Genral characteristic

• They are eukaryotic and multicellular
• Their cells have cellulose walls
• Majority have transport system.
• They have photosynthesis hence autotrophic.
• Reproduction is both asexual and sexual
• They show alternation of generation

This kingdom is divided into three divisions namely Bryophyta, Pteridophyta and Spermatphyta.

1. Division Bryophyta

These include mosses and liverworts.

General characteristic

• They are thalloids as in liverworts or differentiated into simple-leaf like and stemlike structures
• They lack vascular transport system
• They contain chlorophyll hence photosynthetic.
• They have developed rhizoids for anchoring and absorbing water together with dissolved mineral salts.
• Show alternations of generations
• Male gametes are produced by antheridia and female gametes by archegonia. Fertilisation depends on availability of water.
• They are terrestrial growing on dump substratum eg rocks, walls and marshes

2. Division Pteridophyta

These include the ferns and horsetails. They show a greater variety and a greater ability than bryophyte.

General characteristics

• They have roots, stems and leaves but no flowers
• Leaves are compound with leaflets known as pinna.
• They posses clearly defined vascular system( Having xylem and Phloem)
• They show alternation of generations
• Sexual reproduction
• They have spirongira