6. periodi

Course outline / kurssiohjelma

ENA9 / ENGLISH / ADVANCED / COURSE 9 /// A COURSE MAINLY FOR THOSE WHO ARE TAKING THEIR MATRICULATION EXAMINATION IN AUTUMN 2026 on April 14th – May 21st, 2026, at 17.00 – 18.20 hours

The books to have:

1) Riitta Silk – Jaakko Mäki – Felicity Kjisik: Grammar Rules! & vastauskirja (Otava)

2) Abilities (available only in a digital form) (Otava)

Teacher: Erja H. Haaksluoto; e-mail: erja.haaksluoto@tyk.fi Available for consultation: on Mondays at 20.05 – 20.45 hours in Class Room 31 (= so-called KIELIKLINIKKA) except not during the exam weeks.

You may attend the lessons in person in class room 31 or remotely on Google Meet. The link is always the same: meet.google.com/her-rxva-umj

STUDY PLAN:

April 14, 2026: WARMING UP: INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE // Advice for the matriculation exam // RC 6 (= reading comprehension): Science news
April 16, 2026: Grammar: Verbs (Conditionals and if-clauses) // LC 6 (= listening comprehension): Science in a minute // Glossary: Health / Well-being
April 21, 2026: Grammar: Conditionals and if-clauses // ex. 1 & 3 // RC 2: The Luddites
April 23, 2026: Grammar: The passive voice // ex. 5 & 7 // Home Work 4
April 28, 2026: LC 1: Do cyclists really think they are above the law? (video) // RC 4: Mitochondrial Eve and the true melting pot // Home Work 8

NO SCHOOL on Thursday April 30th because it is Eve for the First of May.
May 5, 2026: RC 4: Mitochondrial Eve and the true melting pot / LC 13 Dealing with climate change // Glossary: Environment / Sustainable development
May 7, 2026: Grammar: Infinitives, ING-forms and THAT-clause // ex. 17 & 18 // Glossary: Society / Politics // RC 5: Worms land a great job // LC 12 Quakka
May 12, 2026: Home Work 20 // Grammar: Nouns and Articles // ex. 25 & 27 & 28 & 29 & 31 // Glossary: Economy / Work

NO SCHOOL on Thursday May 14th because it is Ascension Day.
May 19, 2026: ex. 35 & 36 // Home Work 32 // Glossary: Immigration / Global Issues // Grammar: Quantity Words & Numerals // ex. 57 & 60 & 61 //
May 21, 2026: Home Work 58 & 61 // Grammar: Word Order // ex. 76 & Home Work 77
May, 2026: Glossary: Science / Technology // Grammar: Shortened Clauses / ex. 88 & Home Work 89 // Conjunctions / Home Work 91 // Linking words / Home Work 94

NB! ABI-INFO I 5.5.2025 klo 20.05 juhlasalissa, 5. krs!

THE EXAM takes place digitally (ABITTI) at 15.00 - 21.00 hours on Tuesday, May 26th, 2026. (You will be given the full SIX hours to do your exam.) The exam will be delivered back to you digitally, but if there are any questions concerning the exam, they will be answered in Class Room 31 on Wednesday, May 28th, 2025, at 16.00 – 17.30 hours.

RETAKE EXAM: on Friday on September 4th, 2026, at 17.00 – 20.05 hours (NB!!! Uusintakokeeseen ON AINA ILMOITTAUDUTTAVA erikseen täyttämällä vaaleansininen uusintakoelappu, jonka saa kansliasta (2. krs). Uusintakokeeseen on ilmoittauduttava VIIMEISTÄÄN VIIKKOA AIKAISEMMIN eli viimeistään perjantaina 28.8.2025 toimittamalla uusintakoelappu kansliaan, 2. krs. Uusintakoelomakkeesta on myös olemassa sähköinen lomake. Nettisivuilla on pdf, jonka voi suoraan täyttää ja lähettää liitetiedostona kansliaan. Lomake löytyy täältä: https://www.tyk.fi/aikuislukio/tietoa/lomakkeet/ Huomaa myös, että uusintakoe ei ole kuusituntinen preliminäärikoe, vaan koeaika on vain 3h 5 min.)

HOME ASSIGNMENTS:

You must hand in TWO compositions on the titles given in the digibook Abilities. You'll find the titles in the section Writing in the digital book (Kirjoitelman aiheita 1 & Kirjoitelman aiheita 2)

THE GRADE ON COURSE 9 CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING PARTS:

1) WRITTEN DIGITAL TEST including listening comprehension tests and videos at 15.00 – 21.00 hours on Tuesday, May 26th, 2025

2) AND YOU MUST HAND IN TWO COMPOSITIONS on the titles given in the digibook Abilities.

April 14th, 2026

RC6 Science news
dung = lanta = manure
excrement = faeces = feces = stool = uloste

d = density = tiheys
F = ma ( = Force equals mass times acceleration.)

April 16th, 2026

HOMEWORK: Do all the exercises in Glossary: Health and well-being

a millipede = tuhatjalkainen; niveljalkainen

defrost = sulattaa; de- on etuliite (prefiksi), joka kääntää sanan merkityksen päinvastaiseksi

a prewar era = sotaa edeltävä aikakausi

a postwar era = sodanjälkeinen aikakausi
predict = foretell = foresee = forecast = ennustaa

Latinan in privativum kääntää sanan merkityksen vastakohdakseen:

credible: incredible

legal: illegal (ääntämisen vuoksi n sulautuu seuraavaan l-kirjaimeen)

regular: irregular (ääntämisen vuoksi n sulautuu seuraavaan r-kirjaimeen)

possible: impossible (ääntämisen vuoksi n sulautuu seuraavaan p-kirjaimeen, koska m äännetään huulilla kuten p:kin)

un-:

unbelievable
anti-:

anti-social

feline = kissoihin liittyvä

canine = koiriin liittyvä

adjektiiviattribuutit:

It was a 14km-wide asteroid.

It was a 1.5km-high wall.
She has an eight-year-old daughter. = Hänellä on 8-vuotias tytär.
(= She has a daughter who is eight years old.)
He has an eight-week-long holiday. = He has an eight weeks' holiday. = He has a holiday of eight weeks.
I read a 900-page novel. = Luin 900-sivuisen romaanin.
They lived in a 120-storey skyscraper.

RC6 Science news exercise B

1. heading
2. an approach utilising several senses
3. smell
4. series
5. a reference book
6. future generations
7. fragrance

Teksti

exercise C

Match the words with their proper antonyms (opposites). There are three extra words.

analog • different • grand • indifferent • mental • narrow •
oral • plausible • precarious • trivial • unreliable

trustworthy unreliable
sustainable precarious
significant trivial
wide narrow
digital analog
similar different
physical mental
written oral

Extra words: grand, indifferent, plausible

exercise D

Translate the sentences into Finnish with your partner.

