Kuusituntinen ABITTIkoe on maanantaina 24.2.2026 klo 15.00 - 21.00 luokassa 31. Voit tulla kokeeseen myöhemmin, jos et pääse klo 15:ksi. Ota mukaan oma kannettavasi täyteen ladattuna sekä tarvittavat virtajohdot ja LANGALLISET KUULOKKEET.

course outline / kurssiohjelma

ENA9 / ENGLISH / ADVANCED / COURSE 9 /// A COURSE MAINLY FOR THOSE WHO ARE TAKING THEIR MATRICULATION EXAMINATION IN SPRING 2026 on January 8th – February 12th, 2026, at 17.00 – 18.20 hours

The books to have:

1) Riitta Silk – Jaakko Mäki – Felicity Kjisik: Grammar Rules! & vastauskirja (Otava)

2) Abilities (available only in a digital form) (Otava)

Teacher: Erja H. Haaksluoto; e-mail: erja.haaksluoto@tyk.fi
Available for consultation: on Mondays at 20.05 – 20.45 hours in Class Room 31 (= so-called KIELIKLINIKKA) except not during the exam weeks.

You may attend the lessons in person in class room 31 or remotely on Google Meet. The link is always the same: meet.google.com/her-rxva-umj

STUDY PLAN:

January 8, 2026: WARMING UP: INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE // Advice for the matriculation exam // RC 6 (= reading comprehension): Science news

January 13, 2026: Grammar: Verbs (Conditionals and if-clauses) // LC 6 (= listening comprehension): Science in a minute // Glossary: Health / Well-being

January 15, 2026: Grammar: Conditionals and if-clauses // ex. 1 & 3 // RC 2: The Luddites

January 20, 2026: Grammar: The passive voice // ex. 5 & 7 // Home Work 4

January 22, 2026: LC 1: Do cyclists really think they are above the law? (video) // RC 4: Mitochondrial Eve and the true melting pot // Home Work 8

January 27, 2026: RC 4: Mitochondrial Eve and the true melting pot / LC 13 Dealing with climate change // Glossary: Environment / Sustainable development

January 29, 2026: Grammar: Infinitives, ING-forms and THAT-clause // ex. 17 & 18 // Glossary: Society / Politics // RC 5: Worms land a great job // LC 12 Quakka

February 3, 2026: Home Work 20 // Grammar: Nouns and Articles // ex. 25 & 27 & 28 & 29 & 31 // Glossary: Economy / Work

February 5, 2026: ex. 35 & 36 // Home Work 32 // Glossary: Immigration / Global Issues // Grammar: Quantity Words & Numerals // ex. 57 & 60 & 61 //

February 10, 2026: Home Work 58 & 61 // Grammar: Word Order // ex. 76 & Home Work 77

February 12, 2026: Glossary: Science / Technology // Grammar: Shortened Clauses / ex. 88 & Home Work 89 // Conjunctions / Home Work 91 // Linking words / Home Work 94

NB! ABI-INFO II 26.2.2026 klo 20.05 juhlasalissa, 5. krs!

THE EXAM takes place digitally (ABITTI) at 15.00 - 21.00 hours on Tuesday, February 24th, 2026. (You will be given the full SIX hours to do your exam.) The exam will be delivered back to you digitally, but if there are any questions concerning the exam, they will be answered in Class Room 31 on Wednesday, March 6th, 2026, at 16.00 – 17.30 hours.

RETAKE EXAM: on Friday on March 27th, 2025, at 17.00 – 20.05 hours (NB!!! Uusintakokeeseen ON AINA ILMOITTAUDUTTAVA erikseen täyttämällä vaaleansininen uusintakoelappu, jonka saa kansliasta (2. krs). Uusintakokeeseen on ilmoittauduttava VIIMEISTÄÄN VIIKKOA AIKAISEMMIN eli viimeistään perjantaina 20.3.2026 täyttämällä uusintakoelomake. Nettisivuilla on pdf, jonka voi suoraan täyttää ja lähettää liitetiedostona kansliaan. Lomake löytyy täältä: https://www.tyk.fi/aikuislukio/tietoa/lomakkeet/ Huomaa myös, että uusintakoe ei ole kuusituntinen preliminäärikoe, vaan koeaika on vain 3h 5 min.)

HOME ASSIGNMENTS:

You must hand in TWO compositions on the titles given in the digibook Abilities.
Dead-line: February 12th, 2026.

THE GRADE ON COURSE 9 CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING PARTS:

1) WRITTEN DIGITAL TEST including listening comprehension tests and videos at 15.00 – 21.00 hours on Tuesday, February 24th, 2026

2) AND YOU MUST HAND IN TWO COMPOSITIONS on the titles given in the digibook Abilities.

ENGLANNIN SUULLINEN VALMENTAUTUMISTILAISUUS ENNEN KIRJALLISTA YLIOPPILASKOETTA (kirjallisen kokeen yhteydessä on myös kuuntelut & videot: pitkä englanti maanantaina 16.3.2026 klo 9.00 – 15.00 // lyhyt englanti torstaina 12.3.2026 klo 9.00 – 15.00; paikalla oltava viimeistään klo 8.00) järjestetään perjantaina 6.3.2026 klo 17.00 – 20.00 luokassa 31 (etänä linkissä: meet.google.com/her-rxva-umj).

January 8th, 2026

F = ma
mass = massa
acceleration = kiihtyvyys
force = voima

manure = dung = lanta
foeces = feces = excrement = uloste

scent
perfume
fragrance = (kukkais)tuoksu

olla vaikutusta jhkn =
have an impact on s-g
have an effect on s-g
have an influence on s-g

tehdä vaikutus jhkn =
make an impression on s-b

MUTTA verbi vaikuttaa ILMAN PREPOSITIOTA (affect s-g; impact s-g; impress s-g; influence s-g)
Inflation affects sales. = Inflaatio vaikuttaa myyntiin.

January 13th, 2026

EHTOVIRKKEET I - III:

I If I eat less, I will lose weight.

if -lausessa: preesens
päälauseessa: I futuuri (will + infinitiivi)

II If I ate less, I would lose weight.
if-lauseessa: imperfekti
päälauseessa: I konditionaali (would + inf.)

III If I had eaten less, I would have lost weight.
if-lauseessa: pluskvampefekti (had + teeman 3. muoto)
päälauseessa: II konditionaali (would + have + teeman 3. muoto)

AIKAA ilmaisevissa sivulauseissa:
ei laiteta futuuria:
I will love you as long as I live.
I will buy a Mercedes Benz once I get more money.

a millipede = tuhatjalkainen

uncharted = unmapped = kartoittamaton

sub-Saharan areas = Saharan alapuoliset alueet

subconcious = alitajuinen
submarine = sukellusvene

in privativum = kieltävä etuliite:

1. INcredible
2. legal = in + legal = iLlegal
3. regular: in + regular = iRregular
4. possible: in + possible = iIMpossible

myös UN-etuliite:
unbelievable

do in = kill

MAKE or DO:

make a mistake

make a difference
make it
make coffee / tea / breakfast / lunch / brunch / supper / dinner

do homework / do s-b a favor

felines = kissaeläimet

canines = koiraeläimet

January 13th, 2026

EHTOVIRKKEET I - III:

I If I eat less, I will lose weight.
If -lausessa: preesens
päälauseessa: I futuuri (will + infinitiivi)

II If I ate less, I would lose weight.
if-lauseessa: imperfekti
päälauseessa: I konditionaali (would + inf.)

III If I had eaten less, I would have lost weight.
if-lauseessa: pluskvampefekti (had + teeman 3. muoto)
päälauseessa: II konditionaali (would + have + teeman 3. muoto)

AIKAA ilmaisevissa sivulauseissa:
sinne ei laiteta futuuria:
I will love you as long as I live.
I will buy a Mercedes Benz once / as soon as I get more money.

a millipede = tuhatjalkainen

uncharted = unmapped = kartoittamaton

sub-Saharan areas = Saharan alapuoliset alueet

subconcious = alitajuinen
a submarine = sukellusvene

in privativum: kieltää pääsanansa merkityksen

1. credible: INcredible
2. legal: in + legal = illegal
3. regular: in + regular = irregular
4. possible: in + possible = impossible

do in = kill

MAKE or DO:

make a mistake

make a difference
make it = pärjätä; selvitä
make coffee / tea / breakfast / lunch / brunch / dinner / supper

do homework / do housework / do one's best / do s-b a favor

felines = kissaeläimiä

canines = koiraeläimiä

TAPESCRIPT / LC 6 Science in a minute

Correct answers:
1. New information about them has been discovered.
2. Debris created the rings.
3. Saturn's rings: crash and create
5. She has been celebrated in a novel way.
8. Traverse Antarctica.
9. The quest failed

Saturn, according to recent estimates, is about 4.503 billion years old, but its famous rings are only about 100 million years old. Scientists have been trying to find out why those rings are so much younger than the planet itself. A new study published in the Journal of Science, and led by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, suggests that at one time Saturn had at least one extra moon, along with its current stable of 83 moons. Dubbed chrysalis by the authors, the study proposes that the moon was ripped apart when it grazed its host planet about 160 million years ago. The researchers’ findings suggest that it then broke into fragments that may have continued to float in orbit. It's thought that those fragments broke into even smaller icy bits over the years and formed Saturn's iconic rings. I’m VOA’s Rick Pantaleo.

Dental professionals say our permanent teeth are meant to last a lifetime, if we take care of them. This includes regular brushing and flossing our teeth. Those who don’t take care of these crucial oral health chores, often find out how easy it is to lose control of good dental health. Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania have conducted a proof-of-concept study that someday could lead to the development of what they call, swarms of shapeshifting microrobots that would automate these important dental health procedures. The scientists say that packs of these microrobots made of ironoxide nanoparticles can be configured and directed to floss, brush, and rinse your teeth. They add that the nanoparticles produce a catalytic reaction that creates antimicrobials that also kills (sic) harmful oral bacteria. I’m VOA’s Rick Pantaleo.

American pop and country singing and songwriting superstar Taylor Swift has won a countless number of awards, including multiple Grammys, Golden Globes, and others presented to her throughout the world. Now Taylor Swift is being honored by the scientific community. Derek Hennon, Jackson Means, and Paul Marek from Virginia Tech have discovered a new species of millipede that has been named in her honor. The species discovered in the US Appalachian Mountains is called Nannoria Swiftae, or the Swift twisted-claw millipede. The scientists write about their new discovery in a research paper published in the journal zooKeys. I’m VOA’s Rick Pantaleo.

Explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton had hoped to be the first to cross Antarctica on land. Shackleton led his team aboard a ship called Endurance that would sail to Antarctica via the Weddell sea. After leaving South Georgia Island in December 1914, Shackleton’s Endurance quickly ran into heavy pack ice. The ice would eventually trap, crush, and sink the ship, nearly a year after beginning its trip. It was reported that all members of Shackleton’s Endurance crew survived. 106 years after the sinking of the Endurance, The Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust has announced that its Endurance22 expedition has located the ship. According to a press release, Endurance was found within four miles south of the position that had been recorded by the ship’s captain Frank Worsley in 1915. I’m VOA’s Rick Pantaleo.

January 15th, 2026

HW: ex. 2 & 3 & HOMEWORK ehtolauseista; ex. Translation in Glossary Health and well-being; RC 2 The Luddites

plague = rutto

the Renaissance
the Industrial Revolution = teollinen vallankumous (1800-luvulla)
the French Revolution = Ranskan suuri vallankumous
monissa historiallisissa aikakausissa on artikkeli the ja ne kirjoitetaan isolla alkukirjaimella

end up + -ing = PÄÄTYÄ JHKN

He ended up being in prison for the rest of his life.

He ended up leaving the country for good.

cooperation

co-operation

vaccinate (v) = rokottaa

vaccine (n.) = rokote

vaccination (n.) = rokottaminen
Lat. vacca, vaccae = nauta

AIKAA ilmaisevissa sivulauseissa:
niihin ei laiteta futuuria:
I will love you as long as I live.
I will buy a Mercedes Benz once I get more money.

1) after: She'll go to the gym after she takes a nap.
2) as = kun: Mary will buy a flat in Málaga as she has loads of money.
3) as long as: Juha will love Jutta as long as he lives.
4) as soon as: Alexander Stubb will have a press conference as soon as he comes back from Davos.
5) before: He will call me before he leaves the country.
6) by-lauseet: By the time I get up they will be gone.
7) once: Once I get started, I'll work for hours on.
8) until = till = kunnes: I will keep trying until I succeed.
9) when: I'll travel to Australia when I retire.
10) while: She will sing while she works.

Ehtoa ilmaisevissa sivulauseissa l. konditionaalisissa sivulauseissa: EI FUTUURIA
if = jos / unless = if not // provided / providing // in case
We'll go on a picnic tomorrow if it doesn't rain. = We'll go on a picnic tomorrow unless it rains.
We'll go for a walk provided / providing the weather is good.
My brother will pay all my debts in case I die.

kirjallisia muotoja:
jos if jää pois, tulee käänteinen sanajärjestys

1. should = sattuisi if-lauseessa
If someboby should call me tell them that I'll be back on Monday.
= Should somebody call me...
2) were = konjuntiivin imperfekti
If a serious crisis were to arise, the government should act swiftly.
= Were a serious crisis to arise,...
3) konjuntiivin pluskvamperfekti
If I had known that, I would have acted differently.
= Had I known that, ...

