SUMMER COURSE ENA9 / Haaksluoto / June - August 2026

Teksti

2026-06-22T23:13:10+03:00

ENA9 / ENGLISH / ADVANCED / COURSE 9 /// A COURSE MAINLY FOR THOSE WHO ARE TAKING THEIR MATRICULATION EXAMINATION IN AUTUMN 2026 / June - August 2026

The books to have:

1) Riitta Silk – Jaakko Mäki – Felicity Kjisik: Grammar Rules! & vastauskirja (Otava)

2) Abilities (available only in a digital form) (Otava)

Teacher: Erja H. Haaksluoto; e-mail: erja.haaksluoto@tyk.fi

If you want to meet remotely on Google Meet, the link is always the same: meet.google.com/her-rxva-umj

STUDY PLAN:

WARMING UP: INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE // Advice for the matriculation exam // RC 6 (= reading comprehension): Science news
Grammar: Verbs (Conditionals and if-clauses) // LC 6 (= listening comprehension): Science in a minute // Glossary: Health / Well-being
Grammar: Conditionals and if-clauses // ex. 1 & 3 // RC 2: The Luddites
Grammar: The passive voice // ex. 5 & 7 // Home Work 4
LC 1: Do cyclists really think they are above the law? (video) // RC 4: Mitochondrial Eve and the true melting pot // Home Work 8
RC 4: Mitochondrial Eve and the true melting pot / LC 13 Dealing with climate change // Glossary: Environment / Sustainable development
Grammar: Infinitives, ING-forms and THAT-clause // ex. 17 & 18 // Glossary: Society / Politics // RC 5: Worms land a great job // LC 12 Quakka
Home Work 20 // Grammar: Nouns and Articles // ex. 25 & 27 & 28 & 29 & 31 // Glossary: Economy / Work
ex. 35 & 36 // Home Work 32 // Glossary: Immigration / Global Issues // Grammar: Quantity Words & Numerals // ex. 57 & 60 & 61 //
Home Work 58 & 61 // Grammar: Word Order // ex. 76 & Home Work 77
Glossary: Science / Technology // Grammar: Shortened Clauses / ex. 88 & Home Work 89 // Conjunctions / Home Work 91 // Linking words / Home Work 94

NB! ABI-INFO II 8.9.2026 klo 20.05 juhlasalissa, 5. krs! Siellä kuulet tärkeitä asioita syksyn 2026 ylioppilaskokeista.

1) THE EXAM takes place digitally (ABITTI2) at 15.00 - 21.00 hours on Friday, August 28th, 2026 in class room 31, 3rd floor. (You will be given the full SIX hours to do your exam.) The exam will be delivered back to you digitally.

2) RETAKE EXAM: on Friday, September 4th, 2026, at 17.00 - 20.00 hours (NB! only for three hours!) Uusintakoelomakkeesta on myös olemassa sähköinen lomake. Nettisivuilla on pdf, jonka voi suoraan täyttää ja lähettää liitetiedostona kansliaan. Lomake löytyy täältä: https://www.tyk.fi/aikuislukio/tietoa/lomakkeet/ Huomaa myös, että uusintakoe ei ole kuusituntinen preliminäärikoe, vaan koeaika on vain kolme tuntia. Jos haluat tehdä kuusituntisen kokeen, tule kokeeseen 28.8.2026 klo 15.00 - 21.00 luokkaan 31.

HOME ASSIGNMENTS:

You must hand in TWO compositions on the titles given in the digibook Abilities. You'll find the titles in the section Writing in the digital book (Kirjoitelman aiheita 1 & Kirjoitelman aiheita 2)

THE GRADE ON COURSE 9 CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING PARTS:

1) WRITTEN ABITTI2 TEST including listening comprehension tests and videos at 15.00 – 21.00 hours on Friday, August 28th, 2026

2) AND YOU MUST HAND IN TWO COMPOSITIONS on the titles given in the digibook Abilities.

RC6 Science news

2026-06-16T16:53:49+03:00

Part A

Answer the questions. Your answer to the open questions must not exceed 100 characters.

Today we live in a world of abundant knowledge. No matter how informed and educated an individual you are, science always has something more to offer to those interested. Here are three different stories from three different fields of science.

Getty Images / Bilgehan Yilmaz

A nose for history: academics recreate lost smells from the past

Dung, snuff, fish and old leather: these may turn out to be the ingredients required for time travel. Academics who are restoring the lost smells of European history want aromas like these to be introduced to a wide range of museums and tourist landmarks.

Working under the banner Odeuropa, a group of chemists and historians have spent more than two years isolating and reproducing key scents associated with significant moments and locations. Smell, they argue, has been unfairly ignored in academic attempts to understand the past, especially considering its impact on daily life.

“There has been a hierarchy of the senses in science and in historical study. We want to see a multisensory approach,” said Cecilia Bembibre, a lecturer in sustainable heritage at University College London (UCL). “There has been an idea that smell was a less than noble human sense, and that it was somehow less objective, less educated and even less trustworthy.”


1. Miksi hajuaistia ei ole pidetty niin tärkeänä aistina?	?

The wider project, funded by a €2.8m grant from the EU’s Horizon programme in 2020, aims to establish the science of olfactory history by drawing on visual and written evidence to put together the key smells generated by outdated trades, habits and diets. Dr Marieke van Erp, a project manager on the Odeuropa experiment, will liaise between the different disciplines to create a multidimensional, digital, searchable representation of our olfactory heritage.


2. Mikä on van Erpin tehtävä projektijohtajana?	?

She explained that much of the work has focused on teaching computers to recognise images that relate to smells, for example a sketch of someone holding their nose. By exposing digital search tools to a succession of similar images, researchers can create an algorithm that recognises gestures in other illustrations.

Eventually this work will allow the collection of an encyclopedia of historic smells, a side element of the project being led by Dr William Tullett at Anglia Ruskin. These smells will explain changing world environments, as well as giving an insight into the lives of those involved. Olfactory cues, the researchers argue, should also be saved for posterity, not just visual, physical and written ones.

Happily, not all lost smells are nasty ones. Odeuropa is also researching the smell of incense and its historical and cultural significance. “We really want to engage communities. There are ‘nose witnesses’ alive now who can help us recreate smells from their childhoods or from trades that no longer exist,” Bembibre said.

3. What are ‘nose witnesses’ good for?

	They can provide detailed pieces of information related to their former profession.
	They can revitalize their earliest memories.
	They can provide certain scents which they are fond of.

Asteroid that wiped out dinosaurs triggered global mega-tsunami

Getty Images / shannonstent

Jumble of rocks in far-flung locations help researchers work out how big and how far-reaching impact would have been.

Any dinosaur that survived the Chicxulub asteroid impact 66m years ago then faced a mega-tsunami that washed around the entire world and began as a mile-high wave, a study shows.

It is no surprise that a 14km-wide asteroid slamming into the Gulf of Mexico would generate one hell of a tsunami but this is the first time anyone has worked out how big and how far-reaching it would have been.

Using crater impact and global tsunami models, researchers show that within 10 minutes of impact a 1.5km-high wall of water was racing out of the Gulf of Mexico. Within 24 hours the shores of New Zealand – more than 10,000km away – were engulfed by towering 10-metre high waves and within 48 hours few coastlines remained untouched.

Their results, published in AGU Advances, are corroborated by the jumble of rocks washed up by the tsunami in far-flung locations. A 66m-year-old rock mashup along the eastern shores of New Zealand had originally been attributed to earthquake activity but is now thought to be tsunami debris.

The researchers estimate the tsunami was about 30,000 times more energetic than the Indian Ocean tsunami on 26 December 2004. “Any historically documented tsunamis pale in comparison with such global impact,” they write.


4. Mikä vahvistaa tutkijoiden tulokset?	?

Communi-cat-ive: cats attentive to owner’s voice, research finds

Cats more responsive if owners speak to them like babies but less so if adult-to-adult tone used, study claims

Any cat owner knows that the correct way to get their pet’s attention is to sing “here, kitty kitty”, rather than utter a flat “come here cat”. Now research suggests cats may routinely tune into their owner’s tone of voice to detect when they are talking to them, rather than to other humans.