Do


1. I was doing 85 mph and got arrested for speeding.	Ajoin 85 mailia tunnissa, ja minut pidätettiin ylinopeudesta.
2. How did you do in the test?	Miten pärjäsit kokeessa?
3. If you tried to do your best, that has to be enough.	Jos yritit tehdä parhaasi, sen täytyy riittää.
4. Our company does business in South Korea.	Yrityksemme käy kauppaa Etelä-Koreassa.
5. My brother never does any chores around the house.	Veljeni ei koskaan tee yhtään kotitöitä.
6. I'm looking forward to doing a course in Russian.	Odotan innokkaasti venäjänkurssin suorittamista.
7. How much damage did the storm do?	Kuinka paljon vahinkoa myrsky teki?
8. Who loves doing the dishes / the washing up?	Kuka rakastaa tiskaamista?
9. My Grandmum's favourite motto was: Do your duty.	Isoäitini lempimotto oli: tee velvollisuutesi.
10. I did seven exams last week.	Tein seitsemän koetta viime viikolla.
11. Do you like doing exercises?	Pidätkö urheilemisesta?
12. Could you do me a favour, please?	Voisitko tehdä minulle palveluksen?
13. I tried to help him but ended up doing more harm than good.	Yritin auttaa häntä, mutta päädyin olemaan enemmän haitaksi kuin hyödyksi.
14. A cup of coffee will do you good.	Kupillinen kahvia tekee sinulle hyvää.
15. We do all our own housework.	Teemme itse kaikki kotityömme.
16. Have you done your homework yet?	Oletko jo tehnyt läksysi?
17. There's so much laundry to do after our trip.	Matkamme jälkeen on niin paljon pyykkiä pestävänä.
18. Some students are really into doing research.	Jotkut opiskelijat ovat todella kiinnostuneita tutkimuksen tekemisestä.
19. She robbed a bank, got caught and is now doing time.	Hän ryösti pankin, jäi kiinni ja on nyt vankilassa.
20. I'm not frightened of him; let him do his worst.	En pelkää häntä, antaa hänen tehdä mitä vaan.

Teksti

Make


1. Did you make an appointment with the dentist?	Varasitko ajan hammaslääkärille?
2. We made arrangements for our next holiday.	Teimme valmisteluja seuraavaa lomaamme varten.
3. It's not easy to try to make a change in your life.	Ei ole helppoa tehdä elämänmuutosta.
4. Have you made your choice yet?	Oletko jo tehnyt valintasi?
5. I'd like to make a complaint.	Haluaisin tehdä valituksen.
6. Making a decision about your future career is anything but easy.	On kaikkea muuta kuin helppoa tehdä päätös uravalinnastasi.
7. Will you make do with only 20 euros a day?	Pärjäätkö vain 20 eurolla päivässä?
8. She really made an effort but still failed her maths exam.	Hän todellakin yritti parhaansa, mutta silti reputti matematiikan kokeen.
9. Can't you make an exception in this case?	Etkö voisi tehdä poikkeusta tässä tapauksessa?
10. Stop making excuses and get the work done.	Lopeta tekosyiden keksiminen ja tee työ loppuun.
11. Tim made a fortune with his winery.	Tim tienasi omaisuuden viinitilallaan.
12. Is it easy for you to make new friends?	Onko sinun helppoa saada uusia ystäviä?
13. Don't make a fuss, just relax.	Älä hössötä vaan rentoudu.
14. Have I managed to make a lasting impression on you?	Olenko onnistunut tekemään sinuun kestävän vaikutuksen?
15. Our company made a loss last year.	Yrityksemme tuotti tappiota viime vuonna.
16. Our cat always makes a mess when left alone.	Kissamme sotkee aina, kun se jätetään yksin.
17. How many mistakes did you make in your essay?	Kuinka monta virhettä teit aineessasi?
18. Some people value making money more than others.	Jotkut ihmiset arvostavat rahan tienaamista enemmän kuin toiset.
19. Don't make a noise, the birds are nesting.	Älä melua, linnut pesivät.
20. That's a good point you made.	Tuo on hyvä asia, jonka nostit esiin.
21. Never make promises you can't keep.	Älä koskaan anna lupauksia, joita et voi pitää.
22. May I make a suggestion?	Saanko tehdä ehdotuksen?
23. Before taking a tattoo, make sure your tattoo artist knows what they are doing.	Ennen kuin otat tatuoinnin, varmista, että tatuoija tietää, mitä on tekemässä.
24. Haven't you made your mind up yet?	Etkö ole vielä tehnyt päätöstäsi?

LC6 Science in minute

1. New information about them has been discovered.
2. Debris created the rings.
3. Saturn's rings: crash and create.

4. Miksi uutinen on hyvä niille, jotka eivät pidä huolta hampaistaan?

Tulevaisuudessa robotit hoitavat suuhygienian. / Tulevaisuudessa suuhygienia hoituu automaattisesti.

5. She has been celebrated in a novel way.

6. Mitä on löydetty?	Uusi tuhatjalkainen/niveljalkainen.
7. Mistä se on löydetty Yhdysvalloissa?	Appalakkien vuoristosta / Vuoristosta.

News items 4

8. Traverse Antarctica.
9. The quest failed.


10. Miksi laivan nimi tuntuu ironiselta nyt?	Se ei kestänyt. / Se murtui jään vaikutuksesta.?

TAPESCRIPT:
Saturn, according to recent estimates, is about 4.503 billion years old, but its famous rings are only about 100 million years old. Scientists have been trying to find out why those rings are so much younger than the planet itself. A new study published in the Journal of Science, and led by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, suggests that at one time Saturn had at least one extra moon, along with its current stable of 83 moons. Dubbed chrysalis by the authors, the study proposes that the moon was ripped apart when it grazed its host planet about 160 million years ago. The researchers’ findings suggest that it then broke into fragments that may have continued to float in orbit. It's thought that those fragments broke into even smaller icy bits over the years and formed Saturn's iconic rings. I’m VOA’s Rick Pantaleo.

Dental professionals say our permanent teeth are meant to last a lifetime, if we take care of them. This includes regular brushing and flossing our teeth. Those who don’t take care of these crucial oral health chores, often find out how easy it is to lose control of good dental health. Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania have conducted a proof-of-concept study that someday could lead to the development of what they call, swarms of shapeshifting microrobots that would automate these important dental health procedures. The scientists say that packs of these microrobots made of iron oxide nanoparticles can be configured and directed to floss, brush, and rinse your teeth. They add that the nanoparticles produce a catalytic reaction that creates antimicrobials that also kills (sic) harmful oral bacteria. I’m VOA’s Rick Pantaleo.

American pop and country singing and songwriting superstar Taylor Swift has won a countless number of awards, including multiple Grammys, Golden Globes, and others presented to her throughout the world. Now Taylor Swift is being honored by the scientific community. Derek Hennon, Jackson Means, and Paul Marek from Virginia Tech have discovered a new species of millipede that has been named in her honor. The species discovered in the US Appalachian Mountains is called Nannoria Swiftae, or the Swift twisted-claw millipede. The scientists write about their new discovery in a research paper published in the journal zooKeys. I’m VOA’s Rick Pantaleo.

Explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton had hoped to be the first to cross Antarctica on land. Shackleton led his team aboard a ship called Endurance that would sail to Antarctica via the Weddell sea. After leaving South Georgia Island in December 1914, Shackleton’s Endurance quickly ran into heavy pack ice. The ice would eventually trap, crush, and sink the ship, nearly a year after beginning its trip. It was reported that all members of Shackleton’s Endurance crew survived. 106 years after the sinking of the Endurance, The Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust has announced that its Endurance22 expedition has located the ship. According to a press release, Endurance was found within four miles south of the position that had been recorded by the ship’s captain Frank Worsley in 1915. I’m VOA’s Rick Pantaleo.

April 21st, 2026

HW: Do the exercises on the passive voice.

THE PASSIVE VOICE:

BE + teeman 3. muoto

grow, grew, grown

MUUTA AKTIIVI PASSIIVIIN:
1. yleispreesens
Matti grows tomatoes. Tomatoes are grown by Matti.
2. kestopreesens
Matti is growing tomatoes. Tomatoes are being grown by Matti.
3. yleisimperfekti
Matti grew tomatoes. Tomatoes were grown by Matti.
4. kestoimperfekti
Matti was growing tomatoes. Tomatoes were being grown by Matti.
5.yleisperfekti
Matti has grown tomatoes. Tomatoes have been grown by Matti.
6. kestoperfekti
Matti has been growing tomatoes. -
6. yleispluskvamperfekti
Matti had grown tomatoes. Tomatoes had been grown by Matti.
7. kestopluskvamperfekti
Matti had been growing tomatoes. -
8. I futuuri
Matti will grow tomatoes. Tomatoes will be grown by Matti.
9. I konditionaali
Matti would grow tomatoes. Tomatoes would be grown by Matti.
10. II konditionaali
Matti would have grown tomatoes. Tomatoes would have been grown by Matti.