LC3 Lagos Trashion Show (video)

Correct answers
1. Waste disposal and management are problematic there.
2. An advocacy group
3. Making the general public consider the current state of affairs.
4. Several locations
5. Unrestricted areas
6. Take action.
7. Humans will end up consuming it.
8. Awareness is key to making a difference.

Reporter - Since its inception in 2012, models grace the runway wearing outfits made from items we would normally throw in the garbage. Severe plastic waste and litter are seen everywhere in Lagos, Nigeria’s commercial capital and the most populous country in Africa. All of Africa is faced with this problem, and with an estimated population of 25 million, Lagos generates thousands of waste everyday. Greenfingers wildlife initiative is a non-profit conservation group funded by donations; works with people as an advocate for a better environment.

Chinedu Mogbo - We started the trashion show with first making artwork, when I felt why don’t we take it a step further. To have this trash made into clothing, styled and worn, and we walk on the runway to raise awareness concerning issues like plastic pollution, pollution in general, which also affects wildlife, so that’s how the trashion show actually started.

Reporter - Managing garbage disposal in Nigeria has grown to be a significant challenge despite several efforts by succeeding governments and commercial organisations in that regard. The environmental activists have been partnering with teenagers in their drive for a better, cleaner environment, and although the medium is uncommon the message behind it is undeniable.

Reporter - Joy Udoko, the designer for this year's trashion show, attached plastic waste to fabric to create garments the teenagers wore in their annual trashion show. Joy and her team designed and created elegant dress pieces out of the mountain of plastic pollution they find on the streets, beaches, and waterways of Nigeria’s booming cultural capital.

Joy Udoka-Obi - The message we are trying to get across to people with the piece of this year’s trashion show is the need for recycling. Keep the environment clean.

Reporter - Despite being a megacity, Lagos has struggled with waste management over the years due to the uncontrolled dumping of trash in any open place. Particularly markets, drainages, and residential areas.

Reporter - Nethaniel Edegwa, a 16 year old model, believes her involvement in the trashion show this year is about making the difference she desires.

Nethaniel Edegwa - I decided to take part in this year’s trashion show because I really want to make a change, and because we are all being affected by the climate change, so I really want to make a difference.

Reporter - More and more young people are joining the push for change as the effects of climate change worsen with each passing year. They are raising awareness and inspiring people to take action by guiding the conversation on climate change.

Eyeoyibo Joyce - My advice to people living in Lagos and Nigeria in treatment of their waste they shouldn’t treat waste anyhow. Reduce, reuse, recycle is the thing they should go for. They should find a way to reuse what they have, like this is a very good way to reuse your trash, and you should also discard them properly, not on the floor lying around.

Reporter - It is no secret that Lagos, especially its beaches, have a large microplastic problem. These slowly degrade in toxic plastics consumed by marine life, embed themselves in ecosystems and make their way up the food chain to humans in the form of plastic polymers from styrofoam food containers, bottles, plastic cups, and especially plastic water sachets.

January 20th, 2026

HW: RC2 The Luddites: exercises B, C & D

verbit, joihin ei prepositiota:

1. enter: He entered the country. She entered the room. Elvis entered the building.

2. affect / 3. impact / 4. influence / 5. impress = vaikuttaa, kun ovat VERBEINÄ:
Sales affected inflation.
6.VISIT: Have you ever visited Japan?
7. discuss s-g: I would like to discuss politics with you.

AJANILMAUKSIA:

at dawn / at sunrise

at noon / at midday

at dusk / at sunset

at night
BUT:

in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening

the Middle Ages = keskiaika

The Middle Ages were an interesting era.
the Stone Age
the Bronze Age

weave, wove, woven = kutoa

a weaver = kutoja

lie, lay, lain (intrans.) (= ei saa objektia)

The dog lay on the floor.
He is lying on the couch.

lay, laid, laid (trans.) (= saa objektin)
He laid the table. = Hän kattoi pöydän.
Chickens lay eggs. = Kanat munivat munia.

lie, lied, lied = valehdella = tell a lie / tell lies

rise, rose, risen (intransitiivinen)

The sun always rises in the east.

raise, -ed, -ed (transitiivinen)
He raised a family.

fall, fell, fallen (intrans.)
He fell on the floor.
fell, -ed, -ed (trans.)
He felled a tree. = Hän kaatoi puun.

abdomen

abdominal pain

stomach / tummy = masu

January 22nd, 2026

HW: ex. 6 & 7 & 8 in the passive voice; translation C in Glossary: Art / Culture

pay attention to s-g

The students didn't pay any attention to the lecturer.
The lecturer wasn't paid any attention to by the students.
No attention was paid to the lecturer by the students.

a lawyer / a solicitor / a barrister / an attorney / an advocate

a judge

DA = district attorney

wounded

the wounded = haavoittuneet

The wounded were taken to hospital.
One of the wounded was taken to hospital.

the unknown
The unknown scares some of us.

British / Welsh / English / French / Dutch / Irish
The British always talk about the weather.
Chinese / Japanese / Portuguese / Vietnamese
The Portuguese have always been good sea-farers.
Swiss
The Swiss are hard-working.

loose (adj.)

He has a loose screw.

lose, lost, lost

in the early 19th century = in the early 1800s

in the late 19th century = in the late 1800s
in the mid-19th century = in the mid-1800s

be interested in s-g: He is interested in reading.
take an interest in s-g: he takes an interest in politics.

Teksti

PASSIIVI:
grow, grew, grown
BE + teeman 3. muoto
yleispreesens: Tomatoes are grown. (= Tomaatteja kasvatetaan.)
kestopreesens: Tomatoes are being grown. (= Tomaatteja kasvatetaan (juuri nyt parhaillaan).)
yleisimperfekti: Tomatoes were grown. (= Tomaatteja kasvatettiin.)

kestoimperfekti: Tomatoes were being grown. (= Tomaatteja kasvatettiin (sillä hetkellä).
yleisperfekti: Tomatoes have been grown. (= Tomaatteja on kasvatettu.)

yleispluskvamperfekti: Tomatoes had been grown. (= Tomaatteja oli kasvatettu.)
I futuuri: Tomatoes will be grown. (= Tomaatteja kasvatetaan.)
II futuuri: Tomatoes will have been grown. ( = Tomaatteja on kasvatettu.)
I konditionaali: Tomatoes would be grown. (= Tomaatteja kasvatettaisiin.)
II konditionaali: Tomatoes would have been grown. (= Tomaatteja olisi kasvatettu.)
must: Tomatoes must be grown. (= Tomaatteja täytyy kasvattaa.)
Tomatoes must have been grown. (= Tomaatteja on varmaankin kasvatettu.)

NB!
There was a knock on the door. = Oveen koputettiin.
NB!
I must do my homework. = Minun täytyy tehdä läksyt. Homework must be done. = Läksyt täytyy tehdä.
My neighbour should paint the house. = Naapurini pitäisi maalata talo. The house should be painted. = Talo pitäisi maalata.

NB!
Pride and Prejudice written by Jane Austen is a very good book. = Jane Austenin kirjoittama Ylpeys ja ennakkoluulo on erittäin hyvä kirja.
Violinconcerto composed by Philip Glass is my favourite composition. = Philip Glassin säveltämä viulukonsertto on mielisävellykseni.

The novel sold at Christmas is a bestseller. = Jouluna myyty romaani on menekkiteos / menestyskirja.
= The novel (that / which was) sold at Christmas is a bestseller.

NB! We drink a lot of coffee in Finland. = Suomessa juodaan paljon kahvia.
They drink a lot of tea in England. = Englannissa juodaan paljon teetä.

The Passive Voice

exercise 5 Express in English. Your partner can check.

Save


1. Lääkäreitä tarvitaan kaikkialla.	Doctors are needed everywhere / all over the world.
2. Lakimiehestä ei aina pidetä.	A/The lawyer is not always liked.
3. Arvostettiinko tuomareita ennen enemmän?	Were judges appreciated more in the old days / before?
4. Minua koulutettiin myyjäksi siihen aikaan.	I was being trained as a shop assistant at that/the time.
5. Toimittajia ei ole aina uskottu.	Journalists/Reporters haven’t always been believed.
6. Miksi konduktööreille ei ole annettu parempia työasuja?	Why haven’t conductors been given better uniforms?
7. Autonkuljettajia nähdään vielä pitkän aikaa.	Chauffeurs/Drivers will be seen for a long time to come.
8. Lääkäreitä pitää kuunnella.	Doctors have to / must be listened to.
9. Heille olisi pitänyt opettaa kohteliasta käytöstä.	They should have been taught polite behaviour.
10. Yrittäjiä olisi voitu auttaa enemmän.	Entrepreneurs could have been helped more.


11. Autetaanko opiskelijoita tarpeeksi?	Are students helped enough?
12. Syytetyn oikeuksia ei kunnioiteta tarpeeksi tällä hetkellä.	The rights of the accused are not being respected enough at the moment.
13. Rikolliset lähetettiin vankilaan.	Criminals were sent to jail.
14. Häntä ei pidetty helppona asiakkaana.	She/He wasn’t considered an easy customer/client. / She/He wasn’t regarded as an easy customer/client.
15. Lukijoista ei ole aina pidetty hyvää huolta.	Readers haven’t always been taken good care of.
16. Matkustajia oli käsketty lähtemään.	Travellers had been told to leave.
17. Meille annetaan pian uusi kuski.	We will be given a new driver soon.
18. Potilaita voidaan tutkia nyt paremmin.	Patients can be examined better now.
19. Sinulle ei olisi pitänyt myydä tuota lääkettä.	You shouldn’t have been sold that medicine.
20. Asiakkaille olisi voitu kertoa totuus.	Customers could have been told the truth.

Teksti

B

Fill in the missing prepositions where needed. If not needed, add –.

1. The Luddites attacked - William Cartwright’s mill on Sunday, April 12, 1812. The watchers Cartwright had hired to keep an eye on the mill were awoken by the sound of gunshots. The attackers beat the watchers to the ground in the lee of the mill.

2. Cartwright succeeded in defeating the attackers, who retreated atbeforeafter dawn. Fortunately, the mill door had not yielded to the attacks, and the mob had not been able to enter - the premises. The door was destroyed beyond repair, though, and several windows had been shot throughat.

3. The Luddites were textile weavers who protested against- the use of machinery at the beginning of the 19th century. At the time of the Luddites, Britain was going through a social revolution in addition to the Industrial Revolution.

4. There was a new social class, the capitalists, whose interest in political power had grown along with increasing financial profits. In the end, the Luddites were suppressed with military force, but it was their offspring who ultimately gained the most from new technology.

Teksti

C

Confusables

Write the verbs in Finnish.

I was hurt. be hurt = loukkaantua
You hurt me. hurt = loukata

In the English language the passive voice is often used when in Finnish we use verbs ending with –ua or –yä. Write the correct forms of the verbs using either the active or the passive voice.

1. surprise
The watchers were surprised in the middle of the night by an angry mob. What surprised them most, however, was the great number of the attackers.

2. break
Shots fired by the attackers broke the mill’s windows. The mill door was broken by the angry mob, too.

3. convince
Cartwright’s employees were convinced that the automatic looms would cost them their livelihoods. Cartwright later convinced them of the advantages of modern technology.

4. disappoint
Cartwright’s decision to start using the automatic loom disappointed his employees. Cartwright, on the other hand, was disappointed that his employees weren’t able to adapt to change more quickly.

5. injure
During the attack, one of the members of the angry mob injured his left foot. The foot was injured so badly that it had to be amputated the following week.

6. destroy
The mob felt that the loom would have to be destroyed before it destroyed their livelihoods.

7. improve
After the attack, the safety measures at the mill had to be improved. Cartwright improved them by employing more watchers.

8. lose
Even though eventually some jobs were lost, Cartwright losthad lost something more valuable – the love and trust of his employees.

Teksti

D

Translate the sentences into Finnish. Notice that they all have some kind of shortened clauses, which you may have to translate as full clauses in Finnish.


1. Cartwright, accompanied by five employees and five soldiers, counterattacked.	Cartwright, jolla oli mukanaan viisi työntekijää ja viisi sotilasta, teki vastahyökkäyksen.
2. The attackers retreated, carrying the wounded.	Hyökkääjät perääntyivät kantaen haavoittuneita.
3. The attackers were weavers, trying to destroy the new machine.	Hyökkääjät olivat kutojia, jotka yrittivät tuhota uuden koneen.
4. Cartwright was the first man ever to defeat them.	Cartwright oli ensimmäinen, joka koskaan voitti heidät.
5. King George III was one strand in a cobweb covering Europe.	Kuningas Yrjö III oli yksi säie Euroopan kattavassa verkossa.
6. Cartwright, given but a few of the monarch’s soldiers, rang his bell for more, and they never came.	Cartwright, jolle oli annettu vain muutama hallitsijan sotilas, soitti kelloaan saadakseen lisäjoukkoja, joita ei koskaan tullut.

