5. I also remember bringing you food when you were sick.
Muistan tuoneeni
6. In addition, I stopped to buy you flowers at the flower kiosk. That was pretty romantic, wasn’t
it?
Pysähdyin ostamaan
7. What are you doing? Stop throwing those flowers at me!
Lakkaa heittämästä

exercise 13
Track 32
1. Having read a lot about the environment, I learned that animals and plants living at the
edges of a habitat are most vulnerable.
2. Having been found in Australia, a skeleton dating from 1280 CE is displayed in a
museum in Melbourne.
3. Having taken place without any warnings in Chernobyl in 1986, a nuclear disaster
prompted many new regulations and guidance on power plants.
4. Having been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1945, A.I. Virtanen helped
improve a method of preserving milk.
1. Luettuani paljon ympäristöstä opin, että asuinalueensa reunoilla elävät eläimet ja kasvit
ovat kaikkein haavoittuvaisimpia.
2. Australiasta löytymisen jälkeen luuranko vuodelta 1280 on esillä museossa
Melbournessa.
3. Ydinonnettomuuden tapahduttua ilman mitään varoituksia Chernobylissä 1986
katastrofia seurasi monia uusia sääntöjä ja ohjeita ydinvoimaloille.
4. Saatuaan Nobelin kemianpalkinnon 1945 A. I. Virtanen auttoi parantamaan maidon
säilytystapaa.

exercise 14
1. My friends and I used to be active members of our school’s science club.
2. I used to think I would become a chemist.
3. People who are used to waking up early in the morning find it easy to start school at 8 am.
4. When we were little, every one of us used to dream about becoming the next great inventor.
5. I’m still not used to reading books in English.
6. I think I’d better get used to studying in other languages.

exercise 16
More advanced. Choose the best alternative.
Trying to predict the future can be difficult if not impossible. What appears to be the next success
story now might be thrown in the bin tomorrow. However, there are inventions that have the
potential to alter the world we now know.
The DEKA prosthetic arm will allow amputees to raise their hands above their heads. This lets
them perform much more complicated tasks than ever before.
The Smart Pipe is designed to reduce the amount of wasted clean water by monitoring water flow
and leaks in public water systems. The leaking is estimated to have cost millions of dollars
annually in the US.
In the future you might end up seeing delivery people and construction workers wear Titan Arms.
In addition to helping them lift heavy things, Titan Arms could be used by people with back
injuries caused by lifting heavy things or even by people recovering from a stroke.
Slingshot is a device made to clean water from almost any source. One device would be sufficient
to serve the needs of 300 people. After a decade of being developed, the Slingshot technology is
now to be taken to parts of Africa and Latin America.
1. a
2. a
3. c
4. b
5. a
6. b
7. c
8. a
9. c
10. b
11. a
12. b
13. a
14. b
15. c
16. a
17. c
18. a
19. b
20. b
21. a
22. b

exercise 17
1. If you were to see some of the smartest animals in the world go / going about their daily
routines, you couldn’t help but be amazed about how smart they are.
2. Being closely related to human beings, chimpanzees also have the ability to perform complex
tasks.
3. While we may look very different, chimpanzees and humans have remarkably similar ways of
communicating.
4. You might have heard a parrot say / saying ‘Polly wants a cracker’ before, but they are not only capable
of repeating human phrases, they also  know how to use the conveyed information to solve

problems. So repeating human words is just one of their many tricks.
5. Octopuses use their ink to disorient their victims before killing them with their tentacles. They
have been known to break into fishing boats and have been seen to eat / eating the catch.
6. In addition to surprising scientists with their amazing physical abilities, rats have also been
shown to be ingenious at solving problems.
7. Research has shown that pigs compete with one another to learn new skills, usually related to
gathering food.

exercise 18
1. Read the following sentences and you might learn a few surprising health facts.
2. Sitting for more than three hours a day can cut a few years off a person’s life.
3. People who complain might live a little longer because they release tension by complaining.
4. On average, right-handed people live a few years more than left-handed people.
5. A little coffee might boost your energy, but did you know that there are 1,000 chemicals in a
cup?
6. According to US standards, a cup of orange juice may contain ten fruit fly eggs and a few
maggots.
7. Few people know that brushing your teeth too soon after having something acidic can soften
tooth enamel.
8. You won’t lose weight by doing fewer repetitions with heavier dumbbells.
9. If you want to feel less bloated, remember to drink plenty of water.
10. Products with less fat don’t necessarily contain fewer calories.
11. On a hot day it is better to drink something a little hot. It will increase your sweat production
and make you feel a little cooler.
12. Spending some time alone is equally important to our well-being as spending time with
others.