NB!
There was a knock on the door. = Oveen koputettiin.

NB!
I must do my homework. = Minun täytyy tehdä läksyni. Homework must be done. = Läksyt täytyy tehdä.
My neighbour should paint the house. = Naapurini pitäisi maalata talo. The house should be painted. = Talo pitäisi maalata.

NB!
Pride and Prejudice written by Jane Austen is a very good book.
Violin concerto composed by Philip Glass is my favourite composition.

The novel sold at Christmas is a bestseller.
The novel (that / which is) sold at Christmas is a bestseller.

NB! We drink a lot of coffee in Finland.
They drink a lot of tea in England.

The novel (that / which is) intended to be sold at Christmas was written in March.

The whole of Finland was covered with snow.

Passiivilauseen subjektiksi voi ottaa aktiivilauseen suoran tai epäsuoran objektin:
The students didn't pay any attention to the lecturer.
= No attention was paid to the lecturer by the students.
= The lecturer wasn't paid any attention to by the students.

Teksti

exercise 5

Save


1. Lääkäreitä tarvitaan kaikkialla.	Doctors are needed everywhere / all over the world.
2. Lakimiehestä ei aina pidetä.	A/The lawyer is not always liked.
3. Arvostettiinko tuomareita ennen enemmän?	Were judges appreciated more in the old days / before?
4. Minua koulutettiin myyjäksi siihen aikaan.	I was being trained as a shop assistant at that/the time.
5. Toimittajia ei ole aina uskottu.	Journalists/Reporters haven’t always been believed.
6. Miksi konduktööreille ei ole annettu parempia työasuja?	Why haven’t conductors been given better uniforms?
7. Autonkuljettajia nähdään vielä pitkän aikaa.	Chauffeurs/Drivers will be seen for a long time to come.
8. Lääkäreitä pitää kuunnella.	Doctors have to / must be listened to.
9. Heille olisi pitänyt opettaa kohteliasta käytöstä.	They should have been taught polite behaviour.
10. Yrittäjiä olisi voitu auttaa enemmän.	Entrepreneurs could have been helped more.


11. Autetaanko opiskelijoita tarpeeksi?	Are students helped enough?
12. Syytetyn oikeuksia ei kunnioiteta tarpeeksi tällä hetkellä.	The rights of the accused are not being respected enough at the moment.
13. Rikolliset lähetettiin vankilaan.	Criminals were sent to jail.
14. Häntä ei pidetty helppona asiakkaana.	She/He wasn’t considered an easy customer/client. / She/He wasn’t regarded as an easy customer/client.
15. Lukijoista ei ole aina pidetty hyvää huolta.	Readers haven’t always been taken good care of.
16. Matkustajia oli käsketty lähtemään.	Travellers had been told to leave.
17. Meille annetaan pian uusi kuski.	We will be given a new driver soon.
18. Potilaita voidaan tutkia nyt paremmin.	Patients can be examined better now.
19. Sinulle ei olisi pitänyt myydä tuota lääkettä.	You shouldn’t have been sold that medicine.
20. Asiakkaille olisi voitu kertoa totuus.	Customers could have been told the truth.

Teksti

exercise A

Choose the best alternative.

We get a lot of carbs from pasta dishes.
I took up bodybuilding because I can’t do even a single pull-up and all my friends can do several.
I broke my ankle and now I may face an operation.
Zach is not just overweight. The doctor said he suffers from morbid obesity.
Do you have any skeletons in your closet?
I wouldn’t call her physically challenged but she definitely has some trouble walking.
The new vaccine is supposed to be 100% safe since it has been tested for years.
– I recently tried this new body composition analysis!
– That’s interesting! What did you find out about yourself?
Mark really has the ideal bone structure for running. He’s definitely made for long distances.
Having a disability shouldn’t hold you back in any way.

Teksti

exercise B

Translate the following sentences.


1. Sen jälkeen, kun aloitin gluteenittoman ruokavalion, vatsakipuni katosivat.	Since I started a gluten-free diet / After I went gluten-free my stomach pain disappeared.
2. Fyysinen hyvinvointi on yhtä tärkeää kuin henkinen ja hengellinen.	Physical well-being is equally important to / as important as mental and spiritual well-being.
3. Loukkasin itseni pahasti ja nyt joudun käyttämään tätä kipsiä useita kuukausia.	I hurt myself badly and now I have to wear this cast for several months.
4. Koko sukuni kärsii korkeasta verenpaineesta ja kohonneesta sykkeestä.	My whole family suffers from high blood pressure and elevated heart rate.
5. Oletpa sitten kasvissyöjä tai vegaani, sinun pitää miettiä, kuinka saat tarpeeksi proteiinia ja hiilihydraatteja.	Whether you are a vegetarian or a vegan, you need to think about how you can get enough protein and carbs/carbohydrates.
6. Matthew’n ystävä on onnistunut saavuttamaan ja ylläpitämään ihannepainonsa. Mikäköhän hänen painoindeksinsä on?	Matthew’s friend has been able to achieve and maintain his/her ideal body weight. I wonder what his/her Body Mass Index / BMI / body mass index is?
7. Tunnen itseni väsyneeksi mutta onnelliseksi.	I feel tired but happy.

Teksti

exercise C

Combine the term with the proper definition.

fibre a threadlike structure
appetite an instinctive desire for nutrition
nutrient a substance that gives energy and increases growth
cholesterol a steroid alcohol which can be found in animal cells and body fluids regulating membrane fluidity
diet regular habits for nourishment

a local or general negative bodily sensation (pain)

organisms administered to produce or artificially increase immunity to a particular disease (vaccine)

LC2 How real estate photography tricks you (video) / key & tapescript

1. One appears neater than the other.
2. there seems to be ample space.
3. the amount of illumination.
4. augmented saturation
5. There's more than meets the eye.

We hired a professional real estate photographer to come in and take photos in different locations. I stood right next to the real estate photographer to capture what I thought was the same image.

So the professional editors have increased the saturation of the trees, they’ve increased the saturation of blue sky and given that appearance that it’s a lot sunnier and more vibrant than it actually is. The other thing that you notice is that it appears to be photoshopped in the fact that there are no leaves in the bottom of the pool anymore, and that definitely makes it feel a lot more inviting.

The room definitely doesn’t feel as open and as vast as it does with the real estate photographer’s photo, and that’s because they’ve used a wide angle lens. This is something they would generally do in smaller houses to create a feeling of space. It includes all the edges, the chairs, the shelves, the plants, and instantly you feel like the room is double the size. The other thing that they do in this image is add a fire. So, as you can see in my image, they’re was definitely not a roaring fire going on at that point, but they add this in in order to showcase that warmth, and that feeling of sort of being snugly and cosy in the lounge room.

The perspective makes you feel like you’re walking into something a lot grander than you actually are. The actual hallway into the bathroom is really narrow, but you can’t see that within this image because of the perspective that they’ve taken. The other thing you notice right away is how bright it looks. It feels sunny, it feels warm, it feels really inviting, but the original image that you can see it’s actually quite a dark room.

So another thing that they tend to paint in, similar to the fireplace, is that they will add in bits of grass to lawn where there is none. And so the whole image just looks really bright; it looks like there is grass all up the driveway when we know there actually isn’t, and they’ve really increased the colour saturation, so the greens look punchy, the sky looks punchy, even the fence looks a lot brighter than it actually is.

