2025-2026

SÄHKÖINEN KOE keskiviikkona 8.4.2026 klo 17.00 - 21.00 luokassa 31. Ota mukaan täyteenladattu kannettavasi, tarvittavat virtajohdot ja LANGALLISET KUULOKKEET mukaasi.

KOEALUE:

  1. Vocabulary:
  2. Text 3 Why we do what we do p. 26 – 35
  3. Text 5 The ubiquitous woman p. 42 – 53
  4. Text 6 Don’t bet on it p. 55 – 63
  5. Glossary: Traffic p. 24 - 25
  6. Glossary: Psychology p. 36 - 37
  7. Glossary: Science and technology p. 64 – 65
  8. Grammar:
  9. Infinitiivi, -ING-muoto & THAT-lause p. 152 – 170
  10. Paljoussanat p. 172 – 180
  11. Lukusanat ja ajanilmaukset p. 182 – 200
  12. LC = Listening Comprehension
  13. RC = Reading Comprehension
  14. Production (700 – 1,300 characters)

kurssiohjelma / course outline

ENA5 / ENGLISH / ADVANCED / NEW INSIGHTS MODULE 5 / SCHOOL YEAR 2025 – 2026 / PERIOD V

Töölön yhteiskoulun aikuislukio, Urheilukatu 10 - 12, 00250 Helsinki

Teacher: Erja H. Haaksluoto; e-mail: erja.haaksluoto@tyk.fi

Available for consultation: 1) before and after the lessons and 2) on Mondays at 20.05 - 20.45 hours (except NOT during the exam weeks) (= so-called KIELIKLINIKKA)

Book: Elina Karapalo – Paula Keltto – Mark Kilmer – Päivi Kuusivaara - Teijo Päkkilä – Annukka Suonio: New Insights Module 5 (Otava)

SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE: The theme of the course is TECHNOLOGY and SCIENCE. In grammar and structures we shall deal with important structures such as infinitives, ING-forms and THAT-clauses. We shall also take a close look at words of quantity, NUMBERS / NUMERALS and expressions of time.

We shall meet 11 (eleven) times on Mondays and Wednesdays at 17.00 – 18.20 in classroom 31 and also - if you choose so - on GoogleMeet online as follows:

The link is ALWAYS the same: meet.google.com/her-rxva-umj

 

  1. March 2, 2026: Introduction to the course; home assignment p. 145 - 147 // Text 3 Why we do what we do p. 28 / ex. 3a p. 30 // GRAMMAR: The infinitive p. 152 - 156 / ENGAGE p. 153 // Glossary: Traffic p. 24
  2. March 4, 2026: Translation B p. 25 // ex. 3b p. 30 & 3d p. 31 & 3e p. 32 & 3j p. 35 // Glossary: Psychology p. 36 - 37 // GRAMMAR: The infinitive p. 152 - 156
  3. March 9, 2026: GRAMMAR: The infinitive p. 152 - 156 // ex. 1 p. 157, ex. 2 p. 158, ex. 4 p. 159 & ex. 5 p. 160
  4. March 11, 2026: GRAMMAR: The infinitive or THAT-clause? p. 157 // ex. 6 p. 160 // Text 3 The ubiquitous woman p. 43 – 45
  5. March 16, 2026: Text 3 The ubiquitous woman p. 43 - 45 // GRAMMAR: The -ING form p. 163 – 165 // ex. 10 p. 167
  6. March 18, 2026: GRAMMAR: ex. 5a & ex. 5b p. 48 / ex. 5d p. 49 & ex. 5e p. 50 // GRAMMAR: The infinitive or ING-form p. 166 // ex. 12 p. 167 & ex. 14 p. 168
  7. March 23, 2026: ex. 16 p. 169 & ex. 17 p. 170 // GRAMMAR: Words of quantity p. 173 - 174 // ex. 18 & ex. 19 & ex. 20 p. 177
  8. March 25, 2026: ex. 21 & ex. 22 p. 178 & ex. 24 p. 179 // Text 6 Don’t bet on it p. 55 - 57 // ex. 23 ex. 24 p. 152 – 153 // Glossary: Science and technology p. 64 - 65
  9. March 30, 2026: ex. 24 p. 179 & ex. 25 & ex. 26 p. 180 // Text 6 Don’t bet on it p. 55 - 57 // GRAMMAR: Numbers and expressions of time p. 182 – 183 // GRAMMAR: Cardinal numbers p. 184 – 187
  10. April 1, 2026: GRAMMAR: Ordinal numbers p. 188 - 190 // GRAMMAR: Numbers in expressions of time p. 194 – 197
  11.  2026: ex. 30 p. 193 // ex. 33 p. 198 - 199 & ex. 34 p. 200

 

HOME ASSIGNMENT: WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT (700 - 1,300 characters): Write a composition of 700 - 1,300 characters on ONE of the topics on pages 145 - 147. DEADLINE: on March 23rd, 2026

DIGITAL EXAM in class room 31 on Wednesday, April 8th, 2026 at 17.00 – 21.00 hours:

The exam consists of the following parts:

1) listening comprehension test
2) written part: a) RC / reading comprehension b) MC / multiple choice c) Grammar: 1) infinitives, ING-forms and THAT-clauses, 2) words of quantity, 3) numbers / numerals 4) expressions of time
3) Translations and vocabulary on the texts that we have dealt with during the course
4) Composition of 700 – 1,300 characters

THE GRADE ON COURSE 5 CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING:

1) LC exam & written exam at 17.00 – 21.00 hours on April 8th, 2026
2) Home Assignment (+)
3) Activity during the lessons (+)

You will have your exams back on your e-mail, but I shall be available for questions in classroom 31, at 16.00 – 17.30 hours on Friday, April 24th, 2026.

RETAKE EXAM: at 17.00 – 20.05 hours on Friday, May 8th, 2026

= UUSINTAKOE, johon on ehdottomasti ilmoittauduttava etukäteen täyttämällä vaaleansininen lomake, jonka saa kansliasta, 2. krs. Lomake palautetaan kansliaan VIIMEISTÄÄN VIIKKOA ENNEN UUSINTAKOETTA eli viimeistään keskiviikkona 29.4.2026. Uusintakoelomakkeesta on nyt myös olemassa sähköinen lomake. Nettisivuilla on pdf, jonka voi suoraan täyttää ja lähettää liitetiedostona kansliaan. Lomake löytyy täältä: https://www.tyk.fi/aikuislukio/tietoa/lomakkeet/

 

March 2nd, 2026

HW: ex. A & B p. 25, ex. 3b p. 30, ex. 3d p. 31, ex. 3e p. 32

commit a crime = tehdä rikos

depend on s-g: It depends on you.
dependent on s-b: Young people are dependent on their parents.
dependence on s-g: His dependence on his parents was enormous.
independent (adj.)
independence (n.)
We have our Independence Day on December 6th.

juvenile (adj.)
juvenile delinquency (n.) = nuorisorikollisuus
He was a juvenile delinquent. = nuorisorikollinen

leniency (n.) = armollisuus
lenient (adj.) = armollinen

March 4th, 2026

HW: ex. 1 p.158, ex. 2 p. 158, ex. 4 p. 159

nova.otava.fi  (omat materiaalit)

TO-INFINITIVE:
1. subjektina
To love is to suffer.
2. predikatiivina
To love is to suffer.
3. pronominin kanssa
I don't have anyone to talk to.
Do we have something to eat?
I have nothing to do.
There is nothing to be done.
There was little to say.
4. substantiivin kanssa
I have an appointment to meet with my doctor tomorrow.
It is a pleasure to know you.
They had money to spend.
5. kysymyssanan kanssa
I don't know what to do.
He didn't know how to live his life.
She doesn't know whom to trust.
NB!
Why bother?
Why not toss the coin, Mr Corleone?
6. verbiin liittyy usein to-inf.
I want to go home.
He decided to leave us.
He tried to say something.
7. adjektiivin kanssa
He was anxious to go.
It is interesting to learn different languages.
I am happy to help you.
It was difficult for me to learn French.
8. lauseenvastikkeena
kun edellä on sana first, last, next, only
Who was the first person to fly in space?
Am I the only one to be invited?


