KESTOMUODOT
- BE-verbi taivutettuna + pääverbin -ing-muoto 
- Esim: Jane listens to music a lot. -> Jane is listening to music (at the moment).

	perusmuoto	ing-muoto
	tell say	telling saying
mykkä -e häviää	take ride	taking riding
lyhyt vokaali + lyhyt konsonantti	run stop	running  stopping
-ie -> y	lie die	lying dying

Kestopreesens kertoo, mitä tapahtuu parhaillaan: We are listening to music. 
Kieltomuoto: We are not listening to music. 
Kysymys: What are you doing? 

Kestoimperfekti kertoo, mitä joku teki tai mitä tapahtui tiettyyn aikaan menneisyydessä, kun jotain muuta tapahtui yhtäkkiä samaan aikaan: Jane was listening to music when I walked in. 
Kieltomuoto: We were not listening to music when she walked in. 
Kysymys: Were you listening to music when I walked in? 

APUVERBIT JA KORVAAVAT MUODOT
-apuverbien korvaavia muotoja käytetään erityisesti silloin, kun aikamuoto vaihtuu. 

Can / be able to = osata, voida, pystyä
- You can do this. / You are able to do this. 
- Kieltomuoto: I can't help you. / I am not able to help you. 
- Kysymysmuoto: Can you help me? / Are you able to help me? 

	Preesens	Imperfekti	Perfekti/Pluskv.perf.
can	I can	I could	-
be able to	I am able to	I was able to	I have/had been able to

Must / have to = täytyä, olla pakko, ei saa
- You must go. / You have to go. 
- Kieltomuoto: You must not give up. = Et saa luovuttaa. / You don't have to give up. = Sinun ei tarvitse/ole pakko luovuttaa. 
- Kysymysmuoto: Must I do this alone? / Do I have to do this alone? 

	Preesens	Imperfekti	Perfekti/Pluskv.perf.
must	I must	-	-
have to	I have to	I had to / I did not have to / Did you have to?	I have/had had to

May / be allowed to = saada, olla lupa 
- I may buy a new computer. / I am allowed to buy a new computer.
- Kieltomuoto: I may no exit. / I am not allowed to exit. 
- Kysymysmuoto: May I borrow this? / Am I allowed to borrow this? 

	Preesens	Imperfekti	Perfekti/Pluskv.perf.
may	I may	-	-
be allowed to	I am allowed to	I was allowed to	I have/had been allowed to

RELATIIVIPRONOMINIT: WHO / WHICH / THAT

who: viittaa ihmisiin: I have many friends who also play games.
which: viitaa asioihin: There is a big problem which you have to solve.
that: viittaa sekä ihmisiin että asioihin: There is a game that I really like. I was the first person in my family that went to university. 

LIITEKYSYMYKSET

-kohtelias kysymys toteamuksen perässä, johon ei yleensä odoteta vastausta
-päälauseen verbi vaihdetaan positiivisesta negatiiviseen ja lisätään perään tekijä persoonapronominin muodossa

You are happy, aren't you? 
Your mother didn't give you a new phone, did she?
Jane and Austin (do) like sports, don't they?