Most people automatically adopt a higher-pitched, sing-song tone when speaking to animals and human infants. Although previous research has suggested that such “baby-talk” is more likely to capture dogs’ attention, less was known about how cats react to being spoken to in this way.

To investigate, Charlotte de Mouzon and colleagues from Paris Nanterre University observed how 16 cats responded to hearing pre-recorded sentences spoken by their owner or a stranger, by recording changes in their behaviour, such as moving their ears or tails, suddenly stopping what they were doing, or their pupils dilating – any of which could indicate that a sound had caught their attention.

They found that the cats were largely unresponsive to hearing a stranger’s voice calling their name, but when their owner did it, 10 of the 16 cats displayed a constellation of behaviours suggesting increased attentiveness. Cats also showed more signs of interest when they heard their owner speaking sentences in a tone usually used to address their cat – but not when a stranger used this tone, or when their owner spoke the same sentence as if addressing a fellow adult human.


5. Mitä tekstin mukaan kissojen silmille voi tapahtua?	?

6. What is the best alternative heading for the text?

	Most animals are not tone-deaf.
	Cats can sense their owners’ natural scent.
	Felines are good at recognising their loved ones.

Teksti

2026-06-16T16:56:28+03:00

PART B

What words could replace the underlined words in the text? Choose the alternative that best fits the context and conveys a similar meaning.

1. Working under the banner Odeuropa, a group of chemists and historians have spent more than two years isolating and reproducing key scents associated with significant moments and locations.

	heading
	bridge
	footing

2. We want to see a multisensory approach,” said Cecilia Bembibre, a lecturer in sustainable heritage at University College London (UCL).

	an approach disregarding several senses
	an approach utilising several senses
	an approach hamstringing several senses

3. The wider project, funded by a €2.8m grant from the EU’s Horizon programme in 2020, aims to establish the science of olfactory history by drawing on visual and written evidence to put together the key smells generated by outdated trades, habits and diets.

	ancient
	smell
	production

4. By exposing digital search tools to a succession of similar images, researchers can create an algorithm that recognises gestures in other illustrations.

	series
	success
	collection

5. Eventually this work will allow the collection of an encyclopedia of historic smells, a side element of the project being led by Dr William Tullett at Anglia Ruskin.

	a reference book
	a recipe book
	a referendum

6. Olfactory cues, the researchers argue, should also be saved for posterity, not just visual, physical and written ones.

	future generations
	the sake of civilization
	everyone’s joy and amusement

7. Odeuropa is also researching the smell of incense and its historical and cultural significance.

	flora
	fragrance
	infants

Teksti

2026-06-16T16:59:26+03:00

PART C

Match the words with their proper antonyms (opposites). There are three extra words.

analog • different • grand • indifferent • mental • narrow •
oral • plausible • precarious • trivial • unreliable

trustworthy
sustainable
significant
wide
digital
similar
physical
written

Extra words:

Teksti

2026-06-16T17:03:02+03:00

PART D

Confusables: Make or do?

Make and do are common verbs in English, but they are often confused by English learners.

We use do for general activities.

We didn't do any baking yesterday.

We use make when we create something. For example:

We made a strawberry shortcake.

There are also many fixed expressions with make and do. Unfortunately, they don't follow any rules, so you have to learn the expressions by heart.

I used to take coats and make sure all the guests through the door were attended to (= oli tapana varmistaa). I made lots of great friends this way (= sain ystäviä).

We do all our own housework and have a chap who comes to tend to the garden (= teemme omat kotityömme). We clean the house together – she does the upstairs and I do downstairs (= hän siivoaa yläkerran ja minä alakerran).

Teksti

2026-06-16T17:08:37+03:00

Translate the sentences into Finnish.

Do


1. I was doing 85 mph and got arrested for speeding.	?
2. How did you do in the test?	?
3. If you tried to do your best, that has to be enough.	?
4. Our company does business in South Korea.	?
5. My brother never does any chores around the house.	?
6. I'm looking forward to doing a course in Russian.	?
7. How much damage did the storm do?	?
8. Who loves doing the dishes / the washing up?	?
9. My Grandmum's favourite motto was: Do your duty.	?
10. I did seven exams last week.	?
11. Do you like doing exercises?	?
12. Could you do me a favour, please?	?
13. I tried to help him but ended up doing more harm than good.	?
14. A cup of coffee will do you good.	?
15. We do all our own housework.	?
16. Have you done your homework yet?	?
17. There's so much laundry to do after our trip.	?
18. Some students are really into doing research.	?
19. She robbed a bank, got caught and is now doing time.	?
20. I'm not frightened of him; let him do his worst.	?

Teksti

2026-06-16T17:13:58+03:00

Make


1. Did you make an appointment with the dentist?	?
2. We made arrangements for our next holiday.	?
3. It's not easy to try to make a change in your life.	?
4. Have you made your choice yet?	?
5. I'd like to make a complaint.	?
6. Making a decision about your future career is anything but easy.	?
7. Will you make do with only 20 euros a day?	?
8. She really made an effort but still failed her maths exam.	?
9. Can't you make an exception in this case?	?
10. Stop making excuses and get the work done.	?
11. Tim made a fortune with his winery.	?
12. Is it easy for you to make new friends?	?
13. Don't make a fuss, just relax.	?
14. Have I managed to make a lasting impression on you?	?
15. Our company made a loss last year.	?
16. Our cat always makes a mess when left alone.	?
17. How many mistakes did you make in your essay?	?
18. Some people value making money more than others.	?
19. Don't make a noise, the birds are nesting.	?
20. That's a good point you made.	?
21. Never make promises you can't keep.	?
22. May I make a suggestion?	?
23. Before taking a tattoo, make sure your tattoo artist knows what they are doing.	?
24. Haven't you made your mind up yet?	?

Teksti

2026-06-16T17:25:09+03:00

PART E

Combine the right prefix with the right word. (in-, de-, multi-, in-, bi-, im-, anti-, un-, co-, by-, mono-, auto-, re-, and sub-.)

number:
1. -tasking asioiden tekeminen yhtäaikaisesti
2. -rail yksiraiteinen
3. -sexual biseksuaali

opposite:
4. -nuclear ydinvoimavastainen
5. -possible mahdoton
6. -able kyvytön
7. -credible uskomaton

others:
8. -product sivutuote
9. -subheading alaotsikko
11. -use käyttää uudelleen
12. -worker työtoveri

Extras:

Teksti

2026-06-23T09:30:54+03:00

EHTOVIRKKEET I - III:

1. Jos minä juoksen, minä laihdun.

If I go running / I run, I'll lose / will lose weight.

if-lauseessa l. ehtoa ilmaisevassa sivulauseessa: yleispreesens

päälauseessa: I futuuri: will + verbin infinitiivi (= perusmuoto)

2. Jos minä juoksisin, minä laihtuisin.

If I went running / I ran, I would lose / I'd lose weight.

if-lauseessa: imperfekti

päälauseessa: I konditionaali: would + verbin infinitiivi

3. Jos minä olisin juossut, olisin laihtunut.

If I had gone running / had run, I would have lost weight.

I would've lost weight.

if-lauseessa: pluskvamperfekti (had + teeman 3. muoto)

päälauseessa: II konditionaali (would + have + teeman 3. muoto)

NB! Jos minä olisin Sinä, en sanoisi mitään.

If I were you, I wouldn't say anything.

Ehtolauseet I - III:

1. Jos Donald J. Trump valloittaa Grönlannin, olen shokissa.
If Donald J. Trump occupies Greenland, I will be shocked.

2. Jos D. T. valloittaisi Grönlannin, olisin shokissa.
If D. T. occupied Greenland, I would be shocked.

3. Jos D. T. olisi valloittanut Grönlannin, olisin ollu shokissa.
If D. T. had occupied Greenland, I would have been shocked.