April 23rd, 2026

HW: D & E in RC2 A Success Story / Do exercises in Glossary: Politics / Society

verbinä: affect, influence, impact, impress: EI prepositiota

Sales affect inflation.
Current politics influences me.
Financial cuts impact us.
Philosopher Georg W. Wright impressed me.

have an effect on s-g; have an influence on s-b; have an impact on s-g; make an impression on s-b:
Sales have an effect on inflation.
He has an influence on us.
Michael Jackson's music still has an impact on us.
Elvis Presley made a permanent impression on me.

Teksti

exercise 6 (passive)
Fill in according to the clues.

1. Apples are sold all year round in most supermarkets. (myydään)
2. The furniture is being moved / is being transferred downstairs now. (siirretään)
3. Not everybody is needed / will be needed / is going to be needed there. (tarvitaan)
4. Why were they told / were they ordered to wait for us there? (heitä käskettiin)
5. This has to be seen/ must be seen to be believed. (täytyy nähdä)

6. Have they been given any food yet? (Onko heille annettu)
7. She hasn’t been caused / hasn't been caused / has not been caused any harm. (ei ole aiheutettu)
8. It will be done / is going to be done one day. (tehdään)
9. What had you been shown / were you shown? (teille oli näytetty)
10. You could be helped more. (voitaisiin auttaa)

Teksti

exercise 7 (passive) More advanced. Fill in.

1. We should have been asked to wait for them. (olisi pitänyt pyytää)
2. The referee may have been bought / might have been bought off – he seems to have it in for us. (on saatettu ostaa)
3. If it had been done well, we wouldn’t be in this mess now. (olisi tehty)
4. I don’t particularly enjoy being told / it when I am told what to do. (siitä, että minulle kerrotaan)
5. She insisted on being sent a formal invitation. (että hänelle lähettäisiin)

6. It feels good to be given a day off. (tulla annetuksi)

7. My elderly aunt needs to be looked after / looking after. (huolehtimista)
8. Why do they drive / do people drive on the left in Thailand? (ajetaan)
9. What are they laughing at / do they laugh at over there? (nauretaan)
10. Let's go / Let’s leave now before everyone else does. (Lähdetään)

Teksti

exercise 8 (passive)

Homework. Write in English.


1. Sääntöjä ei aina totella.	Rules are not always obeyed / followed.
2. Meistä tuntui, että meitä tarkkailtiin.	We felt we were being watched / observed.
3. Se on varmaankin myyty ulkomaille.	It must have been sold abroad.
4. Heidän sanotaan olevan valmiina kaikkeen.	They are said to be ready for everything. / It is said (that) they are ready for everything.
5. Yritin välttää tulemista nähdyksi heidän seurassaan.	I tried to avoid being seen in their company.

RC1 A success story

exercise B Confusibles Fill in the sentences with the correct forms of the words mentioned above.

Seeing overly thin models might affect / influence / impact / have an effect on / have an influence on / have an impact on your self- image.
Being severely underweight actually affects / influences / impacts / has an effect on / has an influence on / has an impact on your health.
One effect / influence / impact of being underweight might even be hair loss.
Has all of this had an effect on / an influence on / an impact on you?
Aren't we all affected / influenced / impacted by the images we see in magazines?

April 28th, 2026

HW: ex. 50, 51, 52, 53 & 54 (Indefinite Pronouns) // Glossary: Society / Politics ex. B & C // Glossary: Immigration / Global issues

subsidy (n.) = tukiainen

subsidies (n.) = tukijaiset

subsidize (v.) = antaa tukijaisia

Good friends forgive each other's shortcomings.
= one another's shortcomings = Hyvät ystävät antavat anteeksi toinen toistensa vajavaisuudet.

Saara Lilja used to smoke five cigarettes a day. = S. L. poltti ennen viisi savuketta päivässä.

Saara Lilja is used to smoking five cigarettes a day. = S. L. on tottunut polttamaan viisi savuketta päivässä.

I used to get up at 5 am.
I am used to getting up at 5 am.

1. I am used to drinking a cup of coffee in the morning.
2. I have a habit of drinking a cup...
3. I am in the habit of drinking a cup...
4, I usually drink a cup...

I got used to drinking a cup of coffee in the morning. = Totuin juomaan kupposen kahvia aamulla.

ANY-:

1. Anyone can do it. = kuka tahansa
2. kysymyksissä
Have you seen anybody here?
3. jos on kielto tai rajoittava määrä
never, no, in no circumstances // seldom = rarely = harvoin, hardly = scarcely = barely = tuskin, only...
She never loved anybody.
She hardly loved anybody.

Teksti

exercise 49

Save


1. Kukaan ei tiedä, mitä tapahtui viime perjantaina.	No one / Nobody knows what happened last Friday.
2. Kaikki olivat innoissaan juhlista.	Everyone / Everybody was excited about the party.
3. Jokainen vieraista hyväksyi kutsun.	Every one of the guests / Each of the guests accepted the invitation.
4. Tunsivatko kaikki vieraista toisensa?	Did all (of) the guests know each other / one another?
5. Tuskin kukaan epäili mitään.	Hardly anyone / anybody suspected anything.
6. Kaikki vieraat katosivat juhlien jälkeen.	All the guests disappeared / vanished after the party.
7. Ketään heistä ei ole koskaan nähty missään.	None of them has ever been seen anywhere.
8. Mitä tahansa on voinut tapahtua.	Anything may / might / could have happened.
9. Kukaan ei ole varma siitä, mitä tapahtui.	No one / Nobody is sure (of) what happened.
10. Kaikki eivät ole menettäneet vielä toivoaan.	Not everyone / everybody has lost hope yet.


11. Tapaus on kaikkea muuta kuin selvä.	The case is anything but clear.
12. Toiset uskovat, että avaruusoliot kaappasivat vieraat, toiset ovat sitä mieltä, että heidät murhattiin.	Some believe that aliens kidnapped the guests, others think that they were murdered.
13. Jokainen kolmesta naapuristani oli kutsuttu juhliin.	Each of my three neighbours was / Every one of my three neighbours had been invited / was invited to the party.
14. Molemmat serkkuni olivat myös siellä.	Both (of) my cousins were there, too.
15. Kumpikaan heistä ei tullut koskaan takaisin.	Neither (one) of them ever came back.
16. Aina silloin tällöin jotkut ihmiset väittävät selvittäneensä arvoituksen.	Every now and then some people claim that they have solved / claim to have solved the mystery.
17. Joka toisena päivänä on jokin uusi teoria siitä, mitä tapahtui.	Every second / other day / Every two days there is a / some new theory about what happened.
18. Muistan kaksi teoriaa: toinen on outo ja toinen on typerä.	I remember two theories: one is strange and the other is foolish.
19. Joko koko juttu on kepponen tai jotain outoa on tapahtunut.	Either the whole thing is a prank or something strange / odd / peculiar has happened.
20. Tavalla tai toisella totuus tulee esiin.	One way or another, the truth will come out.

RC1 A Succes Story

exercise C

Fill in the grid.

	noun	adjective	verb
1.	success	successful	succeed
2.	reality	real	realize/realise
3.	popularity	popular	popularize/popularise
4.	diagnosis	diagnostic	diagnose
5.	effect	effective	affect
6.	distraction	distractive	distract
7.	employee	employable	employ
8.	selection	selective	select
9.	character/characteristic	characteristic	characterize/characterise
10.	communication	communicative	communicate
11.	interaction	interactive	interact
12.	conclusion	conclusive	conclude
13.	attraction	attractive	attract
14.	response	responsive	respond

Now use the words to fill in the sentences. They are in the same order as in the grid but you have to put them in the right form.