January 27th, 2026

become extinct = die out

i. e. = id est = ts = toisin sanoen

a mitochondrion / plural: many mitochodria

a phenomenon / many phenomena
a criterion / many criteria

a nucleus / plural: many nuclei = 1) tuma (biologiassa) 2) ydin (fysiikassa)
nuclear power

I tried not to be seen in their company.

feel like = fancy

I feel like having a cup of coffee. = I fancy having a cup of coffee.

This house needs to be painted. = This house needs painting.

My hair needs to be cut. = My hair needs cutting.

slow - slowly

automatic - automatically

systematic - systematically
BUT: public - publicly = in public

prefer s-g to s-g

I prefer coffee to tea. = I like coffee better than tea.
BrE honour / AmE honor

colour / color

a pre-war era

a post-war era

Teksti

exercise 6

Fill in according to the clues.

1. Apples are sold all year round in most supermarkets. (myydään)
2. The furniture is being moved / is being transferred downstairs now. (siirretään)
3. Not everybody is needed / will be needed / is going to be needed there. (tarvitaan)
4. Why were they told / were they ordered to wait for us there? (heitä käskettiin)
5. This has to be seen / must be seen to be believed. (täytyy nähdä)

6. Have they been given any food yet? (Onko heille annettu)
7. She hasn’t been caused / hasn't been caused / has not been caused any harm. (ei ole aiheutettu)
8. It will be done / is going to be done one day. (tehdään)
9. What had you been shown / were you shown? (teille oli näytetty)
10. You could be helped more. (voitaisiin auttaa)

Teksti

exercise 7

More advanced. Fill in.

1. We should have been asked to wait for them. (olisi pitänyt pyytää)
2. The referee may have been bought / might have been bought off – he seems to have it in for us. (on saatettu ostaa)
3. If it had been done well, we wouldn’t be in this mess now. (olisi tehty)
4. I don’t particularly enjoy being told / it when I am told what to do. (siitä, että minulle kerrotaan)
5. She insisted on being sent a formal invitation. (että hänelle lähettäisiin)

6. It feels good to be given a day off. (tulla annetuksi)
7. My elderly aunt needs to be looked after / looking after. (huolehtimista)
8. Why do they drive / do people drive on the left in Thailand? (ajetaan)
9. What are they laughing at / do they laugh at over there? (nauretaan)
10. Let's go now before everyone else does. (Lähdetään)

1. Should-verbin jälkeen tarvitaan verbin perusmuotoa, jolla on myös menneessä tapahtuneeseen tekemiseen viittaava muoto. Passiivissa tämä muoto on have been + 3. muoto.
4. Verbin enjoy jälkeen tulevasta toisesta verbistä tarvitaan ing-muoto. Passiivissa se on being + 3. muoto.
5. Preposition jälkeen tarvitaan verbistä ing-muoto.
6. Myös verbin perusmuodosta voi muodostaa passiivin rakenteella (to) be + 3. muoto.
7. Need-verbin jälkeen passiivi voidaan ilmaista kahdella tavalla: It needs to be done. = It needs doing.
8. Drive-verbillä ei ole tekemisen kohdetta (objektia). Siksi siitä ei voi käyttää passiivimuotoa.

Teksti

exercise 8

Homework. Write in English.

🔒 You will get the correct answers from your teacher.


1. Sääntöjä ei aina totella.	Rules are not always obeyed/followed.
2. Meistä tuntui, että meitä tarkkailtiin.	We felt we were being watched/observed.
3. Se on varmaankin myyty ulkomaille.	It must have been sold abroad.
4. Heidän sanotaan olevan valmiina kaikkeen.	They are said to be ready for everything. / It is said (that) they are ready for everything.
5. Yritin välttää tulemista nähdyksi heidän seurassaan.	I tried to avoid being seen in their company.

Teksti

Glossary / Culture and art

exercise A

Fill in the missing words.

1. Pop and rock are two of the most popular genres in music. (tyylilajit)
2. Gollum is a brilliant character in The Lord of the Rings. (henkilöhahmo)
3. The legendary album Smash by The Offspring was released in 1994. (julkaistiin)
4.–5. This cheerful chorus is played in D major. (kertosäe, D-duurissa)
6.–7. The conductor has the lead sheet notes / sheet music in front of him. (kapellimestari; nuotit)
8. My friends and I always sing polyphonically. (moniäänisesti)
9. An Inconvenient Truth is an American documentary about climate change. (dokumenttielokuva)
10. The crowd was completely blown away, and gave a ten-minute standing ovation. (suosionosoitukset seisaallaan)

Teksti

B

Translate.


1. Kun ideat jatko-osiin loppuvat, voi aina tehdä edeltäviä osia.	When you run out of ideas for sequels, you can always make prequels.
2. Luulen, että pidän enemmän novelleista kuin romaaneista.	I think/believe I prefer short stories to/over novels. / I believe/think I like short stories better/more than novels.
3. Kuva maalattiin läpinäkymättömälle materiaalille käyttäen vain päävärejä.	The picture was painted on an opaque material using only primary colors/colours.
4. Tuhkimo on kuuluisan sadun päähenkilö.	Cinderella is the protagonist of/in a/the famous fairytale.
5. Julkaistaanko uusi jännitysromaani vain pokkarina?	Will the new thriller only be published as a paperback / in paperback?

LC11 Art for your ears / Tapescript

1. Various issues during an artist’s lifespan
2. Art and artists don’t have to reflect the same values.
3. The distance from other structures on the street is regulated.
4.

5. Ironic
6.

The myth of the long-suffering, tormented and starving young artist might not only be a myth if you talk with a few aspiring artists trying to make it in this competitive field. Join us on this special podcast on art sold on the street. Marketplaces and small stalls on the street, that’s how you might get your foot in the door. But is it enough? What is the next step? What are the latest stirrings of the art world at the moment? Is it possible to make a good living and also make good art at the same time? How could you turn your career up a notch if you are already making ends meet but still not a household name or even close? Stay tuned for more. // 1

It’s not easy to delve deep into the creative mind and extract a perfect work of art in the process. How good do you need to be at what you do? What will sell? How about can bad people create great art? Is great art always a product of a good, pure mind? Degas, renowned for his fragile ballerinas, for instance, was a famous anti-Semite. While praised for warmth and humanity in his art, he held very stark views of his fellow man. So, if art history is anything to go by, you don’t need to be exemplary or even above par, just be the imperfect human being that you are. // 2

Various settings promote selling art on the street in different ways. In New York, for example, you don’t even need to have a vending license. Nevertheless, there are certain restrictions pertaining to place, time and manner of selling. All art vending stands must be located at least 20 inches from a door, 10 inches from a corner and must not touch or in any way be attached to a fire hydrant or another item on the street such as a parking meter, traffic sign, light pole or telephone booth. // 3

Selling art on the street is challenging. You might want to prop up your work on an easel to stand out from the other works on display. Try not to have your work under a parasol or similar, it changes the light and the tones in your work. Direct natural light works the best. If your work is sandwiched between many others, it will not promote your work in the best possible manner so try to avoid dense exhibits. // 4

Have you ever had a painting really touch your soul? Really speak to you. So much so that you ended up buying it on the spot and taking it home? Street art or not, worth every dollar. And then a friend of yours came over and said: “What an interesting piece. Where an earth did you find a painting like that? The frogs seem so lifelike. It would make me so jittery to have them hang above my bed in my bedroom. So interesting. But of course, I’m not a true connoisseur like you. // 5

As an artist, what’s your favourite medium? Acrylic paints, charcoal or perhaps etching? Paints lend themselves to powerful and expressive brushstrokes, really making your feelings and thoughts heard. You can attack the canvas with your brush and let it feel your power. Make use of a rich rainbow of shades and tints at your disposal. When you are done, discard the brushes and you will feel cleansed. You and the end result will next face the world and the critics. // 6

January 29th, 2026

HW ex. 87, 88 & 89 / ex. B & C in Glossary Economy / Work

the Depression
slump

in the early 90s
in the mid-90s
in the late 90s

LAUSEENVASTIKKEET:
A) RELATIIVILAUSEIDEN LYHENTEET:

1) - ing-muodolla lyhennetään AKTIIVINEN lause:
Do you know that woman who is standing over there?
Do you know that woman standing over there?

2) teeman 3. muodolla lyhennetään PASSIIVINEN lause:
I ate delicious apples that / which were sold at the market today.
= I ate delicious apples sold at the market today.
3) prepositiofraasilla lyhennettävät lauseet (in / with / without)
Do you know that lady who is wearing a red dress?
= Do you know that lady in a red dress?
She is a person who has many friends.
= She is a person with many friends.
She is a lonely person who doesn't have any friends.
= She is a lonely friends without any friends.

4) infinitiivi, jos edellä the last, the next, the only, superlatiivi tai järjestysluku:

The nicest things that happened to me were really small everyday things.
= The nicest things to happen to me were really small everyday things.

Neil Armstrong was the first person that / who stepped on the Moon.

Neil Armstrong was the first person to step on the Moon.

the Red Sea

the Baltic Sea

the Dead Sea

the Yemeni peninsula

arrive at / in:

He arrived in New York City.

He arrived at JFK Airport.

an arrival at / in

His arrival at Heathrow Airport was a surprise to us.
His arrival in London was a surprise to us.

humans = people

a human being = ihminen

dwell = asua; a dwelling = asujamisto

a well

become extinct = die out

i. e. = id est

a mitochondrion / plural: many mitochondria

a phenomenon / many phenomena
a criterion / many criteria

a nucleus / many nuclei
nuclear power

I tried not to be seen in their company.

LC 10 Moomins on display / Tapescripi

1. Oil paintings.
2. To redefine Jansson as an artist.
3. There are quite many of them.
4. It was greatly influenced by the war.
5. They both helped and hindered Jansson’s work.
6. Creating it exhausted Jansson.
7. Early in the artist’s life.
8. Not everyone considered the Moomins to be art.

Halfway through the first major UK retrospective of paintings by Tove Jansson, which opens this week at the Dulwich Picture Gallery, visitors will recognise some little blobby creatures in a glass case – the Moomins.

The stars of some of the most famous children’s books of the 20th century, they have become deeply familiar in their incarnations as fridge magnets, soft toys, on the tail fins of Finnish planes and in a newly opened museum in Finland. They have also appeared in cartoon strips and animations, with a new film coming at Christmas and a new animated series featuring the likes of Kate Winslet, Rosamund Pike and Will Self. // 1

The Moomins may not, however, have been how Jansson would have chosen her work to be defined. Their pottering around their flowery valley, and hibernating through the fierce Nordic winters until a messenger brings news of spring made her famous the world over, but they have completely overshadowed the reputation as a serious painter that she yearned for all her life, and which the Dulwich exhibition will try to rescue.

“The pictures are wonderful,” said the gallery’s director, Jennifer Scott. “I’ve surprised myself at how drawn I feel to them. She fits perfectly into one of the things we do best at Dulwich, which is to take a very unfamiliar name, or a name people think they know, and show a completely different aspect of their work.”Despite the scores of paintings from private collections and Finland’s national gallery, the Ateneum in Helsinki, including a haunting last self-portrait painted years before Jansson’s death aged 87 in 2001, the Moomins have crept into half the exhibition space and taken over the final room. // 2, 3

The first Moomin book was published at the end of the Second World War and was clearly in its shadow, a surprisingly dark fantasy of a world almost destroyed by catastrophic flood. Other books followed, but it was only when one was translated into English in 1951, and her creations became a cartoon strip for the London Evening News, that she became internationally famous.

Clare Simpson, the head of exhibitions at Dulwich, was helping Liisa Kantanen from the Ateneum set out the fragile models of the characters, beautifully made by Jansson’s life partner, the artist and craft worker Tuulikki Pietilä, and borrowed from a private collection. Directing the little figures to turn toward one another in conversation, she said: “I feel sorry for Tove really. The Moomins brought her fame and money, which bought her freedom, but they also cannibalised her time and creative energy and distracted her from what she considered her real work.” // 4, 5

The exhibition includes original artwork for the strip, believed long lost, which turned up in an uncatalogued envelope in the collection of the Cartoon Archive in Kent. After seven years writing and drawing the strip, Jansson was so drained by the work she handed it on to her brother, who kept it going until 1975.

Jansson was born into a family of hardworking artists in Helsinki in 1914 – her father was a sculptor, but most of the bills were paid by her mother’s illustration work – and earned money from magazine and book illustration from the age of 15.

The exhibition shows her covers for the satirical magazine Garm, including a wartime Christmas number of a dancing Hitler roaring for cake. Some include tiny hippo like figures, the first appearance in print of the Moomins, which she had been drawing since sketching them on the wall of a childhood holiday home. // 6, 7

The exhibition’s curator, Sointu Fritze, who is also chief curator at the Ateneum, said the Moomins had earned their place in the exhibition, even if they often made it hard for Jansson to be taken seriously as a painter at a time when hierarchies in art were still rigid.

“Although Tove Jansson was sometimes tired of the Moomins or frustrated to be known primarily as the ‘Moomin Mamma who can also paint’, she did take the work on Moomins as seriously, with a strong devotion, as her painting,” Fritze said.

“I think she was herself able to see her oeuvre as a continuum and a whole, the sources of inspiration being very much the same for everything she did.” // 8

Teksti

B

Fill in the blanks with words that make the most sense. Each gap is missing just one word.