They will have been married for sixty years by the first of June. = II futuuri, joka käännetään suomeen perfektillä. = He ovat olleet naimisisissa 60 vuotta kesäkuun ensimmäiseen päivään mennessä.

NB! kun if-alistuskonjunktio jää pois, tulee KÄÄNTEINEN sanajärjestys:

1. If somebody should call me while I am gone, please tell them that I'll be back on Monday.

= Should somebody call me...

2. If I had known her better, I wouldn't have trusted her.

= Had I known her better, ...

3. If a serious crisis were to arise, the government should act swiftly.
= Were a serious crisis to arise, the government should act swiftly.

menneen ajan futuuri l. II futuuri: will + have + teeman 3. muoto
By Thursday Hjallis will have reached Sydney. (= Torstaihin mennessä Hjallis on saavuttanut Sydneyn.)
By tomorrow morning you will have heard all my secrets. (= Huomisaamuun mennessä Sinä olet kuullut kaikki salaisuuteni.)

FUTUURISTA:
1. kun puhut tulevasta, käytä I futuuria:
What will you do tomorrow?
I will listen = I'll listen to Johann Sebastian Bach next summer.

2. ei futuuria:
I'll love you as long as I live.
Matti will call me as soon as he comes from Ireland.
Once they hear his name, they will not say a word.
He will stay here until I tell him to go.

AIKAA ILMAISEVISSA l. TEMPORAALISISSA SIVULAUSEISSA ei koskaan futuuria vaan PREESENS:
1. after = sen jälkeen
2. as = kun
3. as long as = niin kauan kuin
4. as soon as = niin pian kuin
5. before = ennen kuin
6. by-lauseet
7. once = heti kun
8. until = till = kunnes
9. when = kun
10. while = sillä aikaa kun

by-lauseet: By the time you get up, he will be gone.

3. EHTOA ILMAISEVISSA l. KONDITIONAALISISSA SIVULAUSEISSA ei ole futuuria:
If you help me, I'll help you.
He'll come if he has time.
We'll go on a picnic if it doesn't rain.
= We'll go on a picnic unless it rains.
He'll move to Australia provided / providing he gets a visa.
He'll come to us in case something terrible happens in his own country.

Teksti

2026-06-16T17:47:10+03:00

exercise 1

Express in English.


1. Muutan ulkomaille heti, kun saan mahdollisuuden.	?
2. Jos Lontoo ei olisi niin kallis, asuisin siellä.	?
3. Jos isoisäni ei olisi tullut takaisin Ruotsista, hän ei olisi tavannut isoäitiäni.	?
4. Mutta he eivät olisi asettuneet asumaan tähän kylään, jos heillä olisi ollut aikaa ajatella asiaa.	?
5. Jos huhut ovat totta, ensi vuonna ainoa kauppa menee kiinni.	?
6. He olisivat voineet muuttaa isoon kaupunkiin, jos he olisivat halunneet.	?
7. Kylässä asuminen olisi saattanut kuulostaa aluksi hyvältä.	?
8. Jos löytäisin töitä Lontoosta, saattaisin saada asunnon työn kautta.	?
9. Näytelmistä voisi nauttia, jos olisin Lontoossa.	?
10. Mitä sinä olisit tehnyt, jos sinulla olisi ollut paljon rahaa?	?


11. Matkustan Australiaan, kun valmistun.	?
12. Jos se ei olisi niin kaukana, olisin jo mennyt sinne.	?
13. Olisin ollut tosi onnellinen, jos olisin nähnyt oikean kengurun, kun olin lapsi.	?
14. Nyt voisin itkeä ilosta, jos näkisin Ulurun.	?
15. Tietysti Sydneyä ei pitäisi unohtaa.	?
16. Jos menet Australiaan, käytkö myös Uudessa-Seelannissa?	?
17. Saattaisi olla hyvä idea, jos tekisit sen.	?
18. Minun olisi pitänyt alkaa säästää rahaa aikoja sitten.	?
19. Minne sinä menisit, jos voisit valita minkä tahansa kohteen?	?
20. Menisin minne tahansa kanssasi, jos kysyisit kauniisti.	?

Teksti

2026-06-16T17:53:20+03:00

exercise 2

Fill in according to the clues.

1. I _____________________ this book when I ________________________ time for it. (luen; on)
2. If this _____________________________ true, what_____________________________________________________________________ about it? (on; teet)
3. Who _____________________________________________ if you _______________________________________someone to help you? (kysyisit, tarvitsisit)
4. We _________________________________________________________________ there if you ____________________________________ here. (emme menisi; jäisit)
5. If they _______________________________________ us, we ___________________________________ something to them. (olisivat nähneet; olisimme sanoneet)

6. But what___________________________________________________ if that ____________________________________________? (sinä olisit tehnyt; olisi tapahtunut)
7. If you _____________________________________________, where ________________________________________________? (olisit voinut päättää; sinä olisit mennyt)
8. That song ___________________________________________________________________________________________ at the concert. (ei olisi pitänyt esittää)
9. You _______________________________________ more money if you ____________________________________ more assertive. (olisi saatettu luvata; olisit ollut)
10. If you ____________________________ that, you _________________________________________________________ any help from me. (uskot; et saa)

Teksti

2026-06-16T18:02:21+03:00

exercise 3

More advanced. Fill in.

___________________________________________________________________________________________ the first time you do it, I ______________________________________________ : I really trust you! (Jos tämä sattuisi olemaan; en olisi huolissani)
________________________________________________ this house a bit earlier, the price __________________________________________________________ much lower. (Jos he olisivat ostaneet; olisi ollut)
It __________________________________________________________ me, _______________________________________________ the brains behind the operation. (ei olisi yllättänyt; jos hän olisi ollut)
_______________________________________________home, I ____________________________________________________ the evidence. (palaat; olen piilottanut)
That way_________________________________________________________________ anything incriminating, so you __________________________________________to the police when you _________________________ them nothing happened. (et ole nähnyt; et valehtele; kerrot)

Teksti

2026-06-16T18:01:30+03:00

exercise 4

Homework. Translate.

🔒 You will get the correct answers from your teacher.


1. Mitä tapahtuu, jos myöhästyt?	?
2. Kenelle voisit puhua, jos näkisit jotain outoa?	?
3. Mitä olisi pitänyt tehdä tämän estämiseksi?	?
4. Kuka olisi uskonut sinua, jos olisit sanonut jotain?	?
5. Jos olisit tiennyt tämän nuorempana, olisitko auttanut minua?	?

Teksti

2026-06-17T10:47:43+03:00

THE PASSIVE VOICE:

Passiivin kaava: BE + teeman 3. muoto; BE-verbistä näkyy aikamuoto; teeman 3. muoto on passiivin tunnus (säännöllisillä verbeillä -ed-päätteinen)

grow, grew, grown

AKTIIVI PASSIIVI
1. yleispreesens
Matti grows tomatoes. Tomatoes are grown by Matti.
2. kestopreesens
Matti is growing tomatoes. Tomatoes are being grown by Matti.
3. yleisimperfekti
Matti grew tomatoes. Tomatoes were grown by Matti.
4. kestoimperfekti
Matti was growing tomatoes. Tomatoes were being grown by Matti.
5.yleisperfekti
Matti has grown tomatoes. Tomatoes have been grown by Matti.
6. kestoperfekti
Matti has been growing tomatoes. --------------------
6. yleispluskvamperfekti
Matti had grown tomatoes. Tomatoes had been grown by Matti.
7. kestopluskvamperfekti
Matti had been growing tomatoes. --------------------
8. I futuuri
Matti will grow tomatoes. Tomatoes will be grown by Matti.
9. I konditionaali
Matti would grow tomatoes. Tomatoes would be grown by Matti.
10. II konditionaali
Matti would have grown tomatoes. Tomatoes would have been grown by Matti.