1. Would you rather be happy or successful in life?
2. Haven't you realized / realised the truth yet?
3. Dream analysis was popularized / popularised by Sigmund Freud.
4. Is it easy to diagnose somebody with ADHD?
5. My big brother has affected me positively.
6. It was hard to get any work done with so many distractions.
7. How many employees does your company have?

8. I seem to have a selective memory.

9. What are the characteristics of this breed of dog?
10. Communication is sometimes anything but easy.
11. Have you ever experienced an interactive art session?
12. This time Sue didn't conclude her speech with a joke.
13. Opposites attract, people say.
14. Why doesn't Dave respond to any of his emails?

Teksti

exercise D

Fill in the job interview for the position of the CFO (chief financial officer) in an international company.

Interviewer: Good morning and welcome. I'm glad you could make it at such short notice. Have you had the time to familiarize yourself with our company at all?

1. Tervehdi kohteliaasti ja kiitä mahdollisuudesta päästä haastateltavaksi. Kerro, että tiesit yrityksestä paljon etukäteen, koska seuraat yritysuutisia päivittäin.

Good morning and thank you for this opportunity. I already knew a great deal / a lot about the company in advance / beforehand because I follow corporate news daily / on a daily basis.

Interviewer: Good to hear. Why did you decide to apply for this vacancy?

2. Vastaa, haluat että he opettavat sinulle jotakin uutta. Tätä yritystä arvostetaan kovasti.

I'd like you to teach me / I want you to teach me something new. This company is highly esteemed / is highly regarded.

Interviewer: You've definitely come to the right place in that case. What three personal characteristics describe you the best?

3. Kerro, että kysymykseen on vaikea vastata. Ehkä sanoisit olevasi tuottelias, menestynyt ja kärsimätön.

It's difficult to respond to / answer that question. Maybe/Perhaps I'd say productive, successful, and impatient.

Interviewer: Hmmm, you actually sound a bit like our previous CFO in this respect. Is there anything you'd like to ask me?

4. Vastaa, että itse asiassa on jotakin. Kysy, minkä asian haastattelija muuttaisi työssään jos hän voisi.

Actually / In fact, there is something. What would you change/alter in your own job if you could / were able to?

Interviewer: I'm not sure I can answer that offhand. Probably I'd like our fast-paced working environment to slow down somewhat.

5. Vastaa, että nopeassa tahdissa työskenteleminen sopii sinulle. Sano, että toivot saavasi hyviä uutisia pian.

Working at a fast pace suits me. I hope I'll get / I'll be getting good news soon.

Interviewer: I'm sure we'll work everything out. Thank you for the interview. You should hear from us in a week. We still have some other applicants to interview. Have a good day.

Teksti

exercise F Translate into English.


1. Aiemmin minulla oli tapana murehtia asioita enemmän.	Before I used to worry about things more.
2. Minulla ei ollut tapana kirjoittaa ajatuksiani muistiin.	I didn't use to write down my thoughts. (Saatat törmätä myös muotoon didn't used to, mutta muoto didn't use to on suositeltava.)
3. Olitko tottunut käymään uimassa joka aamu?	Were you used to going for a swim every morning?
4. Sinun olisi parasta tottua heräämään aikaisemmin.	You'd better get used to waking up earlier. (Tottua = get used to doing)
5. Minulla oli tapana harrastaa enemmän liikuntaa, mutta nyt olen tottunut ottamaan rennosti.	I used to exercise more, but now I'm used to taking it easy.
6. Minulla on tapana kävellä kouluun joka aamu.	I walk to school every morning / I usually walk to school … / I have a habit of walking to school … / I'm in the habit of walking to school … (Muista, että used to on käytössä vain imperfektissä.)

May 5th, 2026

I bought a house the roof of which was leaking.
= I bought a house whose roof was leaking.
= Osti talon, jonka katto vuoti.

a dessert /di'zööt/ = jälkiruoka
a desert /dezöt/ e.g. The Sahara Desert = Saharan autiomaa

Atte Harjanne and Sofia Virta are MPs. = Members of Parliament
Pauli Kiuru is an MP. = a Member of Parliament

aineen kolme olomuotoa:
liquid (l)
solid (s)
gas (g)

"All (that) you need is love..." (The Beatles)
Any (one) of us could do it. = Kuka tahansa meistä osaisi tehdä se.

no one / no-one / nobody = ei kukaan
"Nobody knows the trouble I've seenNobody knows my sorrowNobody knows the trouble I've seenGlory, Hallelujah…" (an African-American spiritual song that originated during the period of slavery)

They forgive each other's shortcomings. = They forgive one another's shortcomings. = He antavan anteeksi toinen toisensa vajavaisuudet.

May 5th, 2026

exercise 50 / Indefinite Pronouns

Choose the correct alternative.

Not everyone is interested in horror films.
Every one of them feels just the same.
None of them are realistic or believable.
Anyone who’s ever seen a horror film can recognize these cliches.
The characters end up somewhere where there are no other people.
Someone sees or hears something scary.
None of the phones work.
Some of the characters get lost and no one seems to find them.
You can always see someone else’s reflection in the mirror behind you.
Someone always decides to go somewhere by themselves.
He or she usually does it without anyone else knowing about it.
Nothing good ever happens in a dark basement or attic.
No matter what happens, your parents and the authorities will not see anything strange.
There are never any police officers around when you need them.
When all your friends are either dead or missing, you can still hear their voices.
No one is ever going to hear you scream.
No matter what happens, neither your parents nor the police will listen to you.
People never go anywhere without a flashlight.
In the end they won’t trust each other.
When you finally think that nothing bad will happen, the plot will surely have another twist.

1. All ja every vaatisivat pääsanan. Everyone on ainoa itsenäinen muoto.
2. Of-rakenteen edellä every one kirjoitetaan erikseen.
3. Of-rakenteen edellä käytetään none-muotoa.
4. kuka tahansa = anyone
5. None ja no one eivät käy other people -sanojen kanssa.
6. Joku näkee jotakin pelottavaa.
7. Of-rakenteen edellä käytetään none-muotoa.
8. Jotkut hahmoista = some of the characters. One ei käy, koska silloin verbin tulisi olla muodossa gets.
9. jonkun muun = someone else’s
10. joku = someone
11. Without on rajoittava määre, jonka kanssa käytetään any-alkuista pronominia.
12. Nothing good ever happens. = Mitään hyvää ei koskaan tapahdu. Any-alkuisella sanalla ei voi aloittaa kielteistä lausetta.
13. Kielteisissä lauseissa käytetään any-alkuisia pronomineja.
14. Yhdessä lauseessa voi olla vain yksi kieltosana (never). Kielteisissä lauseissa käytetään any-alkuisia pronomineja.
15. joko – tai = either – or
16. Kukaan ei koskaan kuule = no one is ever going to hear
17. ei – eikä = neither – nor
18. Yhdessä lauseessa voi olla vain yksi kieltosana (never). Kielteisissä lauseissa käytetään any-alkuisia pronomineja.
19. toisiaan = each other (lopussa ei koskaan monikon s-päätettä)
20. ei mitään pahaa = nothing bad

Teksti

exercise 51

More advanced. Fill in.