I had a dysfunctional family.

a pedestrian = jalankulkija
accelerate (v.) = speed up = kiihdyttää
acceleration (n.) = kiihtyvyys

F = ma (= Force equals mass times accelation.) ( = Newton's secon law of motion) (Voima on massa kertaa kiihtyvyys.)

Teksti

Glossary: Traffic
exercise A. Replace the underlined words and phrases with near synonyms with the help of the glossary.
I'm giving up driving for good. From now on, I'm going to be 1. a pedestrian rather than a motorist. You see, I was approaching 2. a crossroads when I saw a deer standing quite near 3. the hard shoulder. I had just 4. accelerated to get across before the oncoming traffic. Imagine the shock I got! A few minutes earlier a huge lorry 5. had overtaken me too close and left me shaking in my boots. In the morning, I had suffered precious minutes in 6. congestion, seen 7. a multiple collision and witnessed how a guy in a huge car ignored 8. a yield sign only to cause 9. road rage in those who had been patiently waiting their turn. On top of it all, I was so exhausted by the end of the day that I failed to notice the gaping 10. pothole and bumped right into it hitting my head in the process. So, no more 11. exhaust fumes caused by me. I'm going to 12. be a back seat driver from now on, not go behind the wheel myself!

exercise B. Translate the following questions and comments. Then act out each situation with your partner. Your partner is a police officer and starts each discussion with you. Keep each conversation going for a few minutes. Take turns being the police officer.
1. Could I see your driving licence / driver's license, please?
2. Didn't you see the yield sign?
3. Why did you park your car / are you parked on the pavement/sidewalk?
4. You just went the wrong way in the roundabout.
5. Doesn't your speedometer work properly?
6. Why did you overtake/pass seven cars with only one hand on the steering wheel?
7. The local traffic wardens / traffic officers say that you have dozens of unpaid parking tickets.
8. Road rage endangers (the safety of) others / puts other road-users at risk.
9. Didn't you notice the pedestrian / zebra crossing or why didn't you stop your vehicle?
10. Where did you take your driver's ed(ucation) classes?

Teksti

exercise 3b Mark the following statements true or false. Then correct the false statements to make them true.
1. False Most people commit crimes when they are adolescents or young adults.
2. False The life-course-persistent offenders start to show problem behavior early on.
3. True 
4. True
5. False The maturity gap is when young people are biologically mature, but they are not allowed to do what adults do.
6. True

exercise 3d Match each word with its opposite from the wordlist. 1F, 2J, 3D, 4A, 5B, 6K, 7I, 8C, 9G, 10H, 11E

exercise 3e Spot the phrase. Put these phrases from the text into the sentence where they make the most sense. 1C, 2B, 3J, 4G, 5A, 6E, 7H, 8F, 9D, 10I

March 9th, 2026

HW: ex. 5 & 6 p. 160, ex. 7 p. 161; ex. A & B p. 37

nova.otava.fi  (omat materiaalit): tästä osoittteesta löydät mahdollisuuden esim. kuunnella kirjan tekstejä

self-worth = self-esteem

an insight into s-g = näkemys; tieto jhkn
She has a good insight into Canadian literature.

innate = inborn = synnynnäinen

Hamlet: "To be or not to be..."
I advised her never to leave him.

What are you busy doing? (adjektiivin kanssa yleensä to-infinitiivi, mutta bysy-adjektiivin kanssa -ing-muoto verbistä)
I am busy studying. He was busy reading books.

Why bother? (yleensä kysymyssanan kanssa to-infinitiivi, mutta why on poikkeus: sen kanssa infinitiivi ILMAN to-partikkelia)

exercises 1, 2 & 4 p. 157 - 159

1.2 Infinitiivi vai that-lause
exercise 1 Say the following sentences in English. 
1. I would like to meet famous inventors.
2. I want to understand how their minds work.
3. It must be interesting to study new things.
4. I wouldn’t know where to start.
5. I would give anything to be that smart.
6. Some people read books (in order) to become smarter.
7. Others need practice (in order) to learn.
8. My brother thinks physics is too difficult to understand.
9. I don’t know what to say to / tell him.
10. He has nobody to blame but himself.
11. He has never made any effort to study it.
12. He always says (that) he has other things to think about.
13. Somehow he has still managed to pass all his physics exams.
14. I have always done my best (in order) to succeed.

exercise 2 Say the following sentences in English. 
1. Our teacher made us go (to) see a play / forced us to go to a play.
2. However, she/he let us choose when.
3. I think we should see the play tonight.
4. We could go there a bit/little early.
5. Perhaps/Maybe we’ll see the actors come/coming to the theatre.
6. In fact, we had better leave right now.
7. I can hardly wait!
8. Didn’t you hear Sarah talk/talking about their experience?
9. They hoped to meet / that they could meet the actors after the play.
10. The actors had made them wait outside for two hours.
11. And the bodyguard didn’t even let them talk to the actors.
12. I think the same will happen to us so why bother.
13. At least I’d rather stay (at) home than wait outside in the cold.
14. Why do you say Sarah does nothing but complain?

exercise 4 Fill in with to or –. Here are a few facts you have always wanted to know about cars.
1. In Churchill, Canada, people leave their cars unlocked to offer an escape for pedestrians who might – see polar bears on the street. 2. In 2004, Oprah gave her audience free cars. In reality, the people had to pay 6000 dollars in taxes and many were made to take loans or sell the car to pay the taxes.
3. Norway doesn’t let advertisers – claim that a car is ‘green’. They may – say it is less harmful to drive a certain car than another.
4. Honda Prelude was the first mass produced car to feature a 4-wheel steering system. It was said to beat even Porsche and Ferrari in the slalom test.
5. In some countries it is illegal to ride a motorcycle between two parallel cars.
6. The first car to use a rear-view mirror was driven by Indy 500 winner Ray Harroun in 1911 to see the cars catching up behind him.
7. South African residents are allowed to attach small flamethrowers to their cars to provide defence against carjackers.
8. In 1896, Bridget Driscoll was the first pedestrian to be killed by a car in the UK. The car was said to have travelled at 4 mph.
9. For a car to have been the best selling car in the 90s it would have had to beat the sales figures of a particular toy car.
10. Your car remote can – become useless if you try to use it more than 256 times when the remote is out of range. I advise you – never to try this at home.

March 11th, 2026

HW: ex. 8 p. 162

a nucleus / plural: nuclei
1. in physics: ydin 2. in biology: tuma

exercise 7:
7. Many have heard Tom Hanks saying, "Houston, we have a problem." in Apollo 13.

NEED:
My house needs painting.
My house needs to be painted.
My hair needs cutting.
My hair needs to be cut.

Here is a list of movies about the Moon (which / that have been) made to entertain us. PASSIIVIN JÄLKEEN to-infintiivi

TAKE: kaikki to-infintiivit
AKTIIVI: to take
to have taken 
PASSIIVI: to be taken
to have been taken

He is known to be rich. (= tiedetään olevan)
He is known to have been rich. (= tiedetään olleen)
She is said to be chosen to fly in space.
She is said to have been chosen to fly in space.

