a payer 
a payee
an employer
an employee

personal (adj.)
personnel (n.) = staff

2. aikaa ilmaisevat l. temporaaliset lauseenvastikkeet (after, before, when, while...)
After I had heard about the summit, I decided to learn more about.
After hearing about the summit, I decided...
Having heard about the summit, I decided...
Before I ordered the three-course meal, I read the menu very carefully.
= Before ordering the three-course meal, I read...
When we were told how much it cost, we knew we were in trouble.
= When told how much it cost, we knew...
3. kausaaliset lauseenvastikkeet
= syytä ilmaisevat
(as, because, since)
As Marc had missed the bus, he got home in the middle of the night.
= Missing the bus, Marc got home...
As / Since he didn't want to wake up the others, he tiptoed to his room.
= Not wanting to wake up the others, he tiptoed...
As he was exhausted, he went straight to bed.
= Exhausted, he went straight to bed.
4. konsessiiviset lauseenvastikkeet l. myönnytystä ilmaisevat (although)
Although Sam was very old, he still enjoyed gardening.
= Though very old, Sam still enjoyed gardening.
5. ehtolausetta ilmaisevat l. konditionaaliset
(if, unless)
If the weather is good, we'll go sailing.
= The weather being good, we'll go sailing.
Unless it is kept in the fridge, milk will go sour.
= Unless kept in the fridge, milk will go sour.
6. tarkoitusta ilmaisevat l. finaaliset 
The Mohells went to Australia so that they would have a better life.
= The Mohells went to Australia (in order) to have a better life.
I didn't say a word so that I wouldn't hurt your feelings.
= I didn't say a word so as not to hurt your feelings.
7. sanonnat
God willing, we'll meet again.
= If God so wills, we'll meet again.
Weather permitting, we'll go on a picnic tomorrow.
= If the weather permits, we'll go...