1. Not everyone (Kaikki eivät) is into horror films or novels. 2. On the one hand / On one hand (Toisaalta), we are too scared to watch them, but 3. on the other hand (toisaalta), we can’t stop watching. It is said that while 4. some (toiset) people watch them to forget their 5. everyday / daily (jokapäiväinen) lives, 6. others (toiset) simply seek the rush of adrenaline. For some people 7. there’s nothing like / there's nothing like / there is nothing like / nothing compares to (mikään ei vedä vertoja) watching a good old-fashioned horror film after a long day at school.
8. Hardly anyone (Tuskin kukaan) can say they never yearn for an escape from real-life worries and troubles. By watching scary films about monsters or aliens, 9. every one of us (kaikki meistä) is able to to experience terror from a safe distance. If the film gets too scary, you can 10. either (joko) close your eyes 11. or (tai) stop watching altogether.
There is a feeling of reassurance that comes from seeing the characters in the film killed 12. one by one (yksitellen), until eventually 13. no one but / nobody but / no one other than / nobody other than (ei kukaan muu kuin) the hero or heroine is left alive. 14. After all (Loppujen lopuksi), when we’ve finished the film, we can feel safe in the knowledge that 15. all’s well that ends well / all's well that ends well / all is well that ends well (loppu hyvin kaikki hyvin).

Teksti

exercise 52

Homework. Translate into English.


1. Mikään ei pelota minua enemmän kuin olla kotona yöllä yksin.	Nothing scares me more than being alone at home / home alone at night.
2. Kaikki pelkäävät jotain.	Everyone / Everybody is scared / frightened / afraid of something.
3. Kaikki eivät usko kummituksiin.	Not everyone believes in ghosts.
4. Kukaan meistä ei voi tietää, miltä toisista todella tuntuu.	None of us can know how others really feel.
5. Mikä tahansa voi olla jostakusta pelottavaa.	Anything can seem scary/frightening/terrifying for someone / somebody.
6. Toiset pelkäävät hiiriä ja toiset torakoita.	Some (people) are scared / afraid of mice and others of cockroaches.

Teksti

exercise 53

Test yourself. Choose the correct alternative.

Sam had three brothers, which was nice.
The brothers, one of whom was Tim, her twin, always helped her.
Tim, whose smile was identical to hers, was her best friend.
But all (that) she knew of her father was his name.
Her father had left on a boat the name of which her mother had never told them.
Before leaving their father had said nothing would stop him from returning to them.
But apparently something had gone wrong, and he’d never been heard of since.
The siblings all had different memories of their father, but none of them wanted to tell them to the others.
In fact, each of them was sure he would return one day.
And who knows, anything might happen, even that.
Their mother was anything but happy about their pining for their father.
Her motto was: dreaming of the impossible causes nothing but trouble for you.
The kids often had to repeat what she said when she mentioned that motto.
However, there was something / – the kids didn’t know.
They all had different fathers, apart from Sam and Tim of course, both of whom almost definitely had the same father.
There are two kinds of people: some need mottos while others feel mottos are useless.
I believe it is, above all, your personal choice how you react to them.

Teksti

exercise 54

Test yourself. Fill in the blanks.

Here’s a fact some of you may know: dolphins are whales. (jotkut teistä)
There are several species of whales; while some are endangered, others are doing OK. (toiset - toiset)
Whales have long fascinated scientists, many of whom use sonar to detect their movements. (joista monet)
All that /–- I know about whales I’ve learnt from nature documentaries. (mitä)
Actually, there is something that / –- I remember reading in books. (minkä)
Whale blubber was used to illuminate rooms, which was a big improvement on candlelight. (mikä)
Whales communicate with their song, but none of us can really interpret it. (kukaan meistä ei)
But we do know whales can recognise each other / one another through their song. (toisensa)
I think that nothing is more interesting than the animal world. (mikään ei ole)
Like us, whales are mammals, all of which give birth to live babies. (joista kaikki)
Some describe orcas as nothing but killing machines. (pelkkiä, ei muuta kuin)
This is anything but true, although orcas are also known as killer whales. (kaikkea muuta kuin)
To get back to dolphins, they sleep by shutting half of their brain (and the opposite eye): when one part is asleep, the other stays alert. (toinen - toinen)
They have up to 260 teeth, which is more than any other mammal has. (mikä)
But what they need their teeth for is actually not to chew their food but just to grab it. (se mitä)
Finally, here’s a fact one of you may know: dolphins don’t drink at all although they are surrounded by water. (joku teistä)
They get all the liquid that / which / –- they need from their food. (mitä)

LC 7 Fast cooking Key & Tapescript

1. Plan ahead.
2. It's a new version of an existing book.
3. Vegetables, deboned meat and seasoning
4. You don't do everything in a set order.
5. Having lots of ingredients at home.
6. Leftover food is not a hindrance in their opinion.

Host - Celebrated food author Mark Bittman has written about how to cook, well, everything. But when it comes to cooking fast, he says it’s about strategy not skill.

Mark Bittman - There’s a lot of downtime in cooking, it takes time for the heat that you’re using to be applied to the food that you’re using it on, and you can use that time to do other things that make the whole procedure go more quickly.

Host - He’s out with a new edition of his book How To Cook Everything Fast. That’s lucky because we’re focusing on recipes you can make in a pinch. One of those is his spinach carbonara, a vegetarian twist on the Italian classic that’s often made with pork.

Mark Bittman - Adding spinach to this turns it more into a one pot dish if you will, or a sort of whole meal that has a variety of different nutrients and just mixes things up a bit.

Host - It requires just a few ingredients. Pasta, cheese, olive oil, eggs, and of course spinach. Once you’ve got all that it’s simple to throw together.

Mark Bittman - You do oil in a pan, you do water in a pot. You do garlic and spinach in the pan, you do pasta in the water, you toss it with cheese and egg, and that’s the dish.

Host - If you’re in the mood for something hardier, Bittman says, try a stir fry. He says they’re perfect for fast cooking because stir fry employs a critical technique. Utilising downtime to cook. Take, for example, his recipe for chicken and Swiss chard stir fry.

Mark Bittman - You start oil in a pan over a high heat, and while that’s heating you cut some boneless chicken up, and season it. And then you cook that. While you’re cooking that in a skillet you’re preparing ginger and garlic. While you’re waiting for the chicken to be done you chop some scallions, you rinse some chard, you chop that, and then you add those ingredients one at a time to the stir fry.

Host - Of course, we can’t forget dessert. Bittman recommends the skillet apple crisp. It’s got that classic combo, butter, apples, nuts, cinnamon, and sugar, but…

Mark Bittman - The difference is that you start by melting butter in a skillet and cooking, while that’s melting you chop the acorns, chop the apples, and you add them to the skillet with a little bit of water, and you cook that until the apples are tender.

Host - And while that’s happening, Bittman recommends, you guessed it, using that time to prep the topping.

Mark Bittman - Butter, nuts, oats, coconut sugar, cinnamon, salt, all of that. You cook that until it's, you cook that in a separate pan until it’s nicely browned and crisp, and then when the apples are soft you top it with the crisp topping, and you serve. And it just works great and it becomes a 15 minute recipe as opposed to a 40 minute recipe.

Host - But if none of these dishes speaks to you, don’t worry. You can make fast, easy meals with any ingredients you have, just keep three things in mind.

Mark Bittman - Preparing and cooking at the same time instead of preparing first and then cooking second, and I think that’s the key strategy. The second is really having a well stocked pantry, refrigerator and freezer as well of course, but to the extent that you can keep a good larder you can cook a lot of recipes without shopping, and that’s a real advantage. And then the third is to almost always cook more than you need. Be planful about leftovers, if you’re cooking beans for a dish then cook a lot of them, and either refrigerate or freeze what’s left. Same with whole grain, same with that head of cauliflower, etc., etc., etc. Whenever you’re cooking, it almost always pays to cook more, even if it’s just cooking more of the given dish so that you can have lunch or dinner tomorrow. I think that that’s the kind of thing veteran cooks know and learn, and that we’re trying to teach it fast to people who have not done a lot of cooking.

Host - That was food writer Mark Bittman. The updated and revised edition of How To Cook Everything Fast is out now.