OBJEKTI + to-INFINTIIIVI:
1. advise: Mary advised us to do our homework.
2. allow: He allowed us to leave a little early.
3. ask: Matti asked me to help him.
4. order: The mayor ordered the citizens to stay inside.
5. permit: The host permitted them to smoke in the yard.
6. tell: He told us to leave him alone. = ... käski meitä jättämään...
(NB! He told us a lie.)
7. want: I want you to help me.
8. warn: Mother warned the children not to swim too far.
9. would like: I would like to go to Australia.

verbi ilmaisee tietämistä, ajattelemista tai uskomista, silloin käytetään THAT-lausetta
I know (that) you are right.
He thought (that) we were right.
Mary believes (that) we are right.

Teksti

exercise 5 Translate into Finnish. Pay special attention to the underlined verb structures.
1. Ensimmäisen avaruudessa olleen britin, eteläkorealaisen ja iranilaisen tiedetään olleen naisia.
2. Aivan ensimmäinen avaruteen lentänyt nainen oli kuitenkin Valentina Tereshkova vuonna 1963.
3. Hänen sanotaan tulleen valituksi kosmonautiksi, koska hänellä oli kokemusta laskuvarjohyppäämisestä.
4. Hänen tyttärensä Elena oli ensimmäinen avaruuteen lentäneelle äidille sekä isälle syntynyt henkilö.
5. Tereshkova on edelleen historian ainoa yksin avaruuslennon tehnyt nainen.

exercise 6 Say the following sentences in English. Use either the infinitive or a that-clause. Work together with a partner.
1. I want you to succeed in life.
2. I believe (that) you can do anything.
3. My grandfather advised all his grandchildren to aim high in life.
4. I know (that) it was the most important (piece of) advice in my life.
5. I want to do something meaningful with my life.
6. I hope (that) it will also make a difference in other people’s lives.
7. I believe (that) people will remember me as an important member of our community.
8. Few / Not many people want to remain unknown.
9. Successful people are known to be ambitious.
10. Some even claim it to be the most important thing. / Some even claim (that) it is the most important thing.
11. I don’t want you to believe everything (that) you read in the papers.
12. I think (that) people are sometimes too gullible.
13. I believe (that) it can/may cause problems in society.
14. My parents didn’t allow me to / didn’t let me read tabloids.
15. They wanted me to be critical towards everything I read.
16. I know (that) it was a useful lesson.
17. The teacher asked us to give a presentation on media reliability.
18. He/She told us to compare different sources.
19. I wanted us to do our presentation on global warming.
20. Some people still claim (that) it is only a fairytale. / Some people still claim it to be only a fairytale.


exercise 7 Fill in with the help of the clues.

Here is a list of movies about the moon made to entertain us.

1. In Moon, Sam Rockwell is hired to work at a lunar station. He is supposed to be there alone, but is he?
2. In the Shadow of the Moon lets the images and interviews with astronauts tell the stories. Unfortunately, Neil Armstrong declined to take part.
3. Moonraker is perhaps too clumsily made to be taken seriously, but like most Bond movies, it is entertaining to watch.
4. In a film adaptation of an H.G.Wells novel, two British men use an anti-gravity substance to fly them to the moon.
5. Georges Méliès’ 14-minute film from 1902 is the first sci-fi movie (to have been) made / to be made in the 20th century.
6. In case you run out of cheese and need restocking / to restock, the best place to go is the moon. This Wallace and Gromit classic, A Grand Day Out, was nominated for an Oscar, only to lose to another film by the same creators.
7. Many have heard Tom Hanks say / saying, “Houston, we have a problem” in Apollo 13. The zero gravity scenes were filmed aboard a simulation plane to achieve genuine weightlessness.
8. One of the first 3D movies made / to have been made / to be made is Magnificent Desolation where actual footage, computer-created imagery (CGI) and interviews are used to create a more compelling atmosphere.
9. Iron Sky is a story about Nazis who set up a base on the moon in 1945, and then decide to return to a future Earth to take over the planet.
10. Despicable Me is a CGI comedy about a super-villain who decides to steal the moon. The movie ranks among the best animated movies ever created / to have been created.

Glossary: Psychology

exercise A. What are the following words?
1. phobia
2. delusion
3. sanity 4. obsession 5. innate
6. frustration
7. insomnia
8. conscious
9. trait
10. mature
11.neurological

exercise B. Choose the best alternative. The term positive psychology is broad. It comprises a variety of techniques that encourage people to be 1. conscious and further develop their own positive 2. emotions, experiences and character 3. traits. It makes use of positive 4. reinforcement and 5. intrinsic motivation in people to want to feel better about themselves. Although initially developed as a means to promote well-being in healthy people, positive psychology techniques are now being promoted as an alternative to more traditional forms of 6. therapy. Its core philosophy is to prevent 7. disorders or problems with low 8. self-esteem. Even though positive psychology has been dismissed as unnecessary happy talk, it seems to be gaining ground. However, most textbooks on psychology still contain thousands of lines devoted to matters such as 9. anxiety disorder, neurotic 10. obsession, or depression. Not a word about joy, hope or compassion.

Text 5 The ubiquitous woman

Engage
Go through the list of words with your partner. Explain all the words you know and check the meaning of any words that are new to you.
CERVIX is the narrow end at the opening of a woman's uterus (kohdunkaula).
TUMOR is a mass of tissue found in or on the body that is made up of abnormal cells (kasvain).
CELL is the smallest structural unit of a living thing, together cells form all living things (solu).
DIAGRAM is a line drawing made for mathematical or scientific purposes (diagrammi).
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION is the fertilization of an egg (munasolu) in a laboratory dish or test tube (keinohedelmöitys).
MITOSIS is a process of cell division in which two new nuclei are formed (solunjakautuminen).
EMBRYO is a human or animal in the early stages of development before it is born (alkio).
GENE MAPPING is used to identify and record the location of genes and the distances between genes on a chromosome (geenikartoitus).
IMMORTAL is something that lives forever (kuolematon).

March 16th, 2026

HW: ex. 14 p. 168, ex. 16 & 17 p. 169 - 170

The ING-FORM / The Gerund:

1. subjektina
Seeing is believing.

2. predikatiivina
Seeing is believing.

3. preposition jälkeen
I am interested in reading.
= I am keen on reading.
= I am into reading.
By doing we learn.
He left the room without saying a word.

4. tietyt verbit vaativat ing-muotoa verbistä
ENJOY: She enjoys making decisions
MIND: Do you mind opening the window?
CAN'T HELP: I can't help falling in love with you.
(= I can't help but fall in love with you.)
CAN'T STAND: I can't stand lying and especially I can't stand being lied to.
ADMIT: He admitted having stolen the car. = He admitted stealing the car.
RISK: He risked being caught.
FEEL LIKE = FANCY: Now I feel like / fancy eating pizza.
STOP: He stopped greeting me.
BUT!  He stopped to greet me.
FINISH: What time did you finish working?
QUIT: He quit / quitted going to school.
GIVE UP: He gave up smoking.
LEAVE OFF: He left off swearing.
END UP: He ended up living in exile.
POSTPONE = PUT OFF: They postponed / put off meeting each other.
AVOID: Avoid disturbing him while he is working.
ESCAPE: He escaped being caught.
KEEP (ON): He kept (on) cleaning the house.
GO ON: They went on working.