The population was likely quite 1. small, even miniscule by contemporary standards – no more than about six thousand or ten thousand individuals. The most provocative estimate is a bare seven hundred – about the number of humans that might 2. inhabit a single city block or a village. Mitochondrial Eve may have lived among 3. them, bearing at least one daughter, and at least one granddaughter. We do not know when, or why, these individuals 4. stopped interbreeding with other hominids – but we do know that they began breeding with each other with relative exclusivity about two hundred millennia ago. Perhaps they were isolated here by climate changes, or stranded by geographic barriers. Perhaps they 5. fell / were in love.

Teksti

1. Sana little voisi olla mahdollinen, mutta esimerkiksi tiny ei käy, koska se ei sovi lauseen jatkon kanssa (ei voi olla tiny, even miniscule).

2. Myös live in olisi järkevä, mutta tehtävässä piti kirjoittaa vain yksi sana.

3. Myös those people olisi järkevä, mutta tehtävässä piti kirjoittaa vain yksi sana.

4. Myös finished tai quit ovat mahdollisia vaikkeivät yhtä luontevia. Sanan cease jälkeen täytyisi tulla perusmuoto (ceased to interbreed).

5. Rakastua = fall in love

Teksti

C

What happened to Mitochondrial Eve’s people next? Choose the best alternative.

From here, they went 1. – west, as young men often do, and traveled north. They clambered through the gash of the Rift Valley or ducked into the canopies of the humid rainforests around the Congo basin, where the Mbuti and Bantu now
2. live. […]

But the long march went on. Some seventy-five thousand years ago, a group of humans arrived 3. at the northeastern edge of Ethiopia or Egypt, where the Red Sea 4. narrows to a slitlike strait between the shrugged shoulder of Africa and the downward elbow of the Yemeni peninsula. There was 5. no one there to part the ocean. We do not know what drove these men and women to fling themselves across the water, or how they managed to cross it (the sea was shallower then, and some geologists have wondered 6. whether chains of sandbar islands spanned the strait along which our ancestors hopscotched their way to Asia and Europe.) A volcano had erupted in Toba, Indonesia, about seventy thousand years ago, 7. spewing enough dark ash into the skies to launch a decades-long winter that 8. might have precipitated a desperate search for new food and land.

1. –: go west (ilman prepositiota ja artikkelia), mutta go to the west (jos on prepositio, tarvitaan myös artikkeli)

2. live: Järkevä aikamuoto on preesens (eli ei lived tai have lived). Verbi viittaa kahteen heimoon, eli is living ei käy.

3. at: arrive at (paikka, rakennus) tai arrive in (kaupunki, maa). To ja for eivät käy arrive-verbin kanssa.

4. narrows: Merta ollaan ylittämässä, joten järkevä vaihtoehto se, jossa meri kapenee (narrows). Muut viittaavat laajenemiseen.

5. no one: Tämä lause viittaa Raamatun kertomukseen, kuinka juutalaiset pääsivät pois orjuudesta Egyptistä. Tästä tekstistä käy ilmi, että nyt vedet eivät jakautuneet.

6. whether: Lauseesta tulee järkevä, jos siinä on epäsuora kysymys. Jos kysymyssanaa ei ole, sen paikalle kysymyksen alkuun laitetaan whether tai if.

7. spewing: Tässä on kyseessä lauseenvastike (spewing = syösten).

8. might have precipitated: Kirjoittaja pohtii menneitä tapahtumia ja sen mahdollisia syitä, joten will initiate tai should result eivät käy. Vaihtoehdon can’t have started kieltosana ei ole järkevä. (precipitate = nopeuttaa, kiihdyttää)

Others have proposed that multiple dispersals, 9. prompted by smaller catastrophes, may have taken place at various times in human history. One dominant theory suggests that 10. at least two independent crossings occurred. The earliest crossing occurred 130,000 years ago. The migrants landed in the Middle East and took a “beachcomber” route through Asia, hugging the coast toward India and then fanning out southward toward Burma, Malaysia, and Indonesia. A later crossing happened 11. more recently, about sixty thousand years ago. These migrants moved north into Europe, where they 12. encountered Neanderthals. Either route used the Yemeni peninsula as its hub. This is the true “melting pot” of the human genome.

What is certain is that every perilous ocean-crossing left hardly 13. any survivors – perhaps as 14. few as six hundred men and women. Europeans, Asians, Australians, and Americans are the 15. descendants of these drastic bottlenecks, and this corkscrew of history too has left 16. its signature in our genomes. In a genetic sense, nearly all of us who emerged out of Africa, gasping for land and air, are even more closely yoked than previously imagined. We were on the same boat, brother.

9. prompted: Tässä on passiivinen lauseenvastike, joka käy ilmi aukon jälkeen olevasta by-sanasta (prompted by smaller catastrophes).

10. at least: at least = ainakin; at once = heti, at last = lopultakin, at a glance = yhdellä silmäyksellä

11. more recently: Tekstin mukaan ylityksiä oli ainakin kaksi, ja nyt puhutaan tuoreemmasta, eli tarvitaan sanaa more. Adjektiivi more recent ei sovi lauseeseen (more recently = vähemmän aikaa sitten, more recent = tuoreempi).

12. encountered (= kohtasivat): Lauseessa tarvitaan imperfektiä (had met with viittaa aiempaan tapahtumaan ja see nykyhetkeen). Vaihtoehdossa must have been seen on passiivi, joka ei sovi lauseyhteyteen (mutta jos aukon jälkeen olisi by-sana, se olisi ainoa mahdollinen).

13. any: Aukkoa edeltää rajoittava sana hardly (tuskin), joten no ei käy. Aukon jälkeen tulee pääsana survivors, joten itsenäiset muodot nobody tai anyone eivät käy.

14. few: Selviytyjiä oli vain vähän. Sana little vaatisi yksiköllisen pääsanan.

15. descendants (= jälkeläiset): ancestors/forefathers = esi-isät; child-sanan yksikkö ei käy (mutta children olisi mahdollinen).

16. its: its = sen (omistusmuoto); it’s = it is / it has; their = heidän, niiden; they’re = they are
Tämä sana viittaa aukkoa ennen olevaan this corkscrew -kohtaan, joka siis vaatii yksiköllisen sanan.

February 3rd, 2026

a payer
a payee
an employer
an employee

personal (adj.)
personnel (n.) = staff

LAUSEENVASTIKKEET:

2. aikaa ilmaisevat l. temporaaliset lauseenvastikkeet (after, before, when, while...)
After I had heard about the summit, I decided to learn more about.
After hearing about the summit, I decided...
Having heard about the summit, I decided...
Before I ordered the three-course meal, I read the menu very carefully.
= Before ordering the three-course meal, I read...
When we were told how much it cost, we knew we were in trouble.
= When told how much it cost, we knew...

= Being told how much it cost, we knew...

3. kausaaliset lauseenvastikkeet
= syytä ilmaisevat
(as, because, since)
As Marc had missed the bus, he got home in the middle of the night.
= Missing the bus, Marc got home...
As / Since he didn't want to wake up the others, he tiptoed to his room.
= Not wanting to wake up the others, he tiptoed...
As he was exhausted, he went straight to bed.
= Exhausted, he went straight to bed.
4. konsessiiviset lauseenvastikkeet l. myönnytystä ilmaisevat (although)
Although Sam was very old, he still enjoyed gardening.
= Though very old, Sam still enjoyed gardening.
5. ehtolausetta ilmaisevat l. konditionaaliset
(if, unless)
If the weather is good, we'll go sailing.
= The weather being good, we'll go sailing.
Unless it is kept in the fridge, milk will go sour.
= Unless kept in the fridge, milk will go sour.
6. tarkoitusta ilmaisevat l. finaaliset
The Mohells went to Australia so that they would have a better life.
= The Mohells went to Australia (in order) to have a better life.
I didn't say a word so that I wouldn't hurt your feelings.
= I didn't say a word so as not to hurt your feelings.
7. sanonnat
God willing, we'll meet again.
= If God so wills, we'll meet again.
Weather permitting, we'll go on a picnic tomorrow.
= If the weather permits, we'll go...

shortened sentences / lauseenvastikkeet

exercise 87

1. I have a neighbour listening to music at full volume.

2. In addition, the music played there is simply awful.

3. I don’t usually care for people complaining about their neighbours.

4. But people with/having no concern for others are idiots.

5. Or perhaps they are the last ones to hear / hearing about the noise they make.

6. I don’t know a lot of people shown in my grandparents’ photo albums.

7. Pictures taken over fifty years ago often look so serious.

8. Why are there no people laughing at the camera?

9. Is it because of the considerable price paid for those pictures?

10. So were the people paying for them thinking of money?

Glossary: Economy / Work

exercise B

Translate.


1. Kysynnän ja tarjonnan tulisi ohjata markkinoita.	Supply and demand should control the market.
2. Jos saisin palkankorotuksen, se auttaisi minua maksamaan laskuni.	If I got a raise, it would help me pay my bill(s) / help me with my bill(s).
3. Ansaitsen aika paljon, mutta korkeasta verotuksesta johtuen nettotuloni eivät koskaan riitä.	I earn quite a lot but because of / due to high taxation my net income is never enough.
4. Yhtiömme menestys on täysin ahkeran henkilökuntamme ansiota.	Our hard-working staff/personnel are entirely responsible for our company’s success / for the success of our company.
5. Talousjohtaja ja toimitusjohtaja erosivat sen jälkeen, kun menettivät luontaisetunsa.	The CFO and CEO resigned after losing / they lost their perks / fringe benefits.

Teksti

exercise C

Choose the correct definition for each term.

GDP the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country in one year
blue chip a stock with a high investment quality
bankruptcy complete failure or impoverishment
assets the entire property of a person, association or corporation
retail selling directly to consumers

a monetary gain deriving from capital or labor (income)
giving money mainly for income or profit (investment)

shortened sentenced / lauseenvastikkeet

Example answer:

1. (When) travelling abroad, you get new experiences.

2. (If) experienced firsthand, a well-worn tourist site may be great.

3. Having seen many famous sights, I still think nothing tops the Grand Canyon.

4. It couldn’t be more beautiful even if designed by artists.

5. Having been asked to join a trip to see it, I am forever grateful to my friends.

6. Having seen pictures of it, I thought I’d know what to expect.

7. But after stepping / having stepped close to the edge of the canyon, I just couldn’t feel jaded.

8. After admiring / Having admired the sight, I wanted to be on my own.

9. (Having been) told not to go anywhere, I had to wait for my friends.

1. Konjunktio voi jäädä pois lauseenvastikkeesta, mutta lauseen hahmottamiseksi se on joskus hyvä pitää mukana.
6. As-konjunktio jää aina pois lauseenvastikkeesta.

February 5th, 2026

take part in s-g = participate in s-g = partake in s-g

foeces / feces / poop / excrement // manure / dung / stool

earth / soil / ground / land / dirt

a stag party = polttarit

äänetään aivan samalla tavalla:
dye: She dyed her hair.
die: He died of cancer.

yhden kirjaimen ero muuttaa sanan merkityksen täysin:
try
dry

government
environment

subsidy (n.)
subsidize (v.) = maksaa tukijaisia
state subsidies

inaugurate (v.) = vihkiä (esim. joku rakennus)

swear, swore, sworn = vannoa; kirota

be sworn in as s-g
Donald J. Trump was sworn in as 47th President of the United States of America on the 20th of January 2025.

John F. Kennedy was elected President of the United States of America in 1960.
John F. Kennedy was sworn in as 35th President of the United States of America on the 20th of January 1961.

foreign policy
domestic policy

Honesty is the best policy. = Rehellisyys maan perii.

the Houses of Parliament
the House of Commons = alahuone
the House of Lords = ylähuone

I attend an evening school. = I go to ....

Teksti

Homework 89

Homework. Translate.

🔒 You will get the correct answers from your teacher.


1. Tässä on lista kokoukseen osallistuvista jäsenistä.	This is the list of the members attending the meeting.
2. Mitä mieltä olet viime kerralla esitellystä projektista?	What do you think of the project presented last time?
3. Kunnolla tehtynä se voi olla suuri menestys.	Done properly it can be a great success.
4. Luettuani artikkelin projektin ympäristövaikutuksista en ole enää niin varma.	Having read / After reading an article about the environmental effects of the project, I am no longer so sure.
5. Mielestäni ympäristön unohtavat ihmiset ovat vastuuttomia.	In my opinion / In my view / To my mind, people forgetting the environment are reckless.

