Ti 23.1.2024 KONJUNKTIOT + tehtäviä

Yleistä konjunktioista ja sidesanoista

Konjuntioita ja muita sidesanoja käytetään YHDISTÄMÄÄN LAUSEITA toisiinsa.

Niiden ansioista teksti on usein SUJUVAMPAA ja MONIPUOLISEMPAA.

Tekstin sisäisiä SEURAUSSUHTEITA on myös helppo korostaa niiden avulla (SAMA/ERI AIKA, SYY, SEURAUS, EHTO).

Oikein ja sopivasti käytettyinä ne tekevät KIRJOITELMASTA monipuolisemman ja mukavamman lukukokemuksen.

Lista RINNASTUSkonjuntioista

Rinnastuskonjunktioita

- RINNASTAVAT kahta samanarvoista lauseista, usein yhdistäen kahta PÄÄLAUSETTA.

Esimerkit:

1) Pandas are cute. Pandas are cuddly. (2 lyhyttä päälausetta. Ei tarvetta toistaa subjektia, voidaan yhdistää lauseet sujuvammaksi.)

Pandas are cute AND cuddly. / Pandas are BOTH cute AND cuddly. / Pandas are NOT ONLY cute BUT ALSO cuddly.

1. Täydennys, lisäys ja vertailu
Pandas are cute and have a lot of fans all over the world.	and	ja
They are both cute and cuddly.	both - and	sekä - että
Pandas not only climb trees but also swim.	not only - but also	ei ainoastaan - vaan myös
It's interesting as well as fun to observe them.	as well as	sekä, kuten myös
Their diet consists of various things such as bamboo, fruit and meat.	such as	kuten esimerkiksi
As you might know, there aren't that many pandas outside China.	as	kuten
Chi Chi, the panda in London, was as popular as she was famous.	as - as	yhtä - kuin

2. Vaihtoehto
Would you like to have a gerbil or a hamster as a pet?	or	tai
I'd rather have either a dog or a cat.	either - or	joko - tai
Neither snakes nor rats appeal to me.	neither - nor	ei - eikä
You might want to consider an easy pet or else you will be disappointed.	or else	muuten

3. Vastakohta
Whales often live in cold water, but their body temperature is almost the same as ours.	but	mutta
There are quite a few whales in certain areas, whereas/while they are relatively rare in others.	whereas/while	kun taas
Laws have been passed to limit whaling, yet whales are still hunted.	yet	silti, kuitenkin

4. Seuraus, selitys
We wanted to see lions, so we went on a safari.	so	joten, siis
We had bad luck and therefore / that's why we didn't see any.	therefore / that's why	siksi
There is never any guarantee of seeing leopards either, for they are active during the night.	for	sillä

Lista ALISTUSkonjunktioista

Alistuskonjunktioita

- ALISTAVAT KONJUNKTIOT aloittavat SIVULAUSEITA, joiden avulla voidaan ilmaista mm.

1) Tapahtumien AIKASUHTEITA:

- My phone rang.... AFTER / BEFORE / WHEN / AS SOON AS I came home. / ... didn't ring UNTIL (ei ennen kuin) I came home.

2) Tapahtuman SYYTÄ:

- I was late.... AS / SINCE / BECAUSE my car broke down.

3) Tapahtuman EHTOA:

- I will help them ... IF / AS LONG AS / PROVIDED THAT they help me. (JOS; KUNHAN; SILLÄ EHDOLLA, ETTÄ)

4) Tapahtumaan liittyvää MYÖNNYTYSTÄ tai EHDON LIEVENNYSTÄ
- I went to work .... (EVEN) THOUGH / ALTHOUGH it was Saturday. (VAIKKA)

Huom! KUVITTEELLINEN tilanne:
- I wouldn't be any happier .... EVEN IF I was rich. (VAIKKA OLISIN [en ole])

1. Aika
After I learnt that Earth's rotation is slowing down, I started to worry.	after	sen jälkeen kun
Just as I was about to panic, I realized it would be a slow, gradual process.	as	juuri kun, sillä aikaa kun
It will be about 140 million years before we can expect 25-hour days.	before	ennen kuin
It won't happen until many other changes have taken place as well.	not until	vasta, ei ennen kuin
Now that we know better, it's no longer believed Earth is the centre of the universe.	now that	nyt kun
Since I've been studying the universe, new discoveries have been made constantly.	since	siitä lähtien kun
The discovery of Uranus and Neptune waited till/until telescopes were invented.	till/until	kunnes
When the planets were named, only Earth wasn't named after a god or goddess.	when	kun
Whenever I go stargazing, I try to see Venus in the night sky.	whenever	aina kun
While I was in the countryside, I could clearly see Venus in the sky.	while	sillä aikaa kun
As long as Earth's magnetic field is undamaged, it protects us from the solar wind.	as long as	niin kauan kuin
Tell me as soon as you'd like me to change the subject.	as soon as	niin pian kuin, heti kun
Once I get going, I could talk about the Milky Way for hours.	once	heti kun, kun kerran

Huomaa: aikaa ilmaisevissa sivulauseissa ei yleensä käytetä futuuria.

2. Syy
As our dog didn't want to get off the couch, I sat on the floor.	as	koska, kun
I sat on the floor because our dog didn't want to get off the couch.	because	koska
Since you always seem to know best, tell me what I should have done.	since	koska, kun kerran

3. Ehto
If you didn't like mushrooms, why would you pick chanterelles?	if	jos
• Huomaa: ehtolauseissa ei käytetä futuuria eikä konditionaalia
Unless you taste them, you won't know for sure.	if–not/unless	jollei
• Huomaa: unless on kielteinen eli toista kieltosanaa ei tarvita
As long as you only pick mushrooms you know, they are safe to eat.	as long as	kunhan vain, sillä ehdolla että
In case I want to go mushroom picking, I should buy a new bucket.	in case	siltä varalta että
Hiking in the great outdoors is fun provided that you are in good company.	provided/providing that	edellyttäen että

4. Tarkoitus
I bought a bike so (that) I would get more exercise.	so (that)	jotta, niin että
• Huomaa: tarkoitusta ilmaisevat sivulauseet korvataan usein infinitiivirakenteilla *(in order to, so as to)*

5. Myönnytys
Although we should recycle and save energy, it's sometimes anything but easy.	although / though / even though	vaikka
I wouldn't know what to do better even if I wanted to.	even if	vaikka
• Vertaa
I can't help you even though I want to.	En voi auttaa sinua, vaikka haluan. (todellinen tilanne)
I couldn't help you even if I wanted to.	En voisi auttaa sinua, vaikka haluaisin. (kuvitteellinen tilanne)
• Huomaa: even = jopa, even though = vaikka

6. Vertaus
Why does Tina always behave as if she knew everything?	as if / as though	ikään kuin