5. tietyt sanonnat
It is no use / no good:
It is no use crying over (the) spilt milk.
there is no point in:
There is no point in getting up too early.
there is nothing like:
There is nothing like eating ice cream on a hot summer day.
be worth s-g: Was the film / movie One Battle After Another worth seeing / watching?

6. TO = prepositio
a) look forward to s-g
I look forward to seeing you again.

b) be used used to s-g = be accustomed to s-g
I was used to getting up at 5 am. = I was accustomed to getting up at 5 am.

c) get used to s-g
I got used to getting up at 5 am.

d) devote one's life / oneself to s-g
Mother Theresa devoted her life / herself to helping the poor and the less fortunate in Calcutta.

e) object to s-g
Do you object us to smoking here?

7. lauseenvastikkeissa:
After going to the shower, I had breakfast.
= After I had gone to the shower I had breakfast.
Having said that, I left the room. = After I had said that, I left the room.

8. seuraavat tekemistä ilmaisevat verbirakenteet:
go walking
go running / jogging
go swimming
go cycling
go rowing
go boating
go camping
go shopping
go window-shopping
go fishing
go hunting
go sunbathing

exercise 8 p. 162

exercise 8 More advanced. Translate into English.
1. My big brother made me believe that it is possible to travel to the sun and back.
2. Even my parents let me think that, so I didn’t know who to believe when I heard my teacher say(ing) it wasn’t true.
3. As a child I did nothing but dream about becoming an astronaut.
4. Instead I was made/forced to take piano lessons (even) though I said I had better study astronomy.
5. I only wanted them to take my dream seriously, because I knew (that) I could/would be able to achieve my goals.

Teksti

Engage
Write down the sentences according to what you hear and then translate them.
1. Jodie wasn't lying about her career.
2. I don't mind carrying your bags.
3. Samuel regretted having spent all his money on his girlfriend. 4. Emily enjoys making decisions.
5. She can’t help giving advice even without being asked.
6. Not finishing her chores, Leah wasn’t allowed to go out to play.
1. Jodie ei valehdellut urastaan.
2. Voin kantaa laukkujasi puolestasi.
3. Samuel katui, että oli tuhlannut kaikki rahansa tyttöystäväänsä.
4. Emily nauttii päätösten tekemisestä.
5. Hän ei voi olla antamatta neuvoja, vaikka häneltä ei niitä kysyttäisikään.
6. Koska Leah ei tehnyt loppuun kotitöitään, hän ei saanut mennä ulos leikkimään.

Teksti

HW: ex. 12 p. 167, ex. 5c p. 48, ex. 5d p. 49, ex. 5e p. 50

an embryo = alkio
a foetus = sikiö

an appendix = umpilisäke
appendicitis = umpilisäkkeen tulehdus
bronchitis = bronkiitti; keuhkoputkentulehdus
salpingo-oophoritis = s-o-itis = munasarjojen tulehdus

a sample = a specimen = näyte

weight (n.) = paino
weigh (v.) = oainaa; punnita

pelvis = hips

lead, led, led a life

Lat. vacca,-ae f. = lehmä
vaccinate (v.) = rokottaa
a vaccine (n.) = rokote
vaccination (n.) = rokottaminen

fertile (adj.) = hedelmällinen
fertilization (n.) = hedelmöitys
a fertilizer (n.) = lannoite

remember:
I remember buying milk. (= Muistan ostaneeni maitoa.)
When you go grocery shopping, remember to buy milk. (= Muista ostaa maitoa.)
_____X (the past)______X (now)____________ time
__________X (now)_______X (the future)_____ time

regret:
I regret hurting your feelings. (= Kadun sitä, että loukkasin tunteitasi. viittaa menneeseen)
"We regret to inform you..." (= Pahoittelemme sitä, että joudumme ilmoittamaan Teille... viittaa tulevaan)

I used to get up at 6 am every morning. (AINA IMPERFEKTI) (= Ennen nousin sängystä klo 6 joka aamu.)
I am used to getting up at 6 every morning. (= Olen tottunut nousemaan ylös sängystä klo 6 joka aamu.)
I'll get used to getting up at 6 am every morning. (= Totun nousemaan ylös sängystä klo 6 joka aamu.)

Teksti

exercise 14 Choose the best alternative.
1. My friends and I used to be active members of our school’s science club.
2. I used to think I would become a chemist.
3. People who are used to waking up early in the morning find it easy to start school at 8 am.
4. When we were little, every one of us used to dream about becoming the next great inventor.
5. I’m still not used to reading books in English.
6. I think I’d better get used to studying in other languages.

exercise 16 More advanced. Choose the best alternative. Trying to predict the future can be difficult if not impossible. What appears to be the next success story now might be thrown in the bin tomorrow. However, there are inventions that have the potential to alter the world we now know. The DEKA prosthetic arm will allow amputees to raise their hands above their heads. This lets them perform much more complicated tasks than ever before. The Smart Pipe is designed to reduce the amount of wasted clean water by monitoring water flow and leaks in public water systems. The leaking is estimated to have cost millions of dollars annually in the US. In the future you might end up seeing delivery people and construction workers wear Titan Arms. In addition to helping them lift heavy things, Titan Arms could be used by people with back injuries caused by lifting heavy things or even by people recovering from a stroke. Slingshot is a device made to clean water from almost any source. One device would be sufficient to serve the needs of 300 people. After a decade of being developed, the Slingshot technology is now to be taken to parts of Africa and Latin America.

exercise 17 More advanced. Fill in according to the clues.
1. If you were to see some of the smartest animals in the world go / going about their daily routines, you couldn’t help but be amazed about how smart they are.
2. Being closely related to human beings, chimpanzees also have the ability to perform complex tasks.
3. While we may look very different, chimpanzees and humans have remarkably similar ways of communicating.
4. You might have heard a parrot say / saying ‘Polly wants a cracker’ before, but they are not only capable of repeating human phrases, they also know how to use the conveyed information to solve problems. So repeating human words is just one of their many tricks.
5. Octopuses use their ink to disorient their victims before killing them with their tentacles. They have been known to break into fishing boats and have been seen to eat / eating the catch.
6. In addition to surprising scientists with their amazing physical abilities, rats have also been shown to be ingenious at solving problems.
7. Research has shown that pigs compete with one another to learn new skills, usually related to gathering food.

March 23rd, 2026

HW: ex. 18 p. 177, ex. 19 p. 177

Quantity words:
(a) little, less, the least
I know a little French so I can manage when I travel in France. +
= I know some French...

BUT: I know little French, which is a shame. - :-(

I need a little help here.
I am a little tired because I didn't sleep well last night.

I have a little money on me.
I have less money than you.
Who has the least money?

I have very little money.
You should smoke less.
The least you can do is try.