NB! Kaikkia suomen passiveja EI VOI KÄÄNTÄÄ passiivilla englannin kielessä:
There was a knock on the door. = Oveen koputettiin.
There was fighting in the street. = Kadulla tapeltiin.
We do a lot of swimming at the camp. = Leirillä uidaan paljon.
They ran fast in the yard. = Pihalla juostiin lujaa.

NB! Aktiivi ja passiivi voivat näyttää suomen kielessä samanlaisilta:
I must do my homework. (= Minun täytyy tehdä läksyni.) My homework must be done. (= Läksyni täytyy tehdä.)
My neighbour should paint the house. (= Naapurini pitäisi maalata talo.) The house should be painted. (= Talo pitäisi maalata.)

NB! Englannin passiivi käännetään usein suomen kielessä nominaalirakenteella:
Pride and Prejudice written by Jane Austen is a very good book. = Jane Austenin kirjoittama Ylpeys ja ennakkoluulo on erittäin hyvä kirja.
Violin concerto composed by Philip Glass is my favourite composition. = Philip Glassin säveltämä viulukonsertto on lempisävellykseni.

The novel sold at Christmas is a bestseller. (= Jouluna myytävä romaani on myyntimenestys.)
The novel (that / which is) sold at Christmas is a bestseller. (= Romaani, jota myydään jouluna on myyntimenestys.)

NB! Persoonapronomineja voidaan käyttää lauseissa, jotka suomessa kääntyvät passiivilla:
We drink a lot of coffee in Finland. = Suomessa juodaan paljon kahvia.
They drink a lot of tea in England. = Englannissa juodaan paljon teetä.
One must do one's duty. = Velvollisuus on täytettävä.

The novel (that / which is) intended to be sold at Christmas was written in March. = Jouluna myytäväksi aiottu romaani kirjoitettiin maaliskuussa.

The whole of Finland was covered with snow. = Koko Suomi oli lumen peitossa. (tässä agentti with-preposition kera)

Passiivilauseen subjektiksi voi tulla aktiivilauseen suora objekti (= tekemisen kohde) tai epäsuora objekti (= objektiivi)
The students didn't pay any attention to the lecturer.
= No attention was paid to the lecturer by the students.
= The lecturer wasn't paid any attention to by the students.

Teksti

2026-06-17T10:50:10+03:00

exercise 5

Express in English.


1. Lääkäreitä tarvitaan kaikkialla.	?
2. Lakimiehestä ei aina pidetä.	?
3. Arvostettiinko tuomareita ennen enemmän?	?
4. Minua koulutettiin myyjäksi siihen aikaan.	?
5. Toimittajia ei ole aina uskottu.	?
6. Miksi konduktööreille ei ole annettu parempia työasuja?	?
7. Autonkuljettajia nähdään vielä pitkän aikaa.	?
8. Lääkäreitä pitää kuunnella.	?
9. Heille olisi pitänyt opettaa kohteliasta käytöstä.	?
10. Yrittäjiä olisi voitu auttaa enemmän.	?


11. Autetaanko opiskelijoita tarpeeksi?	?
12. Syytetyn oikeuksia ei kunnioiteta tarpeeksi tällä hetkellä.	?
13. Rikolliset lähetettiin vankilaan.	?
14. Häntä ei pidetty helppona asiakkaana.	?
15. Lukijoista ei ole aina pidetty hyvää huolta.	?
16. Matkustajia oli käsketty lähtemään.	?
17. Meille annetaan pian uusi kuski.	?
18. Potilaita voidaan tutkia nyt paremmin.	?
19. Sinulle ei olisi pitänyt myydä tuota lääkettä.	?
20. Asiakkaille olisi voitu kertoa totuus.	?

Teksti

2026-06-17T10:54:47+03:00

exercise 6

Fill in according to the clues.

1. Apples ________________________________________________ all year round in most supermarkets. (myydään)
2. The furniture _______________________________________________________________ downstairs now. (siirretään)
3. Not everybody _________________________________________________________________________there. (tarvitaan)
4. Why ____________________________________________________________________ to wait for us there? (heitä käskettiin)
5. This __________________________________________________________________________________________. (täytyy nähdä)

6. _________________________________________________________________________________ any food yet? (Onko heille annettu)
7. She ________________________________________________________________________________ any harm. (ei ole aiheutettu)
8. It ____________________________________________________________________________________ one day. (tehdään)
9. What ________________________________________________________________________________________? (teille oli näytetty)
10. You ___________________________________________________________________________________ more. (voitaisiin auttaa)

Teksti

2026-06-17T11:03:20+03:00

exercise 7

More advanced. Fill in.

1. We _____________________________________________________________________________ to wait for them. (olisi pitänyt pyytää)
2. The referee ____________________________________________________________________ – he seems to have it in for us. (on saatettu ostaa)
3. If it __________________________________________________ well, we wouldn’t be in this mess now. (olisi tehty)
4. I don’t particularly ______________________________________________________________ what to do. (siitä, että minulle kerrotaan)
5. She i__________________________________________________ a formal invitation. (että hänelle lähettäisiin)

6. It feels good ____________________________________________________ a day off. (tulla annetuksi)
7. My elderly aunt needs ___________________________________________________. (huolehtimista)
8. Why ______________________________________________on the left in Thailand? (ajetaan)

9. What _________________________________________________________ over there? (nauretaan)
10. ________________________________________ now before everyone else does. (Lähdetään)

Teksti

2026-06-17T11:04:58+03:00

exercise 8

Homework. Write in English.

🔒 You will get the correct answers from your teacher.


1. Sääntöjä ei aina totella.	?
2. Meistä tuntui, että meitä tarkkailtiin.	?
3. Se on varmaankin myyty ulkomaille.	?
4. Heidän sanotaan olevan valmiina kaikkeen.	?
5. Yritin välttää tulemista nähdyksi heidän seurassaan.	?

RC4 Mitochondrial Eve and the true melting pot

2026-06-17T11:30:46+03:00

PART A

Choose the best alternative.

Mitochondrial Eve and the true melting pot

Siddhartha Mukherjee goes in search of our founding mother.

Consider the genesis of a single-celled embryo produced by the fertilization of an egg by a sperm. The genetic material of this embryo comes from two sources: paternal genes (from sperm) and maternal genes (from eggs). But the cellular material of the embryo comes exclusively from the egg; the sperm is no more than a glorified delivery vehicle for male DNA – a genome equipped with a hyperactive tail.

Aside from proteins, ribosomes, nutrients and membranes, the egg also supplies the embryo with specialized structures called mitochondria. These mitochondria are the energy-producing factories of the cell; they are so anatomically discrete and so specialized in their function that cell biologists call them “organelles” – i.e., mini-organs resident within cells. Mitochondria, recall, carry a small, independent genome that resides within the mitochondrion itself – not in the cell’s nucleus, where the twenty-three pairs of chromosomes (and the 21,000-odd human genes) can be found.

1. How does the writer describe the sperm?

	It is like a wonderful car.
	It has an extended rear end.
	It is the source for half the cellular material in an embryo.

2. What is the purpose of the mitochondria?

	To provide the cell with necessary power.
	To carry the genetic information in the cell.
	To give the cell ribosomes and proteins.

The exclusively female origin of all the mitochondria in an embryo has an important consequence. All humans – male or female – must have inherited their mitochondria from their mothers, who inherited their mitochondria from their mothers, and so forth, in an unbroken line of female ancestry stretching indefinitely into the past.

Now imagine an ancient tribe of two hundred women, each of whom bears one child. If the child happens to be a daughter, the woman dutifully passes her mitochondria to the next generation, and, through her daughter’s daughter, to a third generation. But if she has only a son and no daughter, the woman’s mitochondrial lineage wanders into a genetic blind alley and becomes extinct (since sperm do not pass their mitochondrial genomes to their children). Over the course of the tribe’s evolution, tens of thousands of such mitochondrial lineages will land on lineal dead ends by chance, and be snuffed out. And here is the crux: if the founding population of a species is small enough, and if enough time has passed, the number of surviving maternal lineages will keep shrinking, and shrinking further, until only a few are left. If half of the two hundred women in our tribe have sons, and only sons, then one hundred mitochondrial lineages will dash against the glass pane of male-only heredity and vanish in the next generation. Another half will dead-end into male children in the second generation, and so forth. By the end of several generations, all the descendants of the tribe, male or female, might track their mitochondrial ancestry to just a few women.