LC 16 A / Tapescript

1. Surprised
2. Irritated
3. Determined
4. Resigned

A
Woman (excited): I just got an email that we are getting an exchange student from Argentina in September!
Man (confused, surprised): What? What do you mean “we are getting an exchange student”? Why? // 1
Woman (irritated): Don’t you remember? We volunteered to be a host family last autumn when we got that brochure from Becky’s school. We discussed it with the whole family. // 2
Man (hesitant): I don’t really recall that at all…
Woman (determined, not angry): Well, you signed the paper, so it’s too late to change your mind now. // 3
Man (resigned): I see. Can’t be helped then, I suppose. // 4

LC 16 B / Tapescript

B
1. Excited
2. Unsure
3. Amused
4. Optimistic

B
Man (super excited): I have a good feeling about this stag party. It’s going to be amazing! // 1
Woman (hesitant): Yeah, I think it’ll be good, but… I don’t know about this hang-gliding business. It sounds kind of dangerous. // 2
Man (confident): You don’t need to worry. I’ve done it a thousand times, it’s nothing.
Woman (amused): Yeah, you’ve done it, but can you imagine Ben trying it? I mean, I love him to bits, but he’s not really the most adventurous person I know. Or agile. // 3
Man (disappointed): You might have a point… but that was the best part of the whole thing.
Woman (optimistic): For you, maybe, but I still think that Ben will really appreciate this surprise. // 4

February 10th, 2026

HW: HW 28 (Sg & Pl); HW 32 (Sg & Pl); HW 36 (Articles); HW 48 (Relative Pronouns); HW 52 (Indefinite Pronouns); HW 58 ((a) little; (a) few)); HW 61 (Numerals); HW 105 (Prepositions)

a criterion // many criteria

a phenomenon // many phenomena

a mouse // many mice

a louse // many lice

a sheep // many sheep
a deer // many deer
an elk // many elk
a moose // many moose

a wolf // many wolves
a knife // many knives
a wife // many wives

a man // many men
a woman // many women

a goose // many geese
a foot // many feet
a tooth // many teeth

a species / many species

a series / many series
a crossroads // many crossroads

a basis // many bases
an oasis // many oases
an analysis // many analyses
a crisis // many crises
a hypothesis // many hypotheses

i = 1

wear, wore, worn

in the 1990s

in the early 1990s
in the mid-1990s
in the late 1990s

in the 14th century = in the 1300s

in the early 18th century = in the early 1700s
in the mid-18th century = in the mid-1700s
in the late 18th century = in the late 1700s

a pavement

increase / decrease (v.)

amiss: Signs were amiss.

afraid: Are you afraid of death?

asleep: I was asleep.
awake: We were awake.
ashamed: I was ashamed of my behaviour.
ajar: The door is ajar.
aghast: She winced, aghast at his cruelty.
ablaze: His clothes were ablaze. = burning fiercely

pride oneself on s-g: he prided himself on his success.
make oneself at home: Make yourself at home.
defend oneself: I'll have to defend myself.

deplete

depletion: the ozone depletion

an NGO = a charity

caedo, cecidi, caesum sum (Lat.)

vermicide

insecticide
fungicide
homicide
genocide: Slobodan Milosevic was accused of genocide.
spermicide
suicide: Hitler committed suicide.

Teksti

amuse oneself  huvitella, viihdyttää
behave oneself  käyttäytyä kunnolla
defend oneself  puolustautua
enjoy oneself  pitää hauskaa
help oneself to  ottaa itse (ruokaa tms.)
make oneself at home tehdä olonsa kotoisaksi
pride oneself in/on  ylpeillä jostakin

Teksti

Homework 28

Homework. Write in English.

🔒 You will get the correct answers from your teacher.


1. Biologian tunneilla opiskelijoita pyydettiin ryhmittelemään eläinlajeja erilaisin perustein.	In biology classes/lessons, (the) students were asked to group animal species on different bases.
2. Listalla oli perhosia, susia, hiiriä, poroja, lohia, kettuja, hanhia ja lampaita.	The list had/included butterflies, wolves, mice, reindeer, salmon, foxes, geese, and sheep.
3. Ihmiset käyttivät eri kriteerejä, kun he kuvailivat ilmiöitä.	People used different criteria when they described the phenomena.
4. Tunnin tutkimustyön jälkeen analyysit esiteltiin esitelmäsarjana.	After an hour of research, the analyses were presented as a series of presentations.

LC15 / What would the man say next? / Tapescript

1. It all makes sense when you think about it.
2. Yes, it is hard to believe.
3. You never know, they might find a common tune.
4. No, I don’t think anyone would expect that.
5. You might have a point there.
6. Yeah, the office manager saw him put ink cartridges in his bag.
7. Yes – she said she came up with it!
8. Maybe we can still make it.
9. I wouldn’t worry about it too much.
10. Are you trying to be sarcastic?

1. What would the man say next?

Male: There’s a fascinating story in today’s paper about poonamis.
Female: Sounds like something Japanese.
Male: Well, not quite. The story is about whale poo and how it affects the oceans. When whales defecate, they actually release important nutrients into the water that fertilize the plant plankton. This plankton serves as food for fish and krill…
Female: … which the whales in turn will eat. I see. // 1

2. What would the woman say next?

Female: Did you see this story about the deaf man in Oklahoma who was shot by the police?
Male: No, what happened?
Female: The man carried a metal pipe with him for protection, and when the police told him to put the pipe away, he didn’t, because he couldn’t hear what they were saying. So, they shot him.
Male: That sounds quite incredible. // 2

3. What would the man say next?

Male: I saw a program on TV yesterday where they said teen drivers are three times more likely to be involved in deadly accidents than adults.
Female: I saw it, too. They said there is new technology that will allow parents to control things like the speed and even the volume of the music in the car while their kids are driving.
Male: I wonder if it lets the parents choose the music, too. You know, classic rock and golden oldies.
Female: That could create tricky situations for the parents and the teenagers. // 3

4. What would the woman say next?

Female: The officials are warning about a deer buck that apparently attacked a man in his backyard.
Male: A deer? Are you sure, my dear?
Female: Quite sure. The man tried to defend himself with a plastic lawn chair, but he got injured and had to be taken to the hospital. The buck is still on the loose.
Male: I thought they were rather timid creatures. I wouldn’t think they’d attack people. // 4

5. What would the man say next?

Male: The local council is meeting tomorrow to discuss the ban on electronic cigarettes in public parks.
Female: Yes. They say e-cigarettes can carry as many additives as regular cigarettes. Their health impacts might be just as bad.
Male: I’m skeptical, I haven’t seen any reliable studies on this issue. It just seems a bit silly to me.
Female: Well, a lot of children go to parks. Is it fair to subject them to second-hand smoking when we don’t know the consequences? // 5

6. What would the man say next?

Male: Did you hear about Pete? He was sacked yesterday.
Female: What – just like that, out of the blue? Why? I thought he was doing quite well in the marketing department.
Male: He was caught red-handed pinching office supplies. Turns out he’s been doing that quite a lot.
Female: That seems odd, he must have a decent salary. But you said he was caught in the act? // 6

7. What would the woman say next?

Female: That Sally really drives me round the bend! Now she is telling everyone it was her idea for our company to sponsor the annual charity gala.
Male: I hear you. I was at the meeting where you suggested it.
Female: She is always trying to take the credit for other people’s ideas.
Male: We’re in the same boat. Do you remember my plan to cut down on travel expenses last year? // 7

8. What would the man say next?

Male: Did you RSVP to the Christmas party invitation?
Female: I thought you were going to do it.
Male: Oh, dear. We need to do it ASAP. I hope it’s not too late already.
Female: And I was really looking forward to this party. // 8

9. What would the woman say next?

Female: Have you met the new manager yet? What do you make of him?
Male: I think we might have got off on the wrong foot. I mistakenly assumed he was one of the assistants, so I introduced myself very casually.
Female: Oh… well, he seems quite laid back. He probably doesn’t care for formalities.
Male: I really didn’t mean to be disrespectful. // 9

10. What would the man say next?

Female: What’s going on with you and Megan? I haven’t seen her in a while.
Male: She’s been giving me the cold shoulder.
Female: Oh, you are getting the silent treatment. Did you forget her birthday or something?
Male: No! I actually got her a really nice scarf.
Female: Nothing says, “I love you” like a really nice scarf… // 10

February 12th, 2026

a witch = noita

taidesuuntaus: Cubism

uskonnot isolla kirjaimella ja ilman artikkelia: Hinduism / Islam / Judaism / Christianity
ei artikkelia: communism / liberalism / feminism

most people = useimmat ihmiset

most cars
most Finns
Dad was the most important person in my life. = superlatiivi
Dad picked the most berries. = Isä keräsi eniten marjoja.

at a time = kerrallaan
He saw each person at a time.

He lives in northern Finland.
= He lives in the north of Finland.
I come from eastern Finland.
Kokkola is in western Finland.
Hanko is situated in southern Finland.

Teksti

YKSIKKÖ VAI MONIKKO
Homework 32
1. There has been a lot of news / There have been many pieces / items of news / news items online about
how people react to threats.
2. Researchers are trying to figure out how the human brain works / human brains work.
3. Experts are gathering further evidence / proof about the fact that information has been misused.
4. With these studies / this research, the government hopes / hope to improve the situation.
ARTIKKELIT
Homework 36
Talking about – modern art, – most people know the name Picasso, but few people know that he was
actually a Spaniard. He was born in – southern Spain, in the city of Malaga, and as a young man he studied
– traditional art with a famous Spanish painter.
At the age of 20, Picasso decided to move to –Paris, which was the centre of – culture at the time. Together
with a Hungarian friend of his, he developed a completely new and –innovative style of – painting called –
Cubism. If you look at a Cubist work of –art, you may see an ordinary object such as a / the violin, an old
newspaper, or a glass of –wine in the painting, but the / – parts of the objects may be scattered all over the
canvas. Later in – life, Picasso became an innovative sculptor. He would take an everyday object like a used
tyre, or a piece of – furniture, and use it to create a sculpture.

Teksti

RELATIIVIPRONOMINIT
Homework 48
1. I don’t know all/everything that was told to you / (that) you were told.
2. What you saw was nobody’s fault.
3. Accidents happen, which is not a surprise.
4. We tried to help the victims, two of whom died later in hospital.
5. Helping others is the least (that/which) we can do.
6. I haven’t met anyone who/that is as unselfish as you.
INDEFINIITTIPRONOMINIT
Homework 52
1. Nothing scares me more than being alone at home / home alone at night.
2. Everyone / Everybody is scared / frightened / afraid of something.
3. Not everyone believes in ghosts.
4. None of us can know how others really feel.
5. Anything can seem scary / frightening / terrifying for someone / somebody.
6. Some (people) are scared/afraid of mice and others of cockroaches.
Paljoussanat ja numeraalit
PALJOUSSANAT
Homework 58
1. We have little time, so be quick.
2. Few students are as skilled/skillful.
3. Luckily I have a few friends.
4. Nobody needs many enemies / a lot of enemies.
5. Hopefully we all have many more friends than enemies.
NUMERAALIT
Homework 61
1. I have dozens of acquaintances but only a few friends.
2. Few politicians have got/received hundreds of thousands of votes.
3. In the early 20th century/1900s many (people) believed war would be impossible.
4. By the end of the 1910s tens of millions of people had died of war and disease.
5. Do you remember what happened in the mid-19th century / in the mid-1800s?

Teksti

KONJUNKTIOT
Homework 90
1. Hiking in the mountains is both refreshing and really good fun.
2. It wasn't until I made my first trip to a/the national park that I realized that hiking was my thing.
3. Now that I've packed my backpack, I’m ready to set off.
4. Whenever I hike long distances, I feel a sense of accomplishment/ as if I’ve accomplished/achieved
something.
5. Although / even though / though I am not really interested in / into / keen on sports, long walks suit me.
SIDESANAT
Homework 93
1. Above all, remember to do exactly as I tell you to.
2. However / yet / still / nevertheless / nonetheless, I've sometimes given you bad advice as well.
3. As a result / For this reason / Consequently, you once lost a lot of money.
4. On the other hand, it's good to have your own will.
5. That's why / Therefore, it's good to use common sense and not always obey me.
Prepositiot
VERBI/ADJEKTIIVI/SUBSTANTIIVI + PREPOSITIO
Homework 104
1. I was in Spain and the stars were like diamonds in the sky.
2. The neighbour’s kids are at my door again.
3. I have always lived on the top floor of this 32-storey / 32-story building.
4. This parrot is similar to yours, but different from/to/than the one we saw at the parking lot of/at the zoo.
5. The ancient recipe for success is to concentrate/focus on the minor

LC14 Universities and investments / Tapescript

1. Mitkä rahat ovat nyt yritysten saavuttamattomissa?	Yliopistojen/ Sadan yliopiston sijoitukset/sijoitussalkut.
2. Mitä Coventryn yliopisto on kehittänyt viime aikoina?	(Yliopiston) eettisen sijoittamisen periaatteita/ohjeistusta.
3. Mitä yliopisto toivoo lupauksestaan seuraavan?	Että muut (yliopistot/oppilaitokset) noudattavat heidän esimerkkiään / luopuvat myös sijoituksistaan fossiilisiin polttoaineisiin / alkavat sijoittaa kestäviin kohteisiin/rahastoihin.
4. Miten opiskelijat ovat edistäneet kampanjaa?	Yksi näistä riittää: keräämällä allekirjoituksia vetoomuksiin/adresseihin yrittämällä vaikuttaa yliopiston johtoon / lobbaamalla yliopiston johtoa poliittisella koulutuksella (väkivallattomalla) suoralla toiminnalla (kuten valtaamalla yliopiston rakennuksia)
5. Millaiseksi Coventryn yliopiston päätöstä luonnehditaan?	Päätös on virstanpylväs / suuri saavutus/voitto niille, jotka ovat taistelleet fossiilisia polttoaineita vastaan.