NB! We knew little about him.
Little DID WE KNOW about him.
Jos kieltosana (no, never, not...) tai rajoittava (little, hardly, scarcely, barely, seldom, rarely, only) määre on lauseen alussa, tulee TÄYDELLINEN SUORAN KYSYMYSLAUSEEN sanajärjestys

MONIKOSSA:
(a) few, fewer, the fewest
I have a few friends. + :-)
Unfortunately, I had few friends at that time.
Mary has fewer friends than I.
Who has the fewest friends?

a ruminant = märehtijä
udders = utareet

Latinan IN PRIVATIVUM:
credible: incredible
conceivable: inconceivable
mortal: immortal
possible: impossible
legal: illegal
literate:  illiterate
regular: irregular
responsible: irresponsible

What kind of life did she lead?
I don't know what kind of life she led.

in the early 1930s
The Nazis took over in the early 1930s.
in the mid-1930s
There were right-wing movements in Finland in the mid-1930s.
in the late 1930s
The war broke out in Europe in the late 1930s.

hundreds of cats
thousands of people
tens of thousands of refugees
millions of asylum seekers

Teksti

exercise 12 Choose the best alternative. In your own words, explain to your partner why you chose what you did or translate the phrase into Finnish. Refer back to the rules if need be.
1. Ooops! I forgot to inform you that we have an exam today. Unohdin kertoa
2. What do you mean you regret trusting me to take care of things? Kadut luottaneesi
3. I remembered to tell you all the important gossip. Muistin kertoa
4. So you might stop complaining! Lakata valittamasta
5. I also remember bringing you food when you were sick. Muistan tuoneeni
6. In addition, I stopped to buy you flowers at the flower kiosk. That was pretty romantic, wasn’t it? Pysähdyin ostamaan
7. What are you doing? Stop throwing those flowers at me! Lakkaa heittämästä

Teksti

exercise 5c
1. the late 1940s
2. reached the age of thirty
3. hundreds of times
4. what kind of life she led
5. advances in medicine
6. spanning more than 350 million feet
7. a bit over five feet tall
8. I first learned about
9. every twenty-four hours
10. millions... of Henrietta’s cells
11. in small vials on ice
12. one of the most important things
13. in the last hundred years
14. in one fast swipe
15. students filed out of the room
16. There has to be more to the story.

exercise 5d Use the phrases from the previous exercise to complete the sentences. You might have to change them a little.
Lou Gehrig's disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is 1. {{one of the most famous}} diseases named after a celebrity. He played for the New York Yankees major league baseball team from 1923 to 1939, his career 2. {{spanning more than 2100}} consecutive games. He set several records and was adored by fans, but by 3. {{the late 1930s}} it was obvious something was wrong. He had hit that ball 4. {{hundreds of times}} but in 1938 his batting average fell significantly. He grew weak and sluggish and he played his last game on April 29, 1939. That’s when 5. {{many Americans first learned about ALS.}} He died before he 6. {{had reached the age of forty.}} Although 7. {{there have been significant advances in medicine }},especially 8. {{in the last 20 years}}, there is still no cure for this disease.

LC 5g Dolly the Sheep

1. b. a cell that develops the sheep’s udders
2. a. It is extracted and substituted.
3. c. It is put into another sheep.
4. c. It was unclear if cloning was the cause of her death.


In the mid-1990s, scientists in Edinburgh, Scotland announced that they had cloned Dolly, an adult sheep. This was the first time in history an adult mammal had been successfully cloned. Dolly was created using a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. In this technique, the nucleus of a body cell from the animal being cloned is transplanted into an egg harvested from a different organism of the same species.
First, the nucleus is removed from a somatic cell of the animal being cloned. All cells in the body, with the exception of egg and sperm cells, are somatic cells. In the case of Dolly, the nucleus was extracted from a mammary cell, a cell from the animal’s udders. In the next step of the process, an unfertilized egg cell is taken from another animal of the same species. This cell is known as the donor egg cell. The nucleus of the donor egg cell is removed and replaced with the nucleus of the somatic cell from the animal being cloned. An electric shock is then administered, which stimulates the egg cell to divide and form an embryo. The embryo cells contain the exact same genetic information as the adult cell taken from the organism being cloned. So it is genetically identical to the original animal. When the embryo has grown into a ball of cells, it is transferred into the uterus of a surrogate mother, where it continues to develop.
The cloning of Dolly was considered highly successful. In her six years of life, Dolly had three pregnancies achieved through traditional sexual fertilization, which was one indication that she was a healthy, viable organism. Although Dolly died prematurely before her life expectancy of around 11 years, it is unclear whether her early death was a result of cloning. Since Dolly, scientists have cloned many other mammals including mice, monkeys, pigs, and cows. Despite these successes, the practice of cloning remains controversial among experts and the general public.
 

March 25th, 2026

HW: ex. 20 p. 177, ex. 21 p. 178, ex. 22 p. 178, ex. 23, ex. 24 & ex. 25, ex. 26 p. 178 - 180; ex. A & B & C p. 65

an analysis // many analyses
a hypothesis // many hypotheses
a thesis // many theses
an oasis // many oases
a crisis // many crises
a basis // many bases
i = 1; i on yksikössä

much / many
How much money do you have on you?
How much did your car cost?

How many good friends do you have?
Much has happened since you left the country.
Most people are nice and kind.

Most of the students didn't know it.
Most of you know this.

My Dad picked the most berries. = eniten marjoja

Quantity words:
NB!
only / just / quite + a + little / few:
YKSIKKÖ:
I had only a little time to do my homework.
I had just a little time to visit them.
He had quite a little money to spend on candies / sweets.
MONIKKO:
Only a few people came to my party.
Just a few visitors visited the zoo last year.
I had quite a few friends at my party.

TURVALLISET SANAT: käyvät niin yksikköön kuin monikkoonkin:
a lot of / lots of / plenty of
He had a lot of time / lots of time / plenty of time to spend with us.
I had a lot of friends / lots of friends / plenty of friends.

EI-TURVALLISET SANAT:
VAIN YKSIKÖSSÄ: They brought a large / huge amount of sand to our yard.
He had a great deal of money to spend on unnecessary things.
VAIN MONIKOSSA:
Mary had a large / huge number of friends while she lived abroad.
I have a good many friends.

Teksti

ecercise 18 page 177

Choose the best alternative.

  1. Read the following sentences and you might learn a few surprising health facts.
  2. Sitting for more than three hours a day can cut a few years from a person’s life.
  3. People who complain might live a little longer because they release tension by complaining.
  4. On average, right-handed people live a few years more than left-handed people.
  5. A little coffee might boost your energy, but did you know that there are 1,000 chemicals in a cup?
  6. According to US standards, a cup of orange juice may contain ten fruit fly eggs and a few maggots.
  7. Few people know that brushing your teeth too soon after having something acidic can soften tooth enamel.
  8. You won’t lose weight by doing fewer repetitions with heavier dumbbells.
  9. If you want to feel less bloated, remember to drink plenty of water.
  10. Products with less fat don’t necessarily contain fewer calories.
  11. On a hot day it is better to drink something a little hot. It will increase your sweat production and make you feel a little cooler.
  12. Spending some time alone is equally important to our well-being as spending time with others.

Teksti

exercise 19 page 177

Work with a partner and say the sentences in English.

   Save
 
 

1. Olin hieman hermostunut ennen biologian koetta.

I was a little / a bit nervous before the biology exam.

2. Minulla oli vain vähän aikaa kerrata.

I had (only a) little time / only had a little time to revise.

3. Minulla oli vielä vähemmän aikaa nukkua edellisenä yönä.

I had even less time to sleep the previous night.

4. Opettaja oli antanut muutaman mielenkiintoisen artikkelin delfiineistä.

The teacher had given a few / some interesting articles about/on dolphins.

5. Harvat opiskelijat ovat nähneet delfiineitä.

Few students have seen dolphins.

6. Vielä harvemmat ovat nähneet niitä vankeuden (captivity) ulkopuolella.

Even fewer have seen them outside captivity.

7. Valitettavasti niillä on liian vähän tilaa uida vankeudessa.

Unfortunately, they have too little space to swim in captivity.

8. Olen vieraillut muutamassa eläintarhassa.

I have visited a few / some zoos.

9. Tänä vuonna paikallisessa eläintarhassa on käynyt vähiten vierailijoita vuosiin.

This year the local zoo has had the fewest visitors for years.

10. Se tarkoittaa, että heillä on vähiten rahaa käytössään (available).

It means that there is the least money available.