For modern humans, that number has reached one: each of us can trace our mitochondrial lineage to a single human female who existed in Africa about two hundred thousand years ago. She is the common mother of our species. We do not know what she looked like, although her closest modern-day relatives are women of the San tribe from Botswana or Namibia.

I find the idea of such a founding mother endlessly mesmerizing. In human genetics, she is known by a beautiful name – Mitochondrial Eve.

3. Why do most mitochondrial lineages disappear?

	They are not very good.
	We’ve snuffed them out.
	It’s just a question of luck.

4. What do we know about Mitochondrial Eve?

	When she approximately lived.
	What her appearance was like.
	That she must have behaved like the San people.

Getty Images / Wayne Marinovich

In the summer of 1994, as a graduate student interested in the genetic origin of the immune system, I traveled along the Rift Valley, from Kenya to Zimbabwe, past the basin of the Zambezi River to the flat plains of South Africa. It was the evolutionary journey of humans in reverse. The final station of the journey was an arid mesa in South Africa, roughly equidistant from Namibia and Botswana, where some of the San tribes once lived. It was a place of lunar desolation – a flat, dry tabletop of land decapitated by some geophysically vengeful force and perched above the plains below. By then, a series of thefts and losses had whittled my possessions down to virtually nothing: four pairs of boxers, which I often doubled up and wore as shorts, a box of protein bars, and bottled water. Naked we come, the Bible suggests; I was almost there.

With a little imagination, we can reconstruct the history of humans using that windblown mesa as a starting point. The clock begins about two hundred thousand years ago, when a population of early modern humans begins to inhabit this site, or some such site in its vicinity. We know virtually nothing about the culture and habits of this ancient tribe. They left no artifacts – no tools, no drawings, no cave dwellings – except the most profound of all remnants: their genes, stitched indelibly into our own.

5. What is said about the place the writer visited?

	It was clearly closer to Namibia than Botswana.
	It had little vegetation.
	It looked lush in moonlight.

Teksti

2026-06-17T11:34:29+03:00

PART B

Fill in the blanks with words that make the most sense. Each gap is missing just one word.

The population was likely quite 1. _________________, even miniscule by contemporary standards – no more than about six thousand or ten thousand individuals. The most provocative estimate is a bare seven hundred – about the number of humans that might 2. ______________ a single city block or a village. Mitochondrial Eve may have lived among 3. ______________, bearing at least one daughter, and at least one granddaughter. We do not know when, or why, these individuals 4. _________________________ interbreeding with other hominids – but we do know that they began breeding with each other with relative exclusivity about two hundred millennia ago. Perhaps they were isolated here by climate changes, or stranded by geographic barriers. Perhaps they 5. _______________________ in love.

THE GENE by Siddhartha Mukherjee. Copyright
© 2016, Siddhartha Mukherjee, used by permission of The Wylie Agency (UK) Limited.

Teksti

2026-06-17T11:50:58+03:00

PART C

What happened to Mitochondrial Eve’s people next? Choose the best alternative.

From here, they went 1. ____________________ west, as young men often do, and traveled north. They clambered through the gash of the Rift Valley or ducked into the canopies of the humid rainforests around the Congo basin, where the Mbuti and Bantu now

2. ____________________________________. […]

But the long march went on. Some seventy-five thousand years ago, a group of humans arrived 3. _________________________ the northeastern edge of Ethiopia or Egypt, where the Red Sea 4. _______________________________________ to a slitlike strait between the shrugged shoulder of Africa and the downward elbow of the Yemeni peninsula. There was 5. _________________________________ there to part the ocean. We do not know what drove these men and women to fling themselves across the water, or how they managed to cross it (the sea was shallower then, and some geologists have wondered 6. _____________________________ chains of sandbar islands spanned the strait along which our ancestors hopscotched their way to Asia and Europe.) A volcano had erupted in Toba, Indonesia, about seventy thousand years ago, 7. __________________________________ enough dark ash into the skies to launch a decades-long winter that 8. ________________________________________________________ a desperate search for new food and land.

Others have proposed that multiple dispersals, 9. ________________________ suggests that 10. ______________________________two independent crossings occurred. The earliest crossing occurred 130,000 years ago. The migrants landed in the Middle East and took a “beachcomber” route through Asia, hugging the coast toward India and then fanning out southward toward Burma, Malaysia, and Indonesia. A later crossing happened 11. ___________________________________, about sixty thousand years ago. These migrants moved north into Europe, where they 12. _____________________________________ Neanderthals. Either route used the Yemeni peninsula as its hub. This is the true “melting pot” of the human genome.

What is certain is that every perilous ocean-crossing left hardly 13. ________________________________ survivors – perhaps as 14. ___________________ as six hundred men and women. Europeans, Asians, Australians, and Americans are the 15. _________________________

of these drastic bottlenecks, and this corkscrew of history too has left 16. ____________________________ signature in our genomes. In a genetic sense, nearly all of us who emerged out of Africa, gasping for land and air, are even more closely yoked than previously imagined. We were on the same boat, brother.

Alternatives to part C:

2026-06-17T12:13:47+03:00

1. to / in / at / -
2. is living / lived / live / have lived
3. to / for / at / -
4. is narrowing / are narrowing / narrows / narrow
5. no one / anybody / anyone / none
6. weather / or / whether / of
7. spew / spewed / spewing / spews / oozing
8. must have precipitated / could have precipitated / should have precipitated / might have precipitated
9. prompt / prompted / have prompted / has prompted
10. at last / at least / at once / at a glance
11. more recent / more recently / recently / recent
12. must have been seen / encountered / encountering / have encountered
13. no / any / anyone / nobody
14. little / few / a few / a little
15. descendants / child / child's / offspring
16. it's / its / their / they're

Teksti

2026-06-17T12:18:10+03:00

PART D

Pilkku englannissa

Pilkku osoittaa, että osa lauseesta ei noudata normaalia sanajärjestystä (SPOTPA).

For modern humans, that number has reached one.

Tämän vuoksi sivulause, joka tulee ennen päälausetta, erotetaan usein pilkulla (mutta päälauseen jälkeen tulevaa sivulausetta ei eroteta, koska se noudattaa SPOTPAa).

If the child happens to be a daughter, the woman passes her mitochondria to the next generation.
(vrt.) The woman passes her mitochondria to the next generation if the child happens to be a daughter.

Pilkku ilmaisee myös irrallista lisäystä, joka ei varsinaisesti kuulu lauseeseen.

Mitochondria, however, also carry a small genome.

Pilkku erottaa luettelon osat. Myös and-sanan edellä voi olla pilkku.

I only had four pairs of boxers, a box of protein bars(,) and bottled water.

Pilkku erottaa samanarvoisia lauseita ikään kuin luettelona. (Myös puolipiste on mahdollinen.)

An egg is released, it is fertilized by a sperm, an embryo is formed.

Pilkku voi myös olla and- ja but-alkuisten lauseiden edellä.

The mesa looked desolate, but it contained a mystery from the past.

Usein puhuja pitää pilkun kohdalla pienen tauon. Kokeile: Lue tekstiä ääneen pitämällä taukoja pilkun kohdalla ja sitten ilman. Kumpi kuulostaa luontevammalta?

Teksti

2026-06-17T12:20:14+03:00

Add commas where you feel they belong.

1. I had soup pasta and pudding for lunch.
2. I arrived in time but she was not there.
3. Having seen the film I thought I knew how the book would end.
4. However something unexpected happened at the end of the book.
5. Even though it was a surprise it was nevertheless a disappointment.
6. It was unfair that the main character was killed off although she didn’t die in the film.
7. In this day and age we are used to happy endings but the writer thought otherwise.
8. If I wanted to cry I wouldn’t grab a book.
9. I would go to see a film if I wanted that.
10. People looking to be entertained should not read that book but having said that I admit it was well written.

