Pteridophytes are a group of ancient land plants that consist of ferns, horsetails, and liverworts. Unlike mosses, from which they have developed, they have roots and vascular tissue. Like mosses, they thrive in wer and shady conditions. The most well-known ferns are the ostrich fern and the wall fern.


The wall fern is a pteridophyte: it reproduces via spores and its stem contains vascular tissue.

Like mosses, pteridophytes reproduce via spores. Their sporangia are located on the undersides of their leaves. They can reproduce either asexually or with sex cells.