11. Tilanteen parantamiseksi voidaan tehdä vähän.

Little can be done to improve the situation. / Not much can be done…  / There is little that can be done…

12. Kurssi antoi minulle joitain hyviä ideoita, kuinka auttaa eläimiä.

The course gave me some / a few ideas on how to help animals.
 

March 30th, 2026

HW: ex. 6b p. 59, ex. 6 c & 6d p. 60; ex. 30 p. 193, ex. 33 & ex. 34 p. 198 - 200

fall in love with s-g / s-b

density = d = tiheys
dense = adj.

apply = soveltaa
Laurea University of Applied Sciences

nevertheless = nonetheless = however = still (lauseen alussa) = yet (lauseen alussa)

commit suicide = take one's life

predict = foretell = foresee = forecast = ennustaa

strike, struck, struck: The clock struck five.

opt for s-g = choose; an option
opt out for s-g

in the 14th century = in the 1300s
in the 15th century = in the 1400s
in the 16th century = in the 1500s
in the 17th century = in the 1600s
in the 18th century = in the 1700s
in the 19th century = in the 1800s
in the 20th century = in the 1900s
in the 21st century = in the 2000s

tehdä etätyötä = 1. work remotely 2. work from home

exercise 20 p. 177

exercise 20

  1. The internet has brought us many opportunities that didn’t exist fifty years ago.
  2. We have easy access to a lot of information in all areas of life.
  3. Never before has it been so easy to communicate with so many people from around the world.
  4. It has also changed the way we work a lot.
  5. Just think about how much time people save with the option to work remotely.
  6. We don’t even need that many office buildings anymore.
  7. Perhaps within thirty years most people will work outside the traditional office.
  8. Not everyone will like that idea very much.
  9. They might not have much experience in working from home.
  10. Do you think we will lose many more jobs to robots in the future?
  11. Perhaps. Doesn’t it cost much more money to hire people than to build robots?
 
 
 
 
 

Teksti

exercise 21 p. 178

Work with a partner and say the sentences in English.

   Save
 
 

1. Kuinka monet farkut olet ostanut tänä vuonna?

How many pairs of jeans have you bought this year?

2. Teet enemmän ostoksia kuin kukaan muu tuntemani ihminen.

You do more shopping than anyone else I know.

3. Useimmat kaupat, joissa käyt, varmaan tuntevat sinut jo nimeltä.

Most of the shops that you visit / go to must already know you by name.

4. Tiedätkö edes mihin käytät eniten rahaa?

Do you even know what you spend the most money on?

5. Useimmat lääkärit kutsuisivat tuota riippuvuudeksi.

Most doctors would call that an addiction.

6. Paljon useammat ihmiset kärsivät ostosriippuvuudesta kuin mitä luulemmekaan.

Many more people suffer from a shopping addiction than we think.

7. Useimmat heistä shoppaavat unohtaakseen jonkin ikävän asian elämässään.

Most of them shop to forget an/some unpleasant thing in their lives.

8. Kuinka monta kertaa olet valehdellut jonkin ostamasi asian hinnasta?

How many times have you lied about the price of something you (have) bought.

9. Joidenkin tutkimusten mukaan ostosriippuvaiset ovat todennäköisemmin naisia.

According to some studies, shopaholics are more likely to be women.

10. Monet tutkimukset kuitenkin sanovat eron olevan hyvin pieni.

Many / A lot of studies say the difference is very small, though.

11. Monet ihmiset shoppaavat asioita, joita he eivät tarvitse kovin paljon.

Many / A lot of people shop for things they don’t need very much.

12. Jos kuitenkin ajattelet shoppailua eniten, voisit ehkä lukea asiasta enemmän.

However, if you think about shopping the most, perhaps you could read more about it.
 

Teksti

exercise 22 p. 178

Choose the best alternative.

  1. Few cities are as beautiful as Venice; it has even been said to be the most beautiful.
  2. There are a lot of beautiful places in Italy.
  3. How many countries have you visited?
  4. I haven’t really done much travelling.
  5. I also have only a little money left from my summer job.
  6. Little did I know how expensive living on my own would be.
  7. Only a few of my friends still live with their parents.
  8. Any ideas on how I could make some extra cash so I could go to Venice next summer?
 
 
 
 
 

Teksti

exercise 24 p. 179

Work with a partner and say the sentences in English.

 
 
 

1. Useimmat ihmiset käyttävät tietokonetta lähes päivittäin.

Most people use a computer almost daily.

2. Useimpia tietokoneita käytetään sekä työhön että huviin.

Most computers are used for both work and for fun.

3. Useimmat nuoret katsovat ohjelmia tietokoneiltaan TV:n sijaan.

Most young people watch programs on their computers instead of a TV.

4. Useimmat ystävistäni eivät edes omista TV:tä enää.

Most of my friends don’t even own a TV anymore.

5. Useimmat uudet TV-sarjat voi katsoa internetin välityksellä.

Most new TV series can be watched via the internet

6. Useimmista näistä sarjoista on tullut erittäin suosittuja.

Most of these series have become extremely popular.

7. Muutama vuosikymmen sitten useimmat kuuluisat elokuvatähdet näyttelivät ainoastaan elokuvissa.

A few decades ago, most famous movie stars only acted in movies.

8. Useimmat heistä ovat kuitenkin nyt näytelleet myös monissa sarjoissa.

However, now most of them have also acted in many series.
 

Teksti

exercise 25 p. 180

Fill in.

  1. There are many / a lot of / lots of / plenty of important innovations(paljon tärkeitä innovaatioita) in the history of technology.
  2. The printing press, electricity and penicillin are only a few / only some of them(vain muutama niistä).
  3. Sanitation systems had very much(hyvin paljon) to do with people’s life expectancy increasing by 40 years.
  4. Few people(Harvat ihmiset) would deny the importance of the aeroplane.
  5. In the 18th century, people were a little / somewhat / a bit sceptical(vähän epäileväisiä) about the fact that making someone sick on purpose would be a good thing.
  6. The arguments against vaccination in the 21st century are very much the same(hyvin paljon samanlaisia) as they were in the 19th century.
  7. Most scientists(Useimmat tiedemiehet) would agree that the steam engine was the most significant force in the Industrial Revolution.
  8. The 1970s brought us personal computers. Little did we realise / realize / understand(Vähänpä tajusimme) then how important a part of our everyday lives they would become within/in a few / some decades(muutamassa vuosikymmenessä).
 
 
 
 
 

Teksti

exercise 26 p. 180

More advanced. Translate.

 
 

1. Olin hieman yllättynyt, miten harvat ihmiset tietävät kuka ensimmäinen naisastronautti Sally Ride oli.

I was a little / a bit surprised how few people know who Sally Ride, the first female astronaut, was.

2. Vielä vähemmän kuuluisia ovat Virginia Apgar ja Alice Hamilton, joiden työ on vaikuttanut lääketieteeseen erittäin paljon.

Even less famous / known are Virginia Apgar and Alice Hamilton, whose work has affected/influenced medicine a great deal / a lot. 

3. Harvat tieteilijät saavat paljon arvostusta tavallisilta ihmisiltä.

Few scientists get a lot of appreciation from ordinary people. 

4. Useimmat tieteelliset keksinnöt hyödyttävät useimpia meistä.

Most scientific inventions benefit most of us.

5. Tänä vuonna aion käyttää paljon enemmän aikaa lukemalla paljon enemmän tieteellisiä artikkeleita.

This year I am going to spend a lot / much more time reading a lot / many more scientific articles. 