exercise 19
1. I was a little / a bit nervous before the biology exam.
2. I had (only a) little time / only had a little time to revise.
3. I had even less time to sleep the previous night.
4. The teacher had given a few / some interesting articles about/on dolphins.
5. Few students have seen dolphins.
6. Even fewer have seen them outside captivity.
7. Unfortunately, they have too little space to swim in captivity.
8. I have visited a few / some zoos.
9. This year the local zoo has had the fewest visitors for years.
10. It also means that there is the least money available.
11. Little can be done to improve the situation. / Not much can be done… / There is little that can
be done…
12. The course gave me some / a few ideas on how to help animals.

exercise 20
1. The internet has brought us many opportunities that didn’t exist fifty years ago.
2. We have easy access to a lot of information in all areas of life.
3. Never before has it been so easy to communicate with so many people from around the world.
4. It has also changed the way we work a lot.
5. Just think about how much time people save with the option to telework.
6. We don’t even need that many office buildings anymore.
7. Perhaps within thirty years most people will work outside the traditional office.
8. Not everyone will like that idea very much.
9. They might not have much experience in working from home.
10. Do you think we will lose many more jobs to robots in the future?
11. Perhaps. Doesn’t it cost much more money to hire people than to build robots?

exercise 21
1. How many pairs of jeans have you bought this year?
2. You do more shopping than anyone else I know.
3. Most of the shops that you visit / go to must already know you by name.
4. Do you even know what you spend the most money on?
5. Most doctors would call that an addiction.
6. Many more people suffer from a shopping addiction than we think.
7. Most of them shop to forget an/some unpleasant thing in their lives.
8. How many times have you lied about the price of something you (have) bought?
9. According to some studies, shopaholics are more likely to be women.
10. Many / A lot of studies say the difference is very small, though.
11. Many / A lot of people shop for things they don’t need very much.
12. However, if you think about shopping the most, perhaps you could read more about it.

exercise 22
1. b
2. a
3. d
4. b
5. b
6. a
7. d
8. c

exercise 24
1. Most people use a computer almost daily.
2. Most computers are used for both work and for fun.
3. Most young people watch programs on their computers instead of a TV.
4. Most of my friends don’t even own a TV anymore.
5. Most new TV series can be watched via the internet.
6. Most of these series have become extremely popular.
7. A few decades ago, most famous movie stars only acted in movies.
8. However, now most of them have also acted in many series.

exercise 28
1. The inhabitants of this earth have about a million superstitions.
2. For example, I have heard dozens of times that the number 13 brings bad luck.
3. Hundreds of thousands of people share that superstition in Europe.
4. While the number four does not strike fear in many in the West, several million Chinese and
Japanese have a superstitious fear of it.
5. The reason is fairly simple: the word for death, shi, sounds just like the number four. Imagine
hearing it hundreds of times when you give your address or phone number, for instance.
6. This superstition runs so deep that tens of thousands of Chinese and Japanese Americans are
said to have a heart attack on the fourth of each month more often than on any other date.
7. I can think of a hundred and one reasons why not to believe in superstitions.
8. Still, at least a dozen people asked me why I moved to Detroit and now have the area code 313.

exercise 30
1 You can make three dozen delicious cookies with this recipe.
2 My cousin has used the same recipe hundreds of times and made thousands of
cookies.
3 Hundreds of thousands of baking books contain at least one chocolate (chip) cookie
recipe.
4 If you don’t like baking / to bake, you can buy Oreo cookies in more than a hundred
countries.
5 When did Oreo celebrate its 110th birthday?
6 Oreo Way is between 9th and 10th Avenues in New York City.
7 50 per cent / percent of Oreo cookie eaters separate the halves before they eat the
cookie.
8 Oreo fans come from hundreds of countries and speak several hundred different
languages / hundreds of different languages.

3.2. Lukusanat ajanilmauksissa
exercise 32
1. In the 19th century
2. In the early 20th century
3. In the mid-20th century
4. In the 1960s
5. In the 1970s
6. In the late 20th century
7. In the early 21st century

exercise 33
1 around 6000 BCE (= six thousand before Common Era)
2 the sixth century BCE
3 in the late 8 th century BCE, the late fourth century CE
4 in 1664 (= in sixteen sixty-four) / in the year 1664
5 in the 1896 (= eighteen ninety-six)
6 in the early 1970s
7 in the early 19th century / in the early 1800s
8 in the late 20th century / in the late 1900s
9 in the early the 20th century / in the early 1900s
10 in the mid-20th century / in the mid-1900s
11 in the late 1990s
12 in the mid-1940s
13 in 2019 (= two thousand and nineteen / twenty nineteen)
14 in the 21st century / in the 2000s (= in the noughties)
15 2012 (= twenty twelve / two thousand and twelve)
16 by the year 2050 (= twenty fifty)

exercise 34
Early history
1. from 40 CE to about 410 CE
2. in the 5th century
3. In the 9th century
4. in the late 10th century, early 11th century
5. two decades, in 1066
From the 1940s to the 21st century
6. In the late 1940s
7. in the early 1980s
8. in the late 1980s
9. In 1997
10. in the early 21st century / in the early 2000s