Glossary: Health / Well-being

2026-06-22T10:43:09+03:00


aliravitsemus	malnutrition
annostus	dosage
astma	asthma
epidemia	epidemic, outbreak
flunssa	cold, flu
gluteeniton	gluten-free
haittavaikutus	side effect
hengityskone	ventilator
hengitystieinfektio	respiratory infection
hiilihydraatit	carbohydrates, carbs
homeallergia	mold allergy
hyvinvointi	well-being
fyysinen, henkinen, hengellinen	physical, mental, spiritual
ihannepaino	ideal body weight
imettäminen, rintaruokinta	breastfeeding
karanteeni	quarantine
kasvissyöjä	vegetarian
kehonkoostumusmittaus	body composition analysis
kehonrakennus	bodybuilding
kipsi	cast
kipu	ache, pain
kolesteroli	cholesterol
kuitu	fibre
kuume	fever, temperature
käsidesi	hand disinfectant
laktoosi-intolerantti	lactose intolerant
leikkaus (lääketieteellinen)	operation, surgery
liikalihava	obese
liikunta	(physical) exercise
liikuntarajoitteinen	physically challenged
luuranko	skeleton
luuston rakenne	bone structure
masennus	depression
mielenterveyden häiriö, mielisairaus	mental disorder
mustelma, ruhje	bruise
oireeton	asymptomatic
painoindeksi	Body Mass Index (BMI)
pandemia	pandemic
proteiini	protein
ravinto	nutrition
ravintoaine	nutrient
rokote	vaccine, jab, shot
rokottaminen	vaccination
ruokahalu	appetite
ruokavalio	diet
ruokavalio- (adjektiivi)	dietary
sairaalloinen ylipaino	obesity
selkäranka	spine
syke	heart rate, heartbeat
syöpä	cancer
tasapainoinen ruokavalio	balanced diet
terveys	health
tyydyttynyt rasva	saturated fat
vaaka	scales, scale
vamma	disability
vegaani (ei syö/käytä mitään eläinperäistä)	vegan
verenpaine	blood pressure
ylipaino, ylipainoinen	overweight
äidinmaidonkorvike	breast milk substitute, baby milk

Teksti

2026-06-22T10:47:44+03:00

exercise A

Choose the best alternative.

We get a lot of carbs from pasta dishes.
I took up bodybuilding because I can’t do even a single pull-up and all my friends can do several.
I broke my ankle and now I may face an operation.
Zach is not just overweight. The doctor said he suffers from morbid obesity.
Do you have any skeletons in your closet?
I wouldn’t call her physically challenged but she definitely has some trouble walking.
The new vaccine is supposed to be 100% safe since it has been tested for years.
– I recently tried this new body composition analysis!
– That’s interesting! What did you find out about yourself?
Mark really has the ideal bone structure for running. He’s definitely made for long distances.
Having a disability shouldn’t hold you back in any way.

Teksti

2026-06-22T10:50:31+03:00

exercise C

Combine the term with the proper definition.

fibre = a threadlike structure
appetite = an instinctive desire for nutrition
nutrient = a substance that gives energy and increases growth
cholesterol = a steroid alcohol which can be found in animal cells and body fluids regulating membrane fluidity
diet = regular habits for nourishment

a local or general negative bodily sensation (pain)

organisms administered to produce or artificially increase immunity to a particular disease (vaccine)

RC2 / The Luddites

2026-06-22T10:56:01+03:00

A

Choose the best alternative.

The Luddites

William Cartwright’s dog started barking soon after midnight on Sunday, April 12, 1812. There was a single gunshot from the north, one from the south, then one each from the east and west. Cartwright’s watchers awoke at the sounds. Men, unseen and uncounted, came through the night and beat the watchers to the ground in the lee of Cartwright’s mill.

Other men broke the mill’s windows and pounded on its door with great sledgehammers called “Enochs”. Yet more fired pistols through the broken windows, and muskets at the higher floors.

Cartwright, accompanied by five employees and five soldiers, counterattacked, firing muskets from behind raised flagstones and ringing a bell to alert the cavalry stationed one mile away.

The mill door, which Cartwright had reinforced and studded with iron, would not yield to the Enochs. Musket balls smoked up and down. Soon, two men lay dying in the yard. After twenty minutes and 140 shots, the attackers retreated, carrying the wounded, unable to retrieve the dying.

Once the shadows of the mob had disappeared, Cartwright looked out. Hammers and pistols had destroyed his first-floor windows, pane and frame; musket balls had shattered fifty more panes upstairs. His door had been sledged beyond repair. Beyond, two mortally wounded men furled and unfurled among discarded hammers and hatchets, axes, puddles of blood, strips of flesh, and a severed finger.

1. What characterized the attack on William Cartwright’s mill?

	It was well executed and supported by the military.
	It was completely unexpected and carefully organized.
	It was somewhat coordinated but ultimately ineffective.

2. What describes the outcome of the attack best?

	Quite a few men died and the mill was partly incinerated.
	A few casualties and some damage to the property.
	The mill door was badly damaged, but they managed to fix it.

The object of the attack was Cartwright’s automatic loom. The attackers were weavers, trying to destroy the new machine before it destroyed their jobs. They called themselves “Luddites” and had launched similar attacks throughout the north of England. William Cartwright was the first man to ever defeat them.

The Luddites – their name came from the then-famous, possibly fictional machine breaker Ned Ludd – have become icons of both restraint in the face of new technology and entrenched fear of change. They were driven by neither: they were just men desperate to keep their jobs. Their battle was against capital, not technology. The new and improved Enoch sledgehammers they used to wreck looms were named after their inventor, Enoch Taylor, who had also invented the looms that were being wrecked – an irony that was not lost on the Luddites, who chanted, “Enoch did make them, Enoch shall break them.”

3. What motivated the Luddites most?

	They were suspicious and anxious about decisions made in London.
	They were protesting against the deteriorating working conditions at mills.
	They were apprehensive of losing their livelihoods.

4. What shows that the Luddites were not averse to new technology as such?

	They were known to resort to new technology themselves.
	They used new technology to improve their everyday lives.
	They had a song whose lyrics praised the loom and its inventor.

The Luddites’ story is a tale not about right and wrong but about the nuance of new. As our creations advance from generation to generation, they have consequences that, good or bad, are nearly always unforeseen and unintended.

New technology is often called “revolutionary”. This is not always hyperbole. The context of that bloody night in England was a collision between two revolutions, one technological and one social.

5. What characterizes new technology?

	Its predictable long-term consequences.
	Its positive effect for future generations.
	Its potentially subversive aspect.

Getty Images / jimfeng

In the decades before, Europe’s monarchs and aristocrats had been besieged. In 1776, thirteen North American colonies had declared independence from King George III of England. The French Revolution started in 1789, and the French King Louis XVI was dead within four years. Thomas Paine summarized the spirit of revolution, and the age, in 1791, when he wrote in The Rights of Man, “Governments must have arisen either out of the people or over the people.”

At the time of the Luddites, the British government, like the French government that had just been deposed, was one that had arisen over the people. The head of state, King George III, was one strand in a cobweb of intermarried, interrelated monarchs covering Europe. George ruled Britain through a tier of intermediaries: hereditary aristocrats who in turn ruled the general population. Recently, a new layer in the social hierarchy had endangered this arrangement: capitalists – men who became wealthy through working and creating work for others, not by accidents of birth. People claiming to be “royal” did not impress the capitalists, who expected political power along with their profits. Their rise was in part a result of inventions like the printing press, which freed information, and labor-saving machines, which freed time. The middle class is a consequence of the creations of the Middle Ages.

6. What is said of the political situation in Europe at the time of the Luddites?

	It was a time of various political upheavals.
	The French and the British governments had recently been overthrown.
	The monarchs ruled their subjects with supreme authority.