One hundred universities in the UK have pledgedto divest from fossil fuels. This equates to 65% of the country’s higher education sector refusing to make at least some investments in fossil fuel companies, and endowments worth more than £17.6bn now out of reach for the corporations. This huge sum is mostly owing to the significant investment portfolios of the University of Edinburgh, as well as the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and their constituent colleges, all of which have at least partially divested. // 1

Coventry University has become the 100th, and on Thursday announces its divestment of a £43.6m investment portfolio from all fossil fuel companies after a nine-month student campaign. Riz Dhanani, the treasury manager at the university said: “Coventry University has been actively developing its ethical investment framework over the last few years with regular consultation and input from staff and students.”

“We are now proud to take our sustainability agenda one step further in the investment arena by committing to exclude fossil fuel extractor companies from our investments, something that we were already engaged in with our ethical fund managers but have now formally incorporated into our treasury and investment policy. We will continue to invest in sustainable funds that strive to deliver better outcomes for society through their investments and I hope that making our pledge will encourage other institutions to follow suit.” // 2, 3

The Fossil Free campaign, active since 2013, has been led by students, who say it should not be acceptable for education and research institutions to invest in companies responsible for global heating. Students have undertaken a range of campaign methods, from petitions gathering thousands of signatories, lobbying university management, political education and non-violent direct action, including occupying university buildings. The first institution to announce it was divesting was the University of Glasgow, in 2014. Now most UK universities have publicly said they will not fund fossil fuels. The campaign will pressure the remaining 53 universities to divest.

Laura Clayson, a campaign manager at People and Planet, said: “It is always incredible to witness a university reject the fossil fuel industry, but especially so when it follows the work of phenomenal student organisers and brings us to such a milestone announcement. This is a win for all of those who have organised against the fossil fuel industry’s business model of deception, dispossession and destruction.” // 4, 5

Teksti

APUVERBIT
Homework 12
1. You have to / must be able to give me an/the answer.
2. I haven’t been able to sleep at all.
3. I may have made a mistake.
4. You should have been allowed/permitted to decide for yourself.
5. Why did I have to act so foolishly / in such a silly way?
6. You must have thought / must have been thinking that I was mad.

INFINITIIVI, ING-MUOTO JA THAT-LAUSE
Homework 20
1. I want you to listen carefully.
2. What makes you think (that) I know the answer?
3. Is it worth trying?
4. Have you got used to taking exercise every day?
5. I think (that) I’m right.
6. I am known to have made mistakes.

Teksti

GENETIIVI
Homework 41
1. An English teacher of mine / One of my English teachers taught us that the kings and queens of the
United Kingdom live in Buckingham Palace, but the monarch’s Crown Jewels are kept in the Tower of
London.
2. According to a / the legend, the future of the kingdom / the kingdom’s future depends on the presence
of the ravens / the ravens’ presence in the Tower.
3. What brought the ravens to the Tower at the beginning of the 16th century / in the early 1500s was
probably the smell of the corpses of executed enemies of the king / the smell of the corpses of the king’s
executed enemies.
4. The Tower’s ravens / The ravens of the Tower have all got names of their own, and each raven’s name /
the name of each raven is written on its tombstone at a special raven cemetery.

Teksti

Adjektiivit ja adverbit
ADJEKTIIVIT
Homework 67
1. Climate change is making oceans warmer and warmer.
2. Hurricanes have become even more destructive / devastating than before.
3. The higher the temperatures, the worse the hurricanes become.
4. Hurricanes are most common in (the) autumn / fall when the weather is hotter and drier.
ADVERBIT
Homework 71
1. I tried to wake up earlier than usual because I felt extremely nervous about the physics test / exam.
2. Unfortunately, I had forgotten to charge my phone and I woke up even later than usual.
3. I got dressed as quickly as / as fast as I could and made it to the bus just in time.
4. The bus driver greeted me in a friendly way / kindly and asked me politely if I knew it was Sunday.
Lauseoppi
SANAJÄRJESTYS
Homework 76
1. I bought ice cream at the kiosk yesterday.
2. I often go to town after school.
3. I always come home at six in the evening.
4. Never have I heard such nonsense. (/ I have never heard such nonsense.)
5. Had you seen us, you would have been angry/mad. (/ If you had seen us,…)

Teksti

IT JA THERE
Homework 80
1. It was sunny outside.
2. It was still dark in the corridor.
3. It blew / was blowing really hard outside.
4. There was a lot of trash on/in the street.
5. There were a lot of people at/in the square.
6. There was no way to find you.
EPÄSUORA KERRONTA
Homework 84
1. I am not sure if/whether I was right or wrong.
2. Can you tell me what happened?
3. I want to know if you said anything about me.
4. Nobody can know if they believed us.
5. I wonder if he/she has ever been young.
6. Tell me where you went.

LC 1 / Do cyclists really think they are above law? / Tapescript

LC 1

Watch the video and answer the questions in Finnish. Please write a concise answer not exceeding 100 characters for each question.


1. Miksi pyöräilijä on ongelmallinen sana?	Ei oikein tiedetä, mitä kaikkea se tarkoittaa. / Siihen liittyy stereotypioita. / Harva on vain pyöräilijä vaan käyttää myös muita liikennevälineitä.
2. Miksi pyöräilijät ajavat päin punaisia?	Turvallisuussyistä. / Itsesuojelun vuoksi. / Aiempien huonojen kokemusten takia. / Välttääkseen jotakuta muuta liikenteessä.
3. Miksi pyöräilijät ovat varovaisia liikenteessä?	He tuntevat olonsa turvattomaksi. / Pyöräilyyn liittyy turvattomuuden tunne.
4. Miksi poliisivoimat eivät halua rangaista pyöräilijöitä liikennesääntöjen rikkomisesta?	He eivät ole uhka/vaara kenellekään. / He eivät vahingoita itseään.
5. Miksi auto-onnettomuudet eivät saa mediassa yhtä paljon huomiota kuin pyöräilijöiden aiheuttamat onnettomuudet?	Auto-onnettomuudet ovat tavallisempia.
6. Mitä tarvitaan, että suhtautuminen pyöräilijöihin muuttuisi liikenteessä?	Asennemuutos. / Lisää kohteliaisuutta muita kohtaan.

Peter Walker - Cyclists, they can be a bit irritating can’t they. I mean it’s not just the funny clothes, or the bike lanes, it’s the way they seem to think they’re above the law. Riding on pavements, scattering pedestrians in their wake. And don’t even get me started on jumping red lights, I mean it’s really dangerous. Isn’t it? Well, lots of people certainly think that way. And the media definitely believe it.

Channel 4 news - Cyclists routinely flout traffic laws. Mounting the pavement, and no helmet, talking on a mobile phone.

Good Morning Britain ITV - So you’ve got cyclists who are uninsured. They could crash into your car; they could crash into you.

Good Morning Britain ITV - I’ve noticed cyclists have got more and more aggressive over the years, right? They’re completely unaccountable.

Peter Walker - Do cyclists really think they’re above the law? And does it even matter? So let’s start with the basics. When we talk about cyclists, what do we mean? Do we mean this? Or this? Or even this? I mean sure, some people do look like the stereotype, but there’s really no such thing as a cyclist. There’s just people who ride a bike.

Rachel Aldred - Being seen as a cyclist is part of the problematic stereotype of people cycling. You’re not seen as a “bus-ist" or a “train-ist”, but there’s this stereotype, this stigma of being a “cycl-ist” even though of course most people who cycle are also using other modes of transport.

Peter Walker - So cyclists are really no different to any one else. Now, while statistics are limited, there’s no evidence people break the law more often when they’re on their bike than they do at any other time. There are some studies on cyclists’ law breaking. One survey of five major London junctions found cyclists jumped or at least partly anticipated the red. But there is more to it, a lot of the cyclists said they’d done so in part for safety.

Dame Sarah Storey - The people that do jump red lights sometimes it’s because of the fear they have of something that’s perhaps happened to them previously. They might have had a close call with a vehicle they’re trying to get away from. They might well be on a pavement for that reason as well. But most of the time it’s safety, and it’s a self-preservation thing

Peter Walker - So yes, some cyclists do break the law. But even when they do, is it especially dangerous?

PC Mark Hodson - The effects of that behaviour that people are moaning about is negligible. If you look at the statistics, if you look at the actual threat of harm, you think cyclists aren’t posing a risk to anybody.

Peter Walker - In the UK, about 1700 people a year are killed on the roads. And how many of those are hit by bikes? Usually between zero and two.

PC Mark Hodson - They’re not self-harmers as a group, cyclists. Because of the inherent sense of vulnerability you have on a pushbike. They take a great deal of care even when they are offending. Which is a complete opposite to what you get with people in cars because people feel so secure in cars with seatbelts, airbags, big steel cage around them. They tend to offend with almost gay abandon.

Peter Walker - Some police forces have actually taken the strategic decision to pay less attention to cyclists’ law breaking, and instead focus resources on the sort of offences more likely to kill or maim people.

PC Mark Hodson - I’ve been a traffic officer for 13 years in the West Midlands. I think I’ve given out 3 tickets for red light jumping for cyclists. And one of those wouldn’t have got one, for the fact that he made off. He was caught eventually.

Peter Walker - So does this all mean that breaking the law on a bike is fine? I’d say “no”. It can not only be annoying, it can also be intimidating, but they’re extremely unlikely to be a serious danger to others. Given it is so relatively harmless, why does everyone go on and on about dangerous cycling? It could just be because people on bikes breaking the law are just that bit more obvious. But you won’t necessarily notice a driver doing 30 in a 20 zone, or looking at their phone at the wheel. Yep, you knew this bit was coming. What about drivers who, let’s remember, can also be cyclists. When they’re in cars can they also break the law? And if they do, can it be dangerous?

PC Mark Hodson - Today five people will die on our roads, and 63 will suffer life-changing injuries, and it is in the majority of cases drivers that are causing these collisions and the offending that causes these collisions. You have your typical distraction offence: mobile phone, which probably is responsible for a vast amount of all collisions now. The other things that we look at: excess speed. The speed limit is not just a limit. They see it as a target to get to. The other behaviour is of course drink and drug driving, and unfortunately drink and drug driving is on the rise. When you crash your car at 30mph it’s got the same energy, the same destructive power as a small explosive device. And so we’ve got to make efforts as a society to reinstil into people when you’re driving that car you’ve really got to take care.

LC2 How real estate photography tricks you (video) / Tapescript

1. One appears neater than the other.
2. there seems to be ample space.
3. the amount of illumination.
4. augmented saturation
5. There's more than meets the eye.

We hired a professional real estate photographer to come in and take photos in different locations. I stood right next to the real estate photographer to capture what I thought was the same image.

So the professional editors have increased the saturation of the trees, they’ve increased the saturation of blue sky and given that appearance that it’s a lot sunnier and more vibrant than it actually is. The other thing that you notice is that it appears to be photoshopped in the fact that there are no leaves in the bottom of the pool anymore, and that definitely makes it feel a lot more inviting.

The room definitely doesn’t feel as open and as vast as it does with the real estate photographer’s photo, and that’s because they’ve used a wide angle lens. This is something they would generally do in smaller houses to create a feeling of space. It includes all the edges, the chairs, the shelves, the plants, and instantly you feel like the room is double the size. The other thing that they do in this image is add a fire. So, as you can see in my image, they’re was definitely not a roaring fire going on at that point, but they add this in in order to showcase that warmth, and that feeling of sort of being snugly and cosy in the lounge room.

The perspective makes you feel like you’re walking into something a lot grander than you actually are. The actual hallway into the bathroom is really narrow, but you can’t see that within this image because of the perspective that they’ve taken. The other thing you notice right away is how bright it looks. It feels sunny, it feels warm, it feels really inviting, but the original image that you can see it’s actually quite a dark room.

So another thing that they tend to paint in, similar to the fireplace, is that they will add in bits of grass to lawn where there is none. And so the whole image just looks really bright; it looks like there is grass all up the driveway when we know there actually isn’t, and they’ve really increased the colour saturation, so the greens look punchy, the sky looks punchy, even the fence looks a lot brighter than it actually is.

LC4 Future Skills / Tapescript

Tapescript LC 4 Perttu Pölönen video 1

One of the key questions about the skills of the future is how humans differ from machines. And what are the fundamental differences? The big humans and machines see problems differently. The answer to this will determine the skills people should focus on developing, and the work that only people will be able to do in the future.

Machines, and here I mean computers and information technology in particular, need data. Machines like simple and well defined bits of information, so numbers, values, and figures are their favourite foods. If you tell a machine that a glass contains ten blueberries it will understand you. But if you tell a machine that a glass contains a lot of blueberries it will be confused. A machine would understand if you told it there were the square root of 100 blueberries, 60% of the volume of the glass of blueberries, or a random integer between 9 and 11 of blueberries. But so far it would have no ability to process words that require understanding context or complex interpretation.

Machines will continue to develop at tremendous speed, but ambiguous expressions will still be as difficult for machines as they are sometimes for humans. And what if I had used an example that involved the words good or evil. The machine would have been just as confused. Defining good and evil requires a human. We can argue whether blueberries are good or bad, or whether the glass is half full or half empty. We can tell why there are blueberries in the glass in the first place, and talk about how they look as a still life. We can even squabble about all of this, but a machine can only give us a numerical value. We are optimists and pessimists, but fortunately machines are neither.