May 7th, 2026

HW: ex. A & B & C in Glossary: Immigration / Global Issues

persecute (v.) = vainota
persecution (n.) = vaino(aminen)

an alien (n.) = muukalainen
alienate (v.) = vieraannuttaa
alienation (n.) = vieraantuminen

a nucleus = 1. tuma (biologiassa); 2. ydin (fysiikassa) // many nuclei = tumia; ytimiä

LC 10 Moomins on display / Key & Tapescript

1. Oil paintings.
2. To redefine Jansson as an artist.
3. There are quite many of them.
4. It was greatly influenced by the war.
5. They both helped and hindered Jansson’s work.
6. Creating it exhausted Jansson.
7. Early in the artist’s life.
8. Not everyone considered the Moomins to be art.

Halfway through the first major UK retrospective of paintings by Tove Jansson, which opens this week at the Dulwich Picture Gallery, visitors will recognise some little blobby creatures in a glass case – the Moomins.

The stars of some of the most famous children’s books of the 20th century, they have become deeply familiar in their incarnations as fridge magnets, soft toys, on the tail fins of Finnish planes and in a newly opened museum in Finland. They have also appeared in cartoon strips and animations, with a new film coming at Christmas and a new animated series featuring the likes of Kate Winslet, Rosamund Pike and Will Self. // 1

The Moomins may not, however, have been how Jansson would have chosen her work to be defined. Their pottering around their flowery valley, and hibernating through the fierce Nordic winters until a messenger brings news of spring made her famous the world over, but they have completely overshadowed the reputation as a serious painter that she yearned for all her life, and which the Dulwich exhibition will try to rescue.

“The pictures are wonderful,” said the gallery’s director, Jennifer Scott. “I’ve surprised myself at how drawn I feel to them. She fits perfectly into one of the things we do best at Dulwich, which is to take a very unfamiliar name, or a name people think they know, and show a completely different aspect of their work.”Despite the scores of paintings from private collections and Finland’s national gallery, the Ateneum in Helsinki, including a haunting last self-portrait painted years before Jansson’s death aged 87 in 2001, the Moomins have crept into half the exhibition space and taken over the final room. // 2, 3

The first Moomin book was published at the end of the Second World War and was clearly in its shadow, a surprisingly dark fantasy of a world almost destroyed by catastrophic flood. Other books followed, but it was only when one was translated into English in 1951, and her creations became a cartoon strip for the London Evening News, that she became internationally famous.

Clare Simpson, the head of exhibitions at Dulwich, was helping Liisa Kantanen from the Ateneum set out the fragile models of the characters, beautifully made by Jansson’s life partner, the artist and craft worker Tuulikki Pietilä, and borrowed from a private collection. Directing the little figures to turn toward one another in conversation, she said: “I feel sorry for Tove really. The Moomins brought her fame and money, which bought her freedom, but they also cannibalised her time and creative energy and distracted her from what she considered her real work.” // 4, 5

The exhibition includes original artwork for the strip, believed long lost, which turned up in an uncatalogued envelope in the collection of the Cartoon Archive in Kent. After seven years writing and drawing the strip, Jansson was so drained by the work she handed it on to her brother, who kept it going until 1975.

Jansson was born into a family of hardworking artists in Helsinki in 1914 – her father was a sculptor, but most of the bills were paid by her mother’s illustration work – and earned money from magazine and book illustration from the age of 15.

The exhibition shows her covers for the satirical magazine Garm, including a wartime Christmas number of a dancing Hitler roaring for cake. Some include tiny hippo like figures, the first appearance in print of the Moomins, which she had been drawing since sketching them on the wall of a childhood holiday home. // 6, 7

The exhibition’s curator, Sointu Fritze, who is also chief curator at the Ateneum, said the Moomins had earned their place in the exhibition, even if they often made it hard for Jansson to be taken seriously as a painter at a time when hierarchies in art were still rigid.

“Although Tove Jansson was sometimes tired of the Moomins or frustrated to be known primarily as the ‘Moomin Mamma who can also paint’, she did take the work on Moomins as seriously, with a strong devotion, as her painting,” Fritze said.

“I think she was herself able to see her oeuvre as a continuum and a whole, the sources of inspiration being very much the same for everything she did.” // 8

May 12th, 2026

HW: ex. 87, 88 & 89 in Shortened Sentences

alkuperäinen lause: After I had read the paper, I went to take a shower.
Aikaa ilmaisevan sivulauseen voi lyhentää kahdella tavalla:

After reading the paper, I went to take a shower.
Having read the paper, I went to take a shower.

Glossary: Immigration & Global Issues

exercise A

Choose the best alternative.

1.–2. The United Nations opposes discrimination because nobody is better or worse as a person. Instead, it promotes equality.
3. Many areas in Africa are suffering from famine. Thousands of children have died of hunger.
4. My experience as a relief worker in Africa has really taught me a lot about the pain and suffering that is tormenting many third world countries.
5. Although Chinese people are a minority in New York City, there are still hundreds of thousands of them in Manhattan alone.
6.–7. Many refugees seek asylum when they are in grave danger.
8. Some people feel refugees shouldn’t get more help than anyone else because it can be considered positive discrimination.
9. The US embassy was burned to the ground due to the warfare the Americans are involved in.
10. These humanitarian crises must be solved immediately.

Teksti

exercise B

Translate.


1. Ihmisten pitäisi olla suvaitsevaisempia.	People ought to be / should be more tolerant.
2. Sadattuhannet ihmiset muuttivat maasta sitä vuosikausia piinanneen nälänhädän takia.	Hundreds of thousands of people emigrated from the country because of / on account of / due to the famine that/which had been tormenting / that/which (had) tormented the country for many years.
3. Koska Suomessa on niin paljon maahanmuuttajia, kukaan ei voi sanoa Suomen olevan yksikulttuurinen yhteiskunta.	Since/Because there are so many immigrants in Finland, nobody can say that Finland is a monocultural society. / nobody can call Finland a monocultural society.
4. Tom, Mark ja Sam ovat aina kannattaneet reilua kauppaa johtuen pitkästä taustastaan avustustyöntekijöinä.	Tom, Mark and Sam have always been in favor of / have always supported fair trade due to their / because of their many years of experience as aid workers / relief workers. (OR: …have always been supporters of fair trade…)
5. Voittoa tavoittelemattomat järjestöt, kuten Suomen Punainen Risti, auttavat pakolaisia ja yrittävät edistää tasa-arvoa.	Non-profit organizations such as the Finnish Red Cross help refugees and try to promote equality.

Teksti

exercise C

Choose the correct definition for each term.

repatriation the act of restoring or returning to their country of origin
procedure a certain way of accomplishing something
tolerance sympathy for beliefs or practices differing from one's own
asylum a secure place of retreat
prejudice an irrational attitude of hostility directed against an individual, a group or a race

a group of diplomats representing their country in a foreign country (embassy)
an unstable time or state of affairs (crisis)

Lauseenvastikeet / Shortened sentences

exercise 86

Huom. Suomennoksissa lauseenvastikkeet on muutettu sivulauseiksi. Joissain tapauksissa myös suomessa lauseenvastike olisi mahdollinen.


