refugees from inhabitable areas, higher sea level.

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Chapter 14.

a) Mangrove forest, coral reef.
b) Both environments are warm enough to accomodate a high variety of species. The producers of the mangrove forests are mostly trees, whereas those of the coral reefs are mostly symbiotic algae. 
c) Both are home to a great variety of species. Both are endangered by human activity.