Imagine an ant running across the floor and jumping onto your head. This idea is silly because we know that an ant can’t jump onto your head without superpowers. We’ve seen ant hills, and we’ve learned that ants, despite how strong they are, they can’t jump anywhere near that high. But what if I gave the same situation to a computer to evaluate. What tools would the machine use to solve this problem? Well, a machine can’t remember its childhood, or the summers it spent playing in the woods, or the first time it encountered an ant. It’s also never poked an ant hill with a stick. A machine has to know all the numbers because without them it can’t solve problems. So, how big is the ant? Or how long are its legs? What is the muscle mass? How strong is it? How does it jump? How tall is the target? The equation becomes complex, but that’s not an overwhelming challenge for the machine. In the end, the machine, maybe, might come up with an answer that an ant can maybe jump, let’s say, 0.0321795 centimetres, but not, let’s say, two metres. Right? So a person and a machine, they come to the same answer. An ant can’t jump that high. But they reached the conclusion through different kinds of thinking.

Tasks that require contextual understanding, situational awareness, and interpretation related to culture, history, or social norms are tasks where we humans are a bit superior to machines. We have all the information we’ve accumulated over our lives, and a machine only has the data that’s been given to it. Even if a machine has a million data points and has reviewed more information than any human alive, it will still give its answer as a probability that only a person can interpret as right or wrong, good or bad, a lot or a little.

The faster technology evolves, the more deeply we need to understand and interpret humanity. Ultimately, technology is only a reflection of us. It makes us strong, and it gives us influence, but it doesn’t change who we are. Technology can’t teach us what’s important, for example, and that is left to us because it requires interpretation.

LC5 Words of Wisdom / Tapescript (video)

1. The number of years they have spent observing the world
2. Everyday mishaps that provide valuable learning opportunities
3. The lack of focus on developing important skills such as courage and curiosity
4. They should have an expiration date to ensure continuous learning.
5. Continuous learning and adaptation are vital for success.

What makes one person wiser than another? Once, in kindergarten, my friends and I, all about five years old, were faced with a difficult problem. As we had been going about our normal play,,an unexplained hole had opened up in our worldview. Rushing towards our teacher, Petri, we asked, “what makes a person wise?” After considering this for a moment, he said that a person becomes wiser the more times he’s been around the sun. Wisdom develops in the human brain as this circular motion continues, he said, and usually the older a person is, the more time they’ve had to rotate through different recurring patterns in life and in the natural world. So it was all about circles, that’s why parents are usually wiser than children. We were entranced by this information. Rushing out into the yard, my friends and I spread our arms out wide and started spinning, and we continued spinning for hours believing that we were doing ourselves a great service. The more circles we turned the wiser we were getting. Now, almost 20 years later, I’ve learned that Petri was actually right. The more time a person has spent looking around and seeing things from different perspectives during their life, the wiser they’re likely to be. Whenever someone accuses me of being wise, I say that the fault is in my early childhood education and those hours of spinning.

There was also a second day when we found another hole in our view of the world. We didn’t know why people die. This time, Petri said that people have blood inside them, and if the blood runs out the person can’t stay alive anymore. Now, we didn’t know that human body’s always making new blood, so when I fell playing outside and scraped my knee, I froze in terror when I realised that precious blood was leaking out of me. I thought I was losing years of my life. The next time someone reminded me to be more careful, I knew that the adults just didn’t want me to die prematurely from blood loss. Petri was wrong this time, but so was I. We should never be afraid of small accidents and injuries because we learn from our mistakes. Sometimes, people who experience setbacks and disappointments just get stronger. And sometimes, it’s the people who have to do the most catching up who go the farthest.

Exertion doesn’t weaken the heart, it strengthens it. The skills of the future can not be taught from teacher to students like multiplication tables or grammar. It’s hard to make multiple choice questions about courage, or to assign points to a person's curiosity, even though these are very important skills. Many of the skills we will need in the future are learned through trial and error. Sometimes, you have to change your assumptions. And sometimes, you fail spectacularly. It’s frustrating that recess is more important than class time for developing many skills, and that after-hours or after-hour gatherings are frequently more useful than team meetings. We’re in the midst of an unprecedented period of technological development, and we need lifelong learning, at home, at work, at school. And we can’t be sure what skills the future will demand of us, although expert predictions can provide some directions. But if I was in charge I would put a best before date on all diplomas and certificates. At least one thing is clear, we will be required to continue to adapt to a constantly evolving world.

LC 7 / Fast Cooking / Tapescript

Host - Celebrated food author Mark Bittman has written about how to cook, well, everything. But when it comes to cooking fast, he says it’s about strategy not skill.

Mark Bittman - There’s a lot of downtime in cooking, it takes time for the heat that you’re using to be applied to the food that you’re using it on, and you can use that time to do other things that make the whole procedure go more quickly.

Host - He’s out with a new edition of his book How To Cook Everything Fast. That’s lucky because we’re focusing on recipes you can make in a pinch. One of those is his spinach carbonara, a vegetarian twist on the Italian classic that’s often made with pork.

Mark Bittman - Adding spinach to this turns it more into a one pot dish if you will, or a sort of whole meal that has a variety of different nutrients and just mixes things up a bit.

Host - It requires just a few ingredients. Pasta, cheese, olive oil, eggs, and of course spinach. Once you’ve got all that it’s simple to throw together.

Mark Bittman - You do oil in a pan, you do water in a pot. You do garlic and spinach in the pan, you do pasta in the water, you toss it with cheese and egg, and that’s the dish.

Host - If you’re in the mood for something hardier, Bittman says, try a stir fry. He says they’re perfect for fast cooking because stir fry employs a critical technique. Utilising downtime to cook. Take, for example, his recipe for chicken and Swiss chard stir fry.

Mark Bittman - You start oil in a pan over a high heat, and while that’s heating you cut some boneless chicken up, and season it. And then you cook that. While you’re cooking that in a skillet you’re preparing ginger and garlic. While you’re waiting for the chicken to be done you chop some scallions, you rinse some chard, you chop that, and then you add those ingredients one at a time to the stir fry.

Host - Of course, we can’t forget dessert. Bittman recommends the skillet apple crisp. It’s got that classic combo, butter, apples, nuts, cinnamon, and sugar, but…

Mark Bittman - The difference is that you start by melting butter in a skillet and cooking, while that’s melting you chop the acorns, chop the apples, and you add them to the skillet with a little bit of water, and you cook that until the apples are tender.

Host - And while that’s happening, Bittman recommends, you guessed it, using that time to prep the topping.

Mark Bittman - Butter, nuts, oats, coconut sugar, cinnamon, salt, all of that. You cook that until it's, you cook that in a separate pan until it’s nicely browned and crisp, and then when the apples are soft you top it with the crisp topping, and you serve. And it just works great and it becomes a 15 minute recipe as opposed to a 40 minute recipe.

Host - But if none of these dishes speaks to you, don’t worry. You can make fast, easy meals with any ingredients you have, just keep three things in mind.

Mark Bittman - Preparing and cooking at the same time instead of preparing first and then cooking second, and I think that’s the key strategy. The second is really having a well stocked pantry, refrigerator and freezer as well of course, but to the extent that you can keep a good larder you can cook a lot of recipes without shopping, and that’s a real advantage. And then the third is to almost always cook more than you need. Be planful about leftovers, if you’re cooking beans for a dish then cook a lot of them, and either refrigerate or freeze what’s left. Same with whole grain, same with that head of cauliflower, etc., etc., etc. Whenever you’re cooking, it almost always pays to cook more, even if it’s just cooking more of the given dish so that you can have lunch or dinner tomorrow. I think that that’s the kind of thing veteran cooks know and learn, and that we’re trying to teach it fast to people who have not done a lot of cooking.

Host - That was food writer Mark Bittman. The updated and revised edition of How To Cook Everything Fast is out now.

LC8 Fatty Fatty Boom Boom / Tapescript

Andrew Limbong - Hey, it’s NPR’s book of the day, I’m Andrew Limbong. Nobody tells it to you like your mom. That’s something author Rabia Chaudry says in today’s interview, and ooh boy is it true. Her new memoir is titled Fatty Fatty Boom Boom, and it examines her relationship with food, eating, and body image issues. And a lot of it deals with her relationship with her mom. Who, like a lot of moms I know, mine included–shout out to moms–can say just the right thing to needle you into a shame spiral. But in this interview with NPR’s Ayesha Rascoe, Chaudry shares a pretty revelatory bit of empathy for her mom, and shares what her eventual turning point was that led to her being encouraged to eat.

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Ayesha Rascoe - One of the ways we honor and cherish our families is through food, and that couldn’t be more true for lawyer, podcaster, and author, Rabia Chaudry. Growing up in a Pakistani household, she’s familiar with the sights and smells of spicy biryani and sticky treats like jalebis. But as Chaudry chronicles in her new memoir Fatty Fatty Boom Boom, sometimes that love for culture and family can become fraught. Rabia Chaudry, who was best known for her work on the Adnan Syed case and host of the Undisclosed podcast, joins us now. Welcome.

Rabia Chaudry - Hi Ayesha, how are you?

Ayesha Rascoe - I’m fine, thank you so much for joining us. Before we just dive into your story of family, and food, and everything in between. I want to acknowledge the end of a different chapter in your life, the freedom of Adnan Syed. Syed was imprisoned in 1999 for the murder of his girlfriend at the time. Through your help, his conviction has been overturned, and now he’s free. How does it feel to be on the other side of that fight?

Rabia Chaudry - Oh, I mean sometimes I forget, sometimes my eyes will fly open at night, and i’m like, wait, what’s next. What appeal do we file next. And when you’ve been carrying that around your entire adult life, it feels quite amazing to be able to finally put it down and check it off your list.

Ayesha Rascoe - So tell me why, with your memoir, you wanted to tell the story of your life through the food that you grew up eating?

Rabia Chaudry - You know, anybody can write a memoir of their life in so many different ways, right. It can be about my career, it can be about advocacy work, it can be about so many things. And I decided that those were a lot of stories that I told all the time, but there was a theme in my life that I’ve never spoke about publicly but has just been with me since childhood, and that is issues around body image and weight, and so Fatty Fatty Boom Boom was born, which was one of my childhood nicknames. But you know, at the same time, I can’t divorce it from this issue about body image and weight, from my love for food and especially for Pakistani cuisine, and my family stories around it that bring me so much joy.

Ayesha Rascoe - So I mean, the book really walks us through how you developed your relationship with food from a very young age. You know, talk to me about the food you were eating, and how you felt about it?

Rabia Chaudry - Yeah, you know, so when I immigrated to the United States I was 6 months old, and I was the first born. My parents were discovering this country in a lot of ways, and one of the ways was through its food. And in my parents’ imagination nothing could be stocked in an American grocery store that wouldn’t actually be healthy, and wholesome, and better than the foods we had back home in Pakistan. So we just dove right into all the processed foods, and I grew up eating just so much baloney, and crackers, and processed snacks a lot of us grow up with.

Ayesha Rascoe - I mean, you talked about how even as a baby, kind of to fatten you up, it was some miscommunication, but you were drinking like half and half, and also your mother had you teething on a stick of butter, which is quite the image, right.

Rabia Chaudry - Yeah, there was a tragic miscommunication. I had gotten jaundice, and I was really scrawny, so my mom asked a friend of hers, who was a nurse, how can I chubb her back up, and she said “oh, give her some half and half”. She meant like a little bit, a couple of tablespoons, or something, in my bottle, and my mom started giving me two bottles a day, and that’s a lot of fat. And again, my mom is a mother here in the United States without her support system she would have had back home who would have told her, what are you doing. And she just thought a frozen stick of butter makes so much sense, she won’t choke on it, it’s soothing to the gums, and of course delicious.

Ayesha Rascoe - It’s very delicious, I mean butter, it does taste really good. I’m sure as a baby you were really enjoying yourself. You know, you talk about in the book, you didn’t look at yourself as overweight as a kid, like when did shame come in?

Rabia Chaudry - I just didn’t think it was a big deal, you know, what I necessarily looked like, or weighed, but I had so many other interests in my head. It wasn’t until, really, my first marriage that it became top priority because I was constantly shamed in that marriage by my ex, who was an abusive spouse, but also by his family that we lived with, about my weight. And that’s when I really internalized the shame, and the self-loathing, and hatred, and all that stuff. And my relationship with food got really, really contentious.

Ayesha Rascoe - And because at that time you realized that you were eating when no one was around.

Rabia Chaudry - Yeah, I would eat in secret, but even as I was eating, even when I was done I would constantly feel like I was starving. And there was a different kind of emptiness that I was trying to fill for sure.

Ayesha Rascoe - We know how people who are overweight, fat people in this society, are mistreated all the time. But is there a difference when it comes to being within a Pakistani household? Particularly for women?

Rabia Chaudry - The real big concern in a South Asian household then, I mean now it might not be as much but at least then, was will or will she not be able to get married. Like, if you cannot get your daughter married, she has failed life, you have failed life, what is she going to do? That fear lurked in the back of my head, and frankly I think it fed into the fact that kind of the first guy that came along that seemed interested, I leapt at because I thought I might not get another chance at this.