7. What does the text say about the capitalists?

	They held the aristocrats in high esteem and tried to imitate their way of living.
	For them, it was all about getting wealthy and creating jobs for others.
	They were disgruntled about their current political status.

The battle at William Cartwright’s mill exemplified the new tensions. Cartwright, given but a few of the monarch’s soldiers, rang his bell for more, and they never came. The aristocracy was ambivalent about this new industrial class. Many of them recognized the same risk the Luddites saw – that mechanization could concentrate power and wealth in new hands.

Technology like Taylor’s automatic loom did not threaten one social class. It threatened two. The Luddites, monarchs, and aristocrats did not fear technology in general so much as the possible consequences of particular technologies for them personally. New tools make new societies.

8. How did the aristocrats feel about the new industrial class?

	They objected to the capitalists’ ambitions but did not see them as a real threat.
	They were uncertain whether to oppose it.
	They were convinced it would be detrimental to their lifestyle.

While the aristocrats were unsure of the threat, the Luddites were certain – so convinced that automatic looms would do them harm that they were willing to risk death, either in their raids or from execution after capture, to stop the rise of the machines. But the longer-term consequences of the looms, a precursor to both computers and robots, were unforeseen, especially by the Luddites. They could never have predicted that their descendants – today’s workers – would use information technology and automation to make their living, just as William Cartwright did. In the end, we’ll see, it was the working class that gained most from the new technology. The aristocrats, the only ones who perhaps had the power to keep automation away, did nothing and lost everything.

Excerpt(s) from HOW TO FLY A HORSE: THE SECRET HISTORY OF CREATION, INVENTION, AND DISCOVERY by Kevin Ashton, copyright © 2015 by Kevin Ashton. Used by permission of Doubleday, an imprint of the Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House LLC. All rights reserved.

9. Why did the working class ultimately gain most in the Industrial Revolution?

	It was their offspring who benefitted the most in the end.
	Their descendants defeated the capitalists in the end.
	Thanks to technology, the working class became the most influential social class in England.

10. Which of these would work best as an alternative title for the whole text?

	chains of consequence
	civilization at risk
	the rise of empires

Teksti

2026-06-22T11:01:04+03:00

exercise B

Fill in the missing prepositions where needed. If not needed, add –.

1. The Luddites attacked _____ William Cartwright’s mill _____ Sunday, April 12, 1812. The watchers Cartwright had hired to keep an eye _____ the mill were awoken _____ the sound of gunshots. The attackers beat the watcher_____ the ground _____ the lee of the mill.

2. Cartwright succeeded _____ defeating the attackers, who retreated __________ dawn. Fortunately, the mill door had not yielded _____ the attacks, and the mob had not been able to enter_____ the premises. The door was destroyed __________ repair, though, and several windows had been shot __________.

3. The Luddites were textile weavers who protested __________ the use of machinery at the beginning of the 19th century. At the time of the Luddites, Britain was going __________ a social revolution in addition _____ the Industrial Revolution.

4. There was a new social class, the capitalists, whose interest _____ political power had grown along with increasing financial profits. In the end, the Luddites were suppressed with military force, but it was their offspring who ultimately gained the most __________ new technology.

Teksti

2026-06-22T11:07:56+03:00

exercise C

Confusables

Write the verbs in Finnish.

I was hurt. be hurt = loukkaantua
You hurt me. hurt = loukata

In the English language the passive voice is often used when in Finnish we use verbs ending with –ua or –yä. Write the correct forms of the verbs using either the active or the passive voice.

1. surprise
The watchers _____________________ in the middle of the night by an angry mob. What ____________________ them most, however, was the great number of the attackers.

2. break
Shots fired by the attackers _____________________ the mill’s windows. The mill door ____________________ by the angry mob, too.

3. convince
Cartwright’s employees ____________________ that the automatic looms would cost them their livelihoods. Cartwright later ____________________ them of the advantages of modern technology.

4. disappoint
Cartwright’s decision to start using the automatic loom _____________________ his employees. Cartwright, on the other hand, ____________________ that his employees weren’t able to adapt to change more quickly.

5. injure
During the attack, one of the members of the angry mob ____________________ his left foot. The foot ____________________ so badly that it had to be amputated the following week.

6. destroy
The mob felt that the loom would have to ____________________ before it ____________________ their livelihoods.

7. improve
After the attack, the safety measures at the mill had to ____________________. Cartwright ____________________ them by employing more watchers.

8. lose
Even though eventually some jobs ____________________, Cartwright ____________________ something more valuable – the love and trust of his employees.

Teksti

2026-06-22T11:10:30+03:00

exercise D

Translate the sentences into Finnish. Notice that they all have some kind of shortened clauses, which you may have to translate as full clauses in Finnish.


1. Cartwright, accompanied by five employees and five soldiers, counterattacked.	?
2. The attackers retreated, carrying the wounded.	?
3. The attackers were weavers, trying to destroy the new machine.	?
4. Cartwright was the first man ever to defeat them.	?
5. King George III was one strand in a cobweb covering Europe.	?
6. Cartwright, given but a few of the monarch’s soldiers, rang his bell for more, and they never came.	?

ING-forms and Infinitives:

2026-06-22T14:04:42+03:00

INFINITIIVEJÄ eli verbin perusmuotoja on ainakin kahdeksan kappaletta:

AKTIIVISSA 1. to give: I want to give you something.
2. give: I must give a speech in public.
3. to have given: He claimed to have given all his best to the project.
4. have given: He would have given her money if he had had some.
PASSIIIVISSA 5. to be given: I want to be given another chance.
6. be given: He should be given another chance.
7. to have been given: He claimed to have been given another chance.
8. have been given: He should have been given another chance if he had asked for it.

INFINITIIVI:
AKTIIVISSA: to love: I want to love everybody.
love: We must love one another.
to have loved: He claimed to have loved his family.
have loved: He would have loved his wife if she hadn't nagged at him.
PASSIIVISSA: to be loved: "I want to be loved by you, nobody else but you..."
be loved: He should be loved by his family.
to have been loved: He claimed to have been loved by colleagues.
have been loved: He may have been loved by all the relatives.

Yleensä infintiivissä on TO-partikkeli; e.g. I always try to do my best.

Tilanteita, milloin EI TULE to-partikkelia on seuraavat tilanteet:

1) verbin edellä on modaalinen apuverbi: will / would; shall / should; can / could; may / might; must; joskus dare & need apuvebeinä:
e.g. You may go now. May I be excused? (pöydästä poistuttaessa)
What shall we do?
He should come any time.
He could have done it if he had had time.
How dare you say things like that!
You needn't have bothered.

2) make / let aktiivissa
He made me cry.
She always makes me laugh.
Let's go. = Let us go.
They let me go.
toisella teettäminen: have s-b do s-g
I'll have a doctor examine my eyes. = I'll ask a doctor to examine my eyes.
usein: help s-d do s-g: Marc helped me carry the bags.

3. aistihavaintoverbit aktiivissa: feel / hear / notice / observe / see / smell / watch
We heard people talk about it.
Dave felt his heart jump.
I saw Marc go out.
I smelt / smelled something burn.
-ing-muoto on myös mahdollinen; tosi joskus tulee pienoinen merkityksen muutos:
I saw a little girl cross the street. = Näin pikkutytön ylittävän kadun.
I saw a little girl crossing the street. = Näin pikkutytön ylittämässä katua.

4. yleensä kysymyssanaan liittyy to-partikkeli, mutta ei WHY-sanaan
Why bother?
I don't know why go there at all.
Why not toss the coin, Mr Corleone?

5. GO-verbi
Go wash your hands.
"Go tell it on the mountain over the hills and everywhere..." (= a famous gospel)

6. idiomaattiset sanonnat
a) HAD BETTER: I had better go now.
I had better NOT GO there. = Minun olisi parempi olla menemättä sinne.
I had not better go there. = I hadn't better go there.
b) DO NOTHING BUT: My Dad did nothing but sleep.
Lauria does nothing but read.
c) RATHER THAN: Rather than work all day you had better go out.
He slept rather than work. = Hän nukkui mieluummin kuin teki töitä.