6. Ehkä suurimmat tieteilijät ovat vähiten kuuluisia ja ovat saaneet vähiten palkintoja.

Perhaps the greatest scientists are the least famous and have received the fewest awards.
 

Teksti

exercise A p. 65

Choose the best word.

After watching squirrels in our yard, we decided to conduct an 1. investigation of their behaviour. We had a 2. theory that squirrels could be trained to do tricks if they were offered the right food. So first we had to 3. research what squirrels really like to eat. It turned out that there are no 4. studies on this topic, so we had to use 5. trial and error to find out: we put out six different kinds of nuts and snacks on trays and observed which the squirrels ate the most. They liked potato chips the best. So we made the type of food the
6. variable. Our 7. hypothesis was that the squirrels would come and take potato chips from our hands, but not peanuts. We stood in the yard holding chips and nuts, but no squirrels came to take any food. After 8. observing the squirrels for a while, we realised that they had gotten very well-fed while we had been trying to find out what they liked. We are maybe not the best
9. researchers after all.
 
 
 
 
 

Teksti

exercise B p. 65

Find the words to fit the definitions and the spaces, and then finish the sentence.

Clues:

  1. to understand how something works by looking at its parts
  2. to find an answer
  3. someone who develops an existing idea into something better
  4. those who get the placebo in an experiment, 1st word
  5. same as #4, 2nd word
  6. applying a general truth to a specific example
  7. – 
  8. the quality of being exact
  9. an idea designed to explain something
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
↓
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1.
a
n
a
l
y
s
e
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2.
d
i
s
c
o
v
e
r
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3.
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
o
r
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4.
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.
g
r
o
u
p
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6.
d
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7.
k
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8.
p
r
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9.
t
h
e
o
r
y
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
If something is quite easy, you might say, "It's NOT ROCKET science."
 
 
 
 
 

Teksti

exercise C p. 65

Translate into English.

 
 

1. Missä tämä laite on koottu?

Where was this gadget/device/appliance assembled?

2. Osaammeko jo kierrättää elektroniikkajätettä?

Do we already know how to recycle e-waste/electronic refuse?

3. Akkujen kehitys mahdollistaa lyhyemmät latausajat.

The development of batteries enables shorter charging times.

4. Pystyykö tekoäly tuottamaan uutta tietoa?

Is artificial intelligence / AI able to generate/produce new information/data?

5. Näiden ennusteiden tarkkuus on kyseenalainen.

The precision/accuracy of these predictions is questionable.

6. Todistusaineisto analysoitiin tarkasti.

The evidence was analysed/analyzed carefully.

7. Onko tämän päivän teknologia vanhentunutta jo huomenna?

Will today's technology be out-of-date/dated/obsolete/outdated as early as tomorrow?
 

April 1st, 2026

HW: ex. 6b p. 59, ex. 6c & 6d p. 60; ex. 30 p. 193, ex. 33 & ex. 34 p. 198 - 200

exercise 34 p. 200
8. in the late 1900s / in the late 20th century
9. in the early 1900s / in the early 2oth century
6. In the late 1940s
7. in the early 1980s
8. in the late 1980s
10. in the early 2000s / in the early 21st century

ON NUMERALS:
1.  NOLLA 0
a) /ou/ 007 double-o seven
luettelo: 600 700
b) zero
c) nil
They won 6 - nil.
d) nought
e) love (e.g. tennis, badminton)
15 - love
30 - love
f) in cricket: duck

2. jos on tarkka luku ennen kymmentä, sataa, tuhatta, miljoonaa, silloin sata, tuhat, miljoona on yksikössä
She gave us two dozen silver spoons.
They found dozens of silver spoons.

There were five hundred people there.
There were hundreds of people there.

They sold seven thousand summer cottages.
There were thousands of summer cottages on sale.
When I went to school, they said that there were sixty thousand lakes in Finland.
There are tens of thousands of lakes in Finland.

There are about 5.7 million inhabitants in Finland.
There are millions of mosquitoes in Lapland.

3. a billion = yleensä tarkoittaa miljardia, mutta
se voi olla: 109 = ten to the power of nine = kymmenen potenssiin yhdeksän
tai: 1012 = ten to the power of twelve = kymmenen potenssiin kaksitoista

4. suomessa on desimaalipilkku; englannissa on desimaalipiste
pai = 3.14159...
englannissa tuhannet erotetaan pilkulla:
1,300 characters

5. vuosiluvut
He was born in 1944.
The siege of Jerusalem of 70 CE... = Common Era / Current Era = jaa
ennen: AD = Anno Domini =  jKr
ennen: eKr = BC = Before Christ
nyt: BCE = Before Common / Current Era = eaa

6.
in the 14th century = in the 1300s
in the 15th century = in the 1400s
in the 16th century = in the 1500s
in the 17th century = in the 1600s
in the 18th century = in the 1700s
in the 19th century = in the 1800s
in the 20th century = in the 1900s
in the 21st century = in the 2000s

7. englannissa ei ole vuorokausisanaa
1 vrk = 24 hours
2 vrk = 48 hours
3 vrk = 72 hours

8. sanontoja:
It was love at first sight.
On second thought, I didn't like it.
MITÄ TULEE JHKN:
when it comes to s-g
as for
as to 
as far as s-g is concerned
When it comes to me, the war should be stopped.
As for me, the war should be stopped.
As to me, the war should be stopped.
As far as I am concerned, the war should be stopped.

a formula = a pattern = kaava

raise the funds = transitiiviverbi = saa objektin
raise on säännöllinenn verbi: raise, -ed, -ed
fundraising = varainhankinta
cf. rise, rose, risen = intransitiiviverbi = ei saa koskaan objektia (= tekemisen kohdetta)
The sun always rises in the east.

Teksti

exercise 30 p. 193

More advanced. Translate.

 
 

1. Voit tehdä kolme tusinaa herkullisia keksejä tämän reseptin avulla.

You can make three dozen delicious cookies with this recipe.

2. Serkkuni on käyttänyt samaa reseptiä satoja kertoja ja tehnyt tuhansia keksejä.

My cousin has used the same recipe hundreds of times and made thousands of cookies.

3. Sadat tuhannet leivontakirjat sisältävät ainakin yhden suklaakeksireseptin.

Hundreds of thousands of baking books contain at least one chocolate (chip) cookie recipe.

4. Jos et pidä leipomisesta, voit ostaa Oreo-keksejä yli sadasta maasta.

If you don’t like baking / to bake, you can buy Oreo cookies in more than a hundred countries.

5. Koska Oreo juhli sadattakymmenettä syntymäpäiväänsä?

When did Oreo celebrate its 110th birthday?

6. Oreo Way on 9. ja 10. Avenuen välissä New Yorkissa.

Oreo Way is between 9th and 10th Avenues in New York City.

7. Viisikymmentä prosenttia Oreo-keksin syöjistä erottaa puoliskot ennen kuin he syövät keksin.

50 per cent / percent of Oreo cookie eaters separate the halves before they eat the cookie.

8. Oreon fanit ovat kotoisin sadoista maista ja puhuvat useita satoja eri kieliä.

Oreo fans come from hundreds of countries and speak several hundred different languages / hundreds of different languages.
 

Teksti

exercise 33 p. 198 - 199

Translate the expressions of time into English.