Ayesha Rascoe - I think about your mother, she would be concerned about your weight. Like, how did that relationship with your mother evolve when you think about weight, and food, and all of those issues?

Rabia Chaudry - You know, when I started writing this book I didn’t realize that I was almost in a way kind of journaling about this issue, and I don’t really journal. And it helped me connect so many dots, including understanding my mother’s eating patterns. My mother, her entire life, including up to this day, and she’s in her 70s, won’t eat with us as a family, she’ll eat alone. And I was lucky enough to be able to interview her and my father, understanding how she grew up, and why she would have done that. I noticed that I picked up, obviously, some of my mother’s patterns throughout my life. At the same time, nobody tells it to you like your mom, sometimes. And she read maybe the first ten pages of the book and she put it down, and ever since then she just refers to it as the book I wrote about her.

LC 9 Dying of Politeness / Tapescript

Andrew Limbong - Hey, it’s NPR’s book of the day, I’m Andrew Limbong. Okay, okay, okay, I know I’m super late for it, but I just saw Thelma and Louise for the first time the other weekend. I know that this won’t be old news to most of you, but Geena Davies is absolutely incredible in that movie. She’s funny, and vulnerable, but defiant in this magnetic way that you really understand why someone would want to follow her to, you know, you know. She’s got a new memoir called Dying of Politeness, and she talked to NPR’s Rachel Martin about how each of her big movies taught her something important about life. And when they get to the Thelma and Louise section, she talks about learning to find her own agency, and strength, and ability to speak up for herself. But it wasn’t anything about the role that taught her those lessons, it was being around Susan Sarandon.

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Rachel Martin - For an oscar winning actor, Geena Davies has suffered from a lot of self doubt over the years. It’s a theme in her new memoir, which is titled Dying of Politeness. One of Davies’ first jobs was in retail, and she soon got noticed after modeling in a shop window. A casting director saw her photos in a sales catalog, and all of a sudden she was in a movie with Dustin Hoffman. The 1982 hit comedy Tootsie.

Clip from Tootsie played.

Geena Davies - For that role, the casting director decided to contact model agencies to see if they had any models who could act, and then I got to go to the audition. And they said “wear a bathing suit underneath your clothes in case you read well, they want to see you in a bathing suit.”Okay, so I did, and I read, and it’s just with an assistant casting person in an office videoing, and she doesn’t say can I see you in a bathing suit. So I put it completely out of my mind, of course. My first audition, so nothing’s going to happen from this, so. But then it turned out Sidney Pollack the director saw my tape and said “Hey, I like her, where’s her bathing suit shot.” “Oh we forgot.” “Well, get her back” “We can’t, she’s in Paris.” “Well, do they have any photos of her in a bathing suit?” And as it happened, I had been in a Victoria’s Secret catalog, and so they were able to send over beautifully lit, perfectly wind blown, and I ended up getting the part without them seeing me in person in a bathing suit.

Rachel Martin - Tootsie was nominated for ten academy awards. This was in 1983. Obviously, just being part of that cast opened doors for you, but you write a lot in this book about this self-criticism that you’ve done ever since you were a kid. You were insecure about your height, your looks. Acting is sort of the wrong line of work for a person with those characteristics, no?

Geena Davie - Well, right. I was somebody who couldn’t stand for people to look at me, or if they were staring at me, well what, are they judging me or something? But then I’d pick the goal of having as many people as possible look at me, so I don’t know. Up to and including my underwear. So I don’t know. The only thing I can conclude is that maybe I was attracted to the ability to be somebody else.

Rachel Martin - Thelma and Louise came out in 1991. You were originally attached to the film as Louise, which I didn’t know.

Geena Davies - No, actually, the movie was cast two or three times before I ever got cast. It took me a year to intensely following it and lobbying to have a chance to audition. And I thought that I should play Louise, so finally Ridley Scott, he was going to produce it, but now he decided to direct it himself, I met with him, and I poured out my heart about why I absolutely must be in this movie and play Louise. And then he finally said “So in other words, you wouldn’t play Thelma?” And I’m like, oh my god, I just talked myself out of this movie because I asked for the wrong part. So then I said “You know what, as I’ve been talking to you about this, I realize, I actually should play Thelma.” And then I just made (bleeped) up about why I absolutely had to be Thelma. When he hired Susan Sarandon to play Louise, as soon as I met her I was like oh my god, what was I thinking that I could play Louise, what, what. I was so happy I was Thelma.

Rachel Martin - I mean that movie, words fail really to express what that meant to so many women and young women. To see these female characters, central to this story.

Geena Davies - Well, the whole experience had a huge impact on me. I think Susan Sarandon had the largest impact on my life of anyone that I’ve known, and it was as fantastic as I assumed that it was going to be making that movie.

Clip from Thelma and Louise played.

Geena Davies - Watching the way Susan walked through the world, how she said what she thinks without any qualifiers in front of it. You know, like everything I said started with, this is probably a bad idea, and you’re going to hate it, probably, but what would you think, possibly? You know, and she never did that, and somehow I’d never been exposed, extensively,to a woman who moved through the world like that, and it was like a lesson every day in how to speak up for yourself.

LC 12 Quakka / Tapescript

Listen to the following news report from Western Australia. The recording is divided into four sections. You can listen once all the way through, and then listen again to each section separately. Read the questions carefully and choose the best alternative.

Authorities in Western Australia are searching for a quokka that apparently escaped Rottnest Island in a rubbish bin and reemerged on the mainland, startling a recycling centre worker who thought it was a “large rat”.

Native to Western Australia and famous for smiling happily in selfies, quokkas were largely eradicated on the mainland and survived thanks to a large, isolated population on Rottnest Island, a prison camp turned popular holiday destination off the coast of Perth. They roam free around the island, which is devoid of both cars and large predators, and authorities fear the escaped quokka will not survive an encounter with these new threats. // 1

Reports of the escapee emerged on 10 January, when a Western Australia man working at the recycling centre in Cannington, in Perth’s southern suburbs, realised the blurry photos of a “large rat” presented by his South African colleague were in fact a quokka.

It is a common mistake: Rottnest got its name from Dutch explorer Willem de Vlamingh who named it Rotte nest, or rat’s nest, in 1696. Penni Fletcher-Hughes, from Rottnest Island Authority, said it appeared the quokka had climbed into a garbage bin in search of food and was accidentally transferred on to the garbage barge, which took it to Cannington.

“Being as it has got itself in a very good place for food, the chances are it will be fine,” Fletcher-Hughes said. “It just depends where it goes from there.” Quokka escape was “very unusual,” Fletcher-Hughes said, but finding quokkas in bins is not. // 2, 3

“I have seen them climb the walls; they are quite resourceful when it comes to searching for food,” she said. “We are not concerned in terms of him finding food … it’s other threats and just general stress. It’s a bit stressful to suddenly wake up in a recycling centre.”

The Department of Parks and Wildlife, which is leading efforts to find the rogue marsupial, set up a public hotline to report sightings. “Basically, this quokka is now at large,” wildlife officer Matt Swan said.

The recycling centre is fenced in and surrounded by bushland. It is not clear whether it remains in the centre and is hiding in one of the many piles of rubbish or whether it has slipped through a hole in the fence.

Swan said they could not lay traps, because traps were more likely to catch feral cats or foxes than a quokka. The best hope is someone spotting it. “It’s a needle-in-a-haystack type situation,” he said. // 4, 5

If it is found it will not be returned to Rottnest Island because the risk of infecting the quokka population there with a foreign pathogen is too great. Instead it will be rehomed at either Perth Zoo or a wildlife park.

There have been other reports of animals being accidentally taken off Rottnest Island, usually King skinks, which climb into people’s bags.

Rottnest Island is the largest population of the vulnerable species, with between 8,000 and 12,000 individuals. The second largest population is on Bald Island Nature Reserve, with 1,000 quokkas.

There are estimated to be fewer than 1,000 wild quokkas on the mainland, and most of those localised populations are under threat of extinction. // 6

1. They are threatened by humans and other animals.
2. A foreigner on a work assignment
3. On a boat transporting waste
4. They are asking local people for help
5. It is possible, although fairly difficult
6. Quokkas hide in people’s belongings

LC13 Dealing with climate change / Tapescript

Listen to the following story about our economic system and the environment. The recording is divided into five sections. You can listen once all the way through, and then listen again to each section separately. Read the questions carefully and choose the best alternative.

When it comes to global warming, we know that the real problem is not just fossil fuels – it is the logic of endless growth that is built into our economic system. If we don’t keep the global economy growing by at least 3% per year, it plunges into crisis. That means we have to double the size of the economy every 20 years, just to stay afloat. It doesn’t take much to realise that this imperative for exponential growth makes little sense given the limits of our finite planet.

Rapid climate change is the most obvious symptom of this contradiction, but we’re also seeing it in the form of deforestation, desertification and mass extinction, with species dying at an alarming rate as our consumption of the natural world causes their habitats to collapse. It was unthinkable to say this even 10 years ago, but today, as we become increasingly aware of these crises, it seems all too clear: our economic system is incompatible with life on this planet. // 1, 2

The question is what to do about it. How can we redesign the global economy to bring it in line with the principles of ecology? The most obvious answer is to stop using GDP to measure economic progress and replace it with a more thoughtful measure – one that accounts for the ecological and social impact of economic activity. Prominent economists like Nobel Prize winner Joseph Stiglitz have been calling for such changes for years and it’s time we listened.

But replacing GDP is only a first step. While it might help refocus economic policies on what really matters, it doesn’t address the main driver of growth: debt. Debt is the reason the economy has to grow in the first place. Because debt always comes with interest, it grows exponentially – so if a person, a business, or a country wants to pay down debt over the long term, they have to grow enough to at least match the growth of their debt. Without growth, debt piles up and eventually triggers an economic crisis. // 3, 4

One way to relieve the pressure for endless growth might be to cancel some of the debt – a kind of debt jubilee. But this would only provide a short-term fix; it wouldn’t get to the real root of the problem: that the global economic system runs on money that is itself debt.

This might sound a bit odd, but it’s quite simple. When you walk into a bank to take out a loan, you assume that the bank is lending you money it has in reserve – money that it stores somewhere in a vault, for example, collected from other people’s deposits. But that’s not how it works. Banks only hold reserves worth about 10% of the money they lend out. In other words, banks lend out 10 times more money than they actually have. This is known as fractional reserve banking. // 5

So where does all that additional money come from? Banks create it out of thin air when they make loans – they loan it into existence. This accounts for about 90% of the money circulating in our economy right now. It’s not created by the government, as most people assume: it is created by commercial banks in the form of loans. In other words, almost every dollar that passes through our hands represents somebody’s debt. And every dollar of debt has to be paid back with interest.

Because our money system is based on debt, it has a growth imperative baked into it. In other words, our money system is heating up the planet. Once we realise this, the solution comes into view: we need banks to keep a bigger fraction of reserves behind the loans they make. This would go a long way toward diminishing the amount of debt sloshing around in our economy, helping reduce the pressure for economic growth.

But there’s an even more exciting solution we might consider. We could abolish debt-based currency altogether and invent a new money system completely free of intrinsic debt. Instead of letting commercial banks create money by lending it into existence, we could have the state create the money and then spend it into existence. New money would get pumped into the real economy instead of just going straight into financial speculation where it inflates huge asset bubbles that only benefit the mega-rich. // 6, 7

The responsibility for money creation would be placed with an independent agency that – unlike our banks – would be democratic, accountable, and transparent, so money would become a truly public good. Commercial banks would still be able to lend money at interest, but they would have to back it dollar for dollar with their own reserves. In other words, there would be a 100% reserve requirement.

This is not a fringe proposal. It has been around since at least the 1930s, when a group of economists in Chicago proposed it as a way of curbing the reckless lending that led to the Great Depression. The Chicago Plan, as it was called, made headlines again in 2012 when progressive IMF economists put it forward as a strategy for preventing the global financial crisis from recurring. They pointed out that such a system would dramatically reduce both public and private debt and make the world economy more stable.

What they didn’t notice is that abolishing debt-based currency also holds the secret to getting our system off its addiction to growth, and therefore to arresting climate change. As it turns out, reinventing our money system is crucial to our survival in the Anthropocene – at least as important as getting off fossil fuels. And this idea is already beginning to gain traction: in the UK, the campaigning group Positive Money has generated momentum around it, building on a series of excellent explanatory videos.

The idea has its enemies, of course. If we shift to a positive money system, big banks will no longer have the power to literally make money out of nothing and the rich will no longer reap millions from asset bubbles. Unsurprisingly, neither of these groups would be pleased by this prospect. But if we want to build a fairer, more ecologically sound economy, that’s a battle that we can’t be afraid to fight. // 8, 9

1. A standard rate of growth
2. Overconsumption is responsible for many problems
3. It isn’t versatile enough
4. It forces things to grow
5. They lend more money than they really have
6. Through the loan system
7. Approaching things differently
8. To avoid large-scale economic problems
9. Established financial institutions

B

C

Confusables

D

exercise 6

exercise 7

exercise 8

Glossary / Culture and art exercise A

B

B

C

exercise B

exercise C

Homework 89

Homework 28

LC 1

Tapescript LC 4 Perttu Pölönen video 1

Glossary / Culture and art

exercise A