Teksti
LAUSEENVASTIKKEET / SHORTENED SENTENCES:
After reading the paper, I went to take a shower.
Having read the paper, I went to take a shower.
alkuperäinen temporaalinen l. aikaa ilmmaiseva sivulause: After I had read the paper, I went to take a shower.
1. relatiivilauseiden vastikkeet:
1) aktiivilauseet lyhennetään -ing-muodolla:
The woman who sings on this record has a very fine voice.
The woman singing on this record has a very fine voice.
= The nicest things to happen to me
Who was the first person that / who flew solo over the Atlantic?
...= Who was the first person to fly solo over the Atlantic?
It was the most beautiful thing that was said to me.
= It was the most beautiful thing to be said to me.
2. aikaa ilmaisevat l. temporaaliset lauseenvastikkeet (after, before, when, while...)
After I had heard about the summit, I decided to learn more about.
After hearing about the summit, I decided...
Having heard about the summit, I decided...
Before I ordered the three-course meal, I read the menu very carefully.
= Before ordering the three-course meal, I read...
When we were told how much it cost, we knew we were in trouble.
= When told how much it cost, we knew...
As Marc had missed the bus, he got home in the middle of the night.
= Missing the bus, Marc got home...
As / Since he didn't want to wake up the others, he tiptoed to his room.
= Not wanting to wake up the others, he tiptoed to his room.
As he was exhausted, he went straight to bed.
= Exhausted, he went straight to bed.
4. konsessiiviset lauseenvastikkeet l. myönnytystä ilmaisevat (although)
Although Sam in his nineties, he still enjoyed gardening.
= Though in his nineties, Sam still enjoyed gardening.
5. ehtolausetta ilmaisevat l. konditionaaliset (if, unless)
If the weather is good, we'll go sailing.
= The weather being good, we'll go sailing.
Unless it is kept in the fridge, milk will go sour.
= Unless kept in the fridge, milk will go sour.
6. tarkoitusta ilmaisevat l. finaaliset
The Mohells went to Australia so that they would have a better life.
= The Mohells went to Australia (in order) to have a better life.
I didn't say a word so that I wouldn't hurt your feelings.
= I didn't say a word so as not to hurt your feelings.
7. sanonnat
God willing we'll meet again.
= If God so wills, we'll meet again.
Weather permitting, we'll go on a picnic tomorrow.
= If the weather permits, we'll go...
After reading the paper, I went to take a shower.
Having read the paper, I went to take a shower.
alkuperäinen temporaalinen l. aikaa ilmmaiseva sivulause: After I had read the paper, I went to take a shower.
1. relatiivilauseiden vastikkeet:
1) aktiivilauseet lyhennetään -ing-muodolla:
The woman who sings on this record has a very fine voice.
The woman singing on this record has a very fine voice.
2) passivilauseet lyhennetään teeman 3. muodolla:
I read a novel that / which had been written in the 18th century.
= I read a novel written in the 18th century.
I read a novel that / which had been written in the 18th century.
= I read a novel written in the 18th century.
3) prepositiofraasi lauseenvastikkeena:
Who is the woman that is wearing a black dress?
= Who is the woman in the black dress?
The man who has the red hair and beard is a famous Norwegian actor.
The man with the red hair and beard is ...
Who is the woman that is wearing a black dress?
= Who is the woman in the black dress?
The man who has the red hair and beard is a famous Norwegian actor.
The man with the red hair and beard is ...
4) infinitiivi, jos edellä the next, the last, the only, superlatiivi, järjestysluku
The nicest things that happened to me...= The nicest things to happen to me
Neil Armstrong was the first person who stepped on the Moon.
... the first person to step on the Moon.Who was the first person that / who flew solo over the Atlantic?
...= Who was the first person to fly solo over the Atlantic?
It was the most beautiful thing that was said to me.
= It was the most beautiful thing to be said to me.
2. aikaa ilmaisevat l. temporaaliset lauseenvastikkeet (after, before, when, while...)
After I had heard about the summit, I decided to learn more about.
After hearing about the summit, I decided...
Having heard about the summit, I decided...
Before I ordered the three-course meal, I read the menu very carefully.
= Before ordering the three-course meal, I read...
When we were told how much it cost, we knew we were in trouble.
= When told how much it cost, we knew...
= Being told how much it cost, we knew...
3. kausaaliset lauseenvastikkeet = syytä ilmaisevat (as, because, since)As Marc had missed the bus, he got home in the middle of the night.
= Missing the bus, Marc got home...
As / Since he didn't want to wake up the others, he tiptoed to his room.
= Not wanting to wake up the others, he tiptoed to his room.
As he was exhausted, he went straight to bed.
= Exhausted, he went straight to bed.
4. konsessiiviset lauseenvastikkeet l. myönnytystä ilmaisevat (although)
Although Sam in his nineties, he still enjoyed gardening.
= Though in his nineties, Sam still enjoyed gardening.
5. ehtolausetta ilmaisevat l. konditionaaliset (if, unless)
If the weather is good, we'll go sailing.
= The weather being good, we'll go sailing.
Unless it is kept in the fridge, milk will go sour.
= Unless kept in the fridge, milk will go sour.
6. tarkoitusta ilmaisevat l. finaaliset
The Mohells went to Australia so that they would have a better life.
= The Mohells went to Australia (in order) to have a better life.
I didn't say a word so that I wouldn't hurt your feelings.
= I didn't say a word so as not to hurt your feelings.
7. sanonnat
God willing we'll meet again.
= If God so wills, we'll meet again.
Weather permitting, we'll go on a picnic tomorrow.
= If the weather permits, we'll go...