Lue teksti ja vastaa kysymyksiin vastauslomakkeelle suomeksi.

Some of the most uncommon Australian World Heritage Sites might be the Australian convict sites which are spread in eleven different places around Australia. The British Empire condemned criminals, delinquents and political prisoners to these penal sites during the 18th and 19th centuries. Around 166,000 men, women and children over nine years of age were sent to Australia over the span of 80 years. This transportation and forced labour was implemented on a large scale both for criminals and for people who were convicted for relatively minor offences. (1)

There were 19 crimes that could lead a rogue to receive a sentence second only to death in its severity — being sentenced to live in Australia rather than receiving a death penalty. The crimes could vary from petty theft (pick-pocketing under 1 shilling, stealing clothes from a clothes-line, receiving stolen goods), to more serious burglary or breaking and entering, highway robbery (often involving violence), stealing clothing, jewellery or other household items (common among females who worked as domestic servants or prostitutes), stealing animals, prostitution and political protests to the most serious crimes of assaults (the number of convicts transported due to crimes of violence was fewer than 5%).
(2, 3)

The First Fleet of 11 ships left Portsmouth for Australia in 1787 with more than 1,480 men, women and children on board. The journey wasn’t easy — hunger and diseases roamed among the convicts closed in tight quarters. The voyage took three months and many lives. Once the British arrived in their colonies the Aboriginal people who had lived there in isolation for 40,000 years were forced to move to the more infertile inland. (4)

In the colonies convicts who committed further crimes received harsh punishments. The punishments were quite brutal and feared: cat o’nine tails (fifty whip lashes) was a common punishment. Or being chained to a gang of convicts, shackled in ankle irons or chains weighing ten pounds or more and being forced to for example make new roads. (5)

Records were kept of these convicts. One of them was Mary Wade — a child of only 11 years of age once sentenced to be transported. For her hideous crime of stealing she was first sentenced to death, but it was later altered. She spent her life in Australia reproducing and had 21 offspring. She is considered to be one of the founding mothers of Australia. One of her most famous descendants is the former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd.

Another name to be mentioned is John Hudson, an eight-year-old boy, an occasional chimney sweep, who was found guilty of breaking and entering a dwelling and stealing one linen shirt, five silk stockings, one pistol and two aprons. He had no-one to defend him at court, his parents were deceased and during the trial he only spoke 13 words after which the judge knew he was doing the right thing by transporting John. At the age of 16 he is recorded as receiving 50 lashes for being out of his hut after nine o’clock. (6, 7)

1 Milloin vankeja kuljetettiin Britanniasta Australiaan?



2 Mitkä teot katsottiin tekstin mukaan vähemmän vakaviksi rikoksiksi? (Mainitse kaksi asiaa.)



3 Mitkä teot katsottiin vakavimmiksi rikoksiksi?



4 Mitä seurasi brittien saapumisesta Australiaan?



5 Millaisia rangaistuksia vanki saattoi saada uusista rikoksista? (Mainitse kaksi asiaa.)



6 Miksi Mary Waden katsotaan olleen tärkeä henkilö?



7 Mitä John Hudsonin väitettiin varastaneen? (Mainitse kaksi asiaa.)