  1. Rock art found in the Cave of Swimmers in Libya shows evidence of swimming being practiced around 6000 BCE (= six thousand before Common Era)(n. 6000 eaa).
  2. The Heraean Games were the first recorded sporting competition for women, held in Olympia as early as the sixth century BCE(500-luvulla eaa).
  3. The first Olympic Games were recorded in the late 8th century BCE(700-luvun loppupuolella eaa) in Olympia, where they were celebrated until the late fourth century CE(300-luvun loppupuolelle jaa).
  4. In England, people gambled on cricket, horse racing and boxing so much that a gambling act was passed in 1664 (= in sixteen sixty-four) (vuonna 1664).
  5. No women officially competed in the 1896 (= eighteen ninety-six)(vuoden 1896) Olympic Games.
  6. In the United States, female students’ participation in sports was significantly boosted in the early 1970s(1970-luvun alkupuolella) thanks to a law that promoted equality.
  7. The Leander Rowing Club in England had been male-only since its founding in the early 19th century / in the early 1800s(1800-luvun alkupuolella).
  8. The club opened its doors to female members in the late 20th century / in the late 1900s(1900-luvun lopussa).
  9. The Imperial Cricket Conference was founded in the early 20th century / in the early 1900s(1900-luvun alussa) and only England, Australia and South Africa were members.
  10. India, West Indies and New Zealand became member nations in the mid-20th century / in the mid-1900s(1900-luvun puolivälissä) and Pakistan soon afterwards.
  11. The popularity of cricket grew with more countries getting involved and in the late 1990s(1990-luvun loppupuolella) Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe and Bangladesh joined, too.
  12. The Davis Cup used to be called the International Lawn Tennis Challenge, but it was renamed the Davis Cup following the death of Dwight Davis in the mid-1940s(1940-luvun puolivälissä).
  13. The tournament has now vastly expanded and celebrated its 120th anniversary in 2019 (= two thousand and nineteen / twenty nineteen)(vuonna 2019).
  14. Has the spread of doping been the most important thing in sports in the 21st century / in the 2000s (= in the noughties)(2000-luvulla)?
  15. The Spaniards would say that the most important sporting event was when Spain defeated Italy 4–0 in the Euro 2012 (= twenty twelve / two thousand and twelve)(2012) final.
  16. How will the sporting world have changed by the year 2050 (= twenty fifty)(vuoteen 2050 mennessä)?
 
 
 
 
 

Teksti

exercise 34 p. 200

Fill in.

EARLY HISTORY

  1. Archeologists refer to the time from 40 CE to about 410 CE(vuodesta 40 jaa noin vuoteen 410 jaa) as Roman Britain.
  2. The early medieval period saw a series of invasions by the Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxons beginning in the 5th century(400-luvulla).
  3. In the 9th century(800-luvulla), Vikings from Denmark and Norway conquered most of England.
  4. Only the Kingdom of Wessex survived and managed to re-conquer and unify England before a new series of Danish raids in the late 10th century(900-luvun loppupuolella) and early 11th century(1000-luvun alkupuolella) made Danes the rulers of Britain.
  5. Danish rule was overthrown and the local House of Wessex was restored to power under Edward the Confessor for about two decades(kaksi vuosikymmentä) until his death in (the year) 1066(vuonna 1066).

    FROM THE 1940S TO THE 21ST CENTURY

  6. In the late 1940s (1940-luvun lopussa), the Cold War was underway, and it would dominate British foreign policy for another 40 years.
  7. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher’s economic reforms made her unpopular, but the Falklands War in the early 1980s(1980-luvun alussa) changed her fortunes.
  8. She won another election in the late 1980s(1980-luvun lopussa).
  9. In 1997(Vuonna 1997), Princess Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris, leading to a mass outpouring of grief across the United Kingdom and the world.
  10. Prince Charles remarried in the early 21st century(2000-luvun alussa).
 
 
 
 
 

Teksti

exercise 6b p. 59

Translate the following sentences from the text into Finnish.

 
 

1. The pips are carved out of the dice and then filled with paint that has the same density as the plastic used to make the dice.

Arpakuution silmät on kaiverrettu noppaan ja sitten täytetty maalilla, jonka tiheys on sama kuin muovin, jota käytetään/on käytetty nopan valmistuksessa.

2. This ensures that the face representing the 6 isn’t a touch lighter than the face on the opposite side with a single pip.

Tällä varmistetaan, ettei sivu, jossa on numero 6, ole hiukkaakaan kevyempi kuin sivu vastakkaisella puolella, missä on vain yksi silmä.

3. Surely it’s just a matter of applying the right laws of physics and solving the appropriate mathematical equations.

Varmastikin siinä on vain kyse oikeiden fysiikan lakien soveltamisesta ja sopivien matemaattisten yhtälöiden ratkaisusta.

4. Being able to spot patterns is a powerful tool in the evolutionary fight for survival.

Kyky huomata kaavoja/säännönmukaisuuksia on vahva ase evoluution henkiinjäämiskamppailussa.

5. But there are some things which appear to have no pattern or that have patterns that are so complex or hidden that they are beyond human knowledge.

Mutta on joitakin asioita, jotka eivät vaikuta olevan säännönmukaisia tai joiden kaavat ovat niin monimutkaisia tai niin piilossa, että ne ovat inhimillisen ymmärryksen ulottumattomissa.

6. So addicted was he to the pursuit of predicting the unknowable that on one occasion he even sold his wife’s possessions to raise the funds for the table stakes.

Hän oli niin omistautunut pyrkimykselleen ennustaa sitä, mitä ei voi tietää, että kerran hän jopa myi vaimonsa omaisuuden kerätäkseen varoja pelipöydän panoksiin.
 

Teksti

exercise 6c p. 60

Spot the phrase. How were the following ideas expressed in the text? 

 
 

1. edellyttäen, että on jokin tapa

provided there is some way

2. on vain kyse oikeiden fysiikan lakien soveltamisesta

it’s just a matter of applying the right laws of physics

3. tullakseen kohtalonsa herroiksi, ei sen palvelijoiksi

To become masters of fate, not its servants

4. ihmisrotu

the human species

5. jokin mahdollisuus ennustaa tulevaisuutta

some chance to predict the future

6. evoluution henkiinjäämiskamppailussa

in the evolutionary fight for survival

7. inhimillisen ymmärryksen ulottumattomissa

beyond human knowledge

8. arpakuutiota on käytetty antiikin ajoista lähtien

the dice has been used since antiquity

9. kerätäkseen varoja

to raise the funds

10. mitä tuli hänen uhkapelaamiseensa

when it came to his gambling

11. hän otti ohjat omiin käsiinsä

he took matters into his own hands

12. niin paljon kuin ahnehdinkin tietoa

As much as I crave knowledge

13. useimmat jättäisivät sen väliin

most would prefer to opt out
 

Teksti

exercise 6d p. 60

Translate the following sentences. Use the previous exercise to help you.

 
 

1. Onko voittaminen vain sitä, että pelaa paremmin kuin vastustaja?

Is winning just a matter of playing better than the opponent?

2. Sinun tarvitsee hallita hermosi tullaksesi kohtalosi herraksi, ei sen palvelijaksi.

You need to control your nerves to become master of your fate, not its servant.

3. Useimmille eläinlajeille elämä on päivittäistä henkiinjäämistaistelua.

For most animal species, life is a daily fight for survival.

4. Ahnehdin seikkailuja yhtä paljon kuin rutiineja.

I crave adventures as much as I crave routines.

5. Fysiikan lait eivät ole ihmisen ymmärryksen ulottumattomissa.

The laws of physics are not beyond human understanding.

6. Otin ohjat omiin käsiini kerätäkseni varat turnausta varten.

I took the matters into my own hands to raise the funds for the tournament.

7. Mitä tulee tulevaisuuden ennustamiseen, meidän täytyy jättää jotain sattuman varaan.

When it comes to predicting the future, we have to leave something to chance.