1. I don’t know anyone working as hard as you.	En tunne ketään, joka tekee yhtä kovasti töitä kuin sinä.
2. Anybody saying that about you is an idiot.	Kuka tahansa, joka sanoo tuollaista sinusta, on idiootti.
3. The works shown at the exhibition looked very interesting.	Työt, jotka olivat esillä näyttelyssä, näyttivät tosi mielenkiintoisilta.
4. Paintings done in watercolours do not normally appeal to me.	Maalaukset, jotka on tehty vesiväreillä, eivät yleensä vetoa minuun / viehätä minua.
5. New York is a city with a lot to offer for visitors.	New York on kaupunki, jolla on paljon tarjottavaa turisteille.
6. Seeing the newspaper, I knew I had missed something vital.	Kun näin lehden, tiesin, että olin unohtanut jotain todella tärkeätä.
7. Having read everything twice, I had been sure the article was perfect.	Koska olin lukenut kaiken kahdesti, olin ollut varma, että juttu oli täydellinen.
8. If offered a chance to re-do it, I’d grab it.	Jos minulle tarjottaisiin mahdollisuutta tehdä se uudelleen, tarttuisin siihen.
9. Never having been acknowledged as a master, I was eager for fame at last.	Koska minua ei ollut koskaan tunnustettu mestariksi, olin innokas saavuttamaan lopulta mainetta.
10. Having been told so many lies, I didn’t know what to believe.	Koska minulle oli kerrottu niin monia valheita, en tiennyt mitä uskoa.


11. In my building there’s someone selling stolen goods.	Rakennuksessani on joku, joka myy varastettua tavaraa.
12. People buying them should be punished.	Ihmisiä, jotka ostavat niitä, pitäisi rangaista.
13. Vegetables grown organically are often expensive.	Vihannekset, jotka kasvatetaan luonnonmukaisesti, ovat usein kalliita.
14. Some of the money paid for fair trade products benefits the farmers.	Osa rahasta, joka maksetaan reilun kaupan tuotteista, hyödyttää maanviljelijöitä.
15. He’s a man with nothing interesting to say.	Hän on mies, jolla ei ole mitään mielenkiintoista sanottavaa.
16. Reading the book, I couldn’t help but compare it to the film.	Kun luin kirjaa, en voinut olla vertaamatta sitä elokuvaan.
17. Having seen it several times, I was pretty familiar with it.	Koska olin nähnyt sen useaan kertaan, tunsin sen varsin hyvin.
18. Given a chance to write a review of the book, I nevertheless turned it down.	Kun minulle annettiin mahdollisuus kirjoittaa kirjasta arvostelu, kieltäydyin silti siitä.
19. Never having been asked to do anything like that, I was simply too nervous.	Koska minua ei ollut koskaan pyydetty tekemään mitään senkaltaista, olin yksinkertaisesti liian hermostunut.
20. Having been considered good enough for the job, I still felt pleased with myself.	Koska minua oli pidetty tarpeeksi hyvänä tehtävään, olin kuitenkin tyytyväinen itseeni.

May 12th, 2026 LC13 Dealing with climate change

1. A standard rate of growth.
2. Overconsumption is responsible for many problems.
3. It isn’t versatile enough.
4. It forces things to grow.
5. They lend more money than they really have.
6. Through the loan system.
7. Approaching things differently.
8. To avoid large-scale economic problems.
9. Established financial institutions.

When it comes to global warming, we know that the real problem is not just fossil fuels – it is the logic of endless growth that is built into our economic system. If we don’t keep the global economy growing by at least 3% per year, it plunges into crisis. That means we have to double the size of the economy every 20 years, just to stay afloat. It doesn’t take much to realise that this imperative for exponential growth makes little sense given the limits of our finite planet.

Rapid climate change is the most obvious symptom of this contradiction, but we’re also seeing it in the form of deforestation, desertification and mass extinction, with species dying at an alarming rate as our consumption of the natural world causes their habitats to collapse. It was unthinkable to say this even 10 years ago, but today, as we become increasingly aware of these crises, it seems all too clear: our economic system is incompatible with life on this planet. // 1, 2

The question is what to do about it. How can we redesign the global economy to bring it in line with the principles of ecology? The most obvious answer is to stop using GDP to measure economic progress and replace it with a more thoughtful measure – one that accounts for the ecological and social impact of economic activity. Prominent economists like Nobel Prize winner Joseph Stiglitz have been calling for such changes for years and it’s time we listened.

But replacing GDP is only a first step. While it might help refocus economic policies on what really matters, it doesn’t address the main driver of growth: debt. Debt is the reason the economy has to grow in the first place. Because debt always comes with interest, it grows exponentially – so if a person, a business, or a country wants to pay down debt over the long term, they have to grow enough to at least match the growth of their debt. Without growth, debt piles up and eventually triggers an economic crisis. // 3, 4

One way to relieve the pressure for endless growth might be to cancel some of the debt – a kind of debt jubilee. But this would only provide a short-term fix; it wouldn’t get to the real root of the problem: that the global economic system runs on money that is itself debt.

This might sound a bit odd, but it’s quite simple. When you walk into a bank to take out a loan, you assume that the bank is lending you money it has in reserve – money that it stores somewhere in a vault, for example, collected from other people’s deposits. But that’s not how it works. Banks only hold reserves worth about 10% of the money they lend out. In other words, banks lend out 10 times more money than they actually have. This is known as fractional reserve banking. // 5

So where does all that additional money come from? Banks create it out of thin air when they make loans – they loan it into existence. This accounts for about 90% of the money circulating in our economy right now. It’s not created by the government, as most people assume: it is created by commercial banks in the form of loans. In other words, almost every dollar that passes through our hands represents somebody’s debt. And every dollar of debt has to be paid back with interest.

Because our money system is based on debt, it has a growth imperative baked into it. In other words, our money system is heating up the planet. Once we realise this, the solution comes into view: we need banks to keep a bigger fraction of reserves behind the loans they make. This would go a long way toward diminishing the amount of debt sloshing around in our economy, helping reduce the pressure for economic growth.

But there’s an even more exciting solution we might consider. We could abolish debt-based currency altogether and invent a new money system completely free of intrinsic debt. Instead of letting commercial banks create money by lending it into existence, we could have the state create the money and then spend it into existence. New money would get pumped into the real economy instead of just going straight into financial speculation where it inflates huge asset bubbles that only benefit the mega-rich. // 6, 7

The responsibility for money creation would be placed with an independent agency that – unlike our banks – would be democratic, accountable, and transparent, so money would become a truly public good. Commercial banks would still be able to lend money at interest, but they would have to back it dollar for dollar with their own reserves. In other words, there would be a 100% reserve requirement.

This is not a fringe proposal. It has been around since at least the 1930s, when a group of economists in Chicago proposed it as a way of curbing the reckless lending that led to the Great Depression. The Chicago Plan, as it was called, made headlines again in 2012 when progressive IMF economists put it forward as a strategy for preventing the global financial crisis from recurring. They pointed out that such a system would dramatically reduce both public and private debt and make the world economy more stable.

What they didn’t notice is that abolishing debt-based currency also holds the secret to getting our system off its addiction to growth, and therefore to arresting climate change. As it turns out, reinventing our money system is crucial to our survival in the Anthropocene – at least as important as getting off fossil fuels. And this idea is already beginning to gain traction: in the UK, the campaigning group Positive Money has generated momentum around it, building on a series of excellent explanatory videos.

The idea has its enemies, of course. If we shift to a positive money system, big banks will no longer have the power to literally make money out of nothing and the rich will no longer reap millions from asset bubbles. Unsurprisingly, neither of these groups would be pleased by this prospect. But if we want to build a fairer, more ecologically sound economy, that’s a battle that we can’t be afraid to fight. // 8, 9

exercise C

Do

Make

exercise 5

exercise A

exercise B

exercise C

exercise 6 (passive) Fill in according to the clues.

exercise 7 (passive) More advanced. Fill in.

exercise 8 (passive)

exercise 49

exercise C

exercise D

exercise 50 / Indefinite Pronouns

exercise 51

exercise 52

exercise 53

exercise 54

exercise A

exercise B

exercise C

exercise 86

exercise 6 (passive)
Fill in according to the clues.