The Brest-Litovsk Treaty on 3 March 1918
- a separate peace with the Central Powers ending Russia's participation in WW1
- Russia recognized the independence of Ukraine, Georgia and Finland; gave up Poland and the Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia to Germany and Austria-Hungary; and ceded some areas to Turkey
- The total losses some 1 million square miles of Russia’s former territory, a third of its population or around 55 million people, a majority of its coal, oil and iron stores and much of its industry
- the treaty was annulled after the allies' victory over Germany
The treaty text

The Treaty of Rapallo on 16 April 1922
- between Soviet Russia and Germany (The Weimar Republic)
- no terrotorial and monetary claims against each other
- friendly relations
- next summer, a secret clause about co-operation in developing the heavy weapons and army training was added
The treaty text

The Comintern was established in March 1919
> primary sources