ING - muoto:

1. subjektina
Living is sometimes easy.

2. predikatiivina
Knowing you is loving you.

3. tietyt verbit vaativat gerundia eli ING-muotoa
can't help: I can't help falling in love with you.
= I can't help but fall in love with you. = En voi olla rakastumatta Sinuun.
I couldn't help falling in love with him.
= I couldn't help but fall in love with him. = En voinut illa rakastumatta häneen.
can't stand: I can't stand lying and I can't stand being lied to. = En voi sietää valehtelua ja en voi sietää sitä, että minulle valehdellaan.
dislike: I dislike being yelled at. = En pidä siitä, että minulle huudetaan.
enjoy: What do you enjoy doing?
I enjoy reading.
Tuija enjoys playing the violin.
fancy / feel like: I fancy / feel like eating pizza now.
mind: Do you mind opening the window? = Viitsitkö aukaista ikkunan?
need: NB! This house needs painting. = This house needs to be painted.
My hair needs cutting. = My hair needs to be cut.
miss: I missed swimming in the lake. = Kaipasin järvessä uimista
practise: I practised singing for many years.
risk: He risked being caught. = Hän otti sen riskin, että jäisi kiinni.

d) lopettamista ja tuonnemmaksi lykkäämistä tarkoittavat verbit:

avoid: Avoid disturbing him.
end up: He ended up being in prison for the rest of his life. = Hän päätyi olemaan vankilassa koko loppuikänsä.
escape: He escaped being caught. = Hän välttyi jäämästä kiinni.
finish: What time did you finish working?
give up: He finally gave up drinking / smoking after having done it for forty years.
leave off: I have decided to leave off eating red meat for a while.
postpone = put off: They put off meeting one another. = They postponed meeting one another.
quit: He quit / quitted going to school.
stop: He stopped smoking / drinking.

NB! lopettamisen vastakohta eli jatkaminen
go on: She went on singing.
keep (on): He kept (on) working.

4. preposition jälkeen verbi on -ing-muodossa:
You are good good at playing the violin.
He is interested in reading. = He is keen on reading. = He is into reading.
Without saying anything he left the room.
By doing we learn.
Matthew's friend David has succeeded in achieving and keeping his ideal body weight.

5. idiomaattisia sanontoja
a) It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
b) It is no good watching TV tonight.
c) There is no point in watching TV.
d) It is not worthwhile watching TV.
e) Paul Auster's novel 4321 is worth reading.
The movie Never Alone is worth seeing / watching.
f) There is nothing like sleeping late in the mornings.

6. lauseenvastikkeissa:
After I had read the paper, I took a shower.
= Having read the paper, I took a shower.
After reading the paper, I took a shower.
Having been given a suspended sentence, Marc tried his best to avoid committing crimes. = As / Because / Since he had been given a suspended sentence, Marc tried his best to avoid committing crimes. = Koska Marcille oli annettu ehdollinen tuomio, hän teki parhaansa välttääkseen rikoksien tekemistä.

HUOMAA, että seuraavissa rakenteissa TO on prepositio (ei siis infintitiivin tunnus to-partikkeli):

1. (to) be used to doing s-g = (to) be accustomed to doing s-g = olla tottunut tekemään jtkn

I am used / accustomed to getting up at 7 am.
2. (to) get used to doing s-g = tottua jhnkn
He got used to getting up at 6 am.
3. (to) look forward to doing s-g = odottaa innokkaasti jtkn
I am looking forward to meeting / seeing you soon again.
4. to devote oneself / one's life to doing s-g = omistautua tekemään jtkn
Mother Theresa devoted herself / her life to helping the poor and less fortunate in Calcutta.
5. object to doing s-g = vastustaa jnkn tekemistä
I do object to being charged for parking here. = Minä todellakin vastustan sitä, että minua veloitetaan siitä, että parkkeeraan täällä.
She objected us smoking at her home.

VERBEJÄ, joissa voi olla to-infinitiivi tai -ing-muoto:

remember:
Remember to buy milk when you go grocery shopping. (viittaa tulevaan: Muista ostaa...)

I remember buying milk. = Muistan ostaneeni maitoa. (viittaa menneeseen)

regret:
"We regret to inform you..."
I regret saying things like that. = Kadun sanoneeni mitään sellaista.

NB! ought to on poikkeuksellinen apuverbi, jossa on to-partikkeli:
We ought to help the poor and the less fortunate.
I ought to have been helped.

There is nothing to do. = Ei ole mitään tekemistä.
There is nothing to be done. = Ei ole mitään tehtävissä.

THAT-lause: kun esim. edellä believe / know / think:
We believe (that) the Earth is round, not flat.
I know (that) you are right.
He thought (that) I was right.

I am known to be / to have been right.

Teksti

2026-06-22T14:53:43+03:00

exercise 16

Translate into Finnish.


1. Who was the first man to walk on the Moon?	?
2. There was nothing to be done about the situation.	?
3. It’s not always easy to have been born first in the family.	?
4. They can’t have tried hard enough.	?
5. To have been asked to speak at the conference felt great.	?
6. Living is easy if you have good living conditions.	?
7. I’m looking forward to seeing you again soon.	?
8. Who enjoys being told they’re an idiot?	?
9. He admitted to having told alternative truths.	?
10. Having been given a suspended sentence he didn’t go to jail.	?


11. We all need somebody to love.	?
12. It’s hard to be told you’re not good enough.	?
13. It’s better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.	?
14. She must have been respected a lot since they all helped her.	?
15. The plan ought to have been revised.	?
16. Smiling is important but her smiling face feels fake.	?
17. Don’t put off writing the paper for too long.	?
18. I tried to avoid being seen by anyone.	?
19. I regret having said that.	?
20. Having been done several times before, the performance went without a hitch.	?

Teksti

2026-06-22T14:55:49+03:00

exercise 17

Express in English using infinitive forms.


1. Olen päättänyt muuttaa ulkomaille.	?
2. Se saa minut tuntemaan oloni onnelliseksi.	?
3. Sinun on täytynyt tehdä tämä aiemmin.	?
4. Se täytyy nähdä, jotta siihen voi uskoa.	?
5. Miksi et halunnut, että tulen mukaasi?	?
6. Kuka pyysi, että menisimme sinne?	?
7. Heidän uskotaan olleen siellä yksin.	?


8. Päätin lähteä ulos ostamaan ruokaa.	?
9. Miksi et anna minun tehdä sitä?	?
10. Et ole voinut tarkoittaa sitä.	?
11. Arvoitus odottaa ratkaisuaan.	?
12. Äiti ei ole koskaan halunnut, että asuisin yksin.	?
13. Miksi neuvoit, että kirjoittaisin kaiken ylös?	?
14. Minun tiedettiin tehneen parhaani.	?

Teksti

2026-06-22T14:58:42+03:00

exercise 18

Express in English using ing-forms.


1. Miksi et nauti tanssimisesta?	?
2. Kuka muistaa minun sanoneen sen?	?
3. Siivottuani huoneeni olin vapaa lähtemään.	?
4. Olen hyvä lukemaan tilannetta.	?
5. Ei kannata itkeä minun vuokseni.	?


6. Voitko välttää kiroilemista?	?
7. Kaduin rahojen varastamista.	?
8. Koska olin lukenut kirjan, tiesin, miten elokuva päättyisi.	?
9. Miksi päätit lykätä sinne menemistä?	?
10. Se mikä kannattaa tehdä, kannattaa tehdä hyvin.	?

Teksti

2026-06-22T15:18:22+03:00

exercise 19

Fill in.

1. I want __________________________________________________ to me carefully. (että kuuntelet)
2. I know ____________________________________________________________ right. (heidän olevan)
3. We’d better ________________________________________ through this again. (käydä)
4. I didn’t know what _______________________, who ____________________ it to, or why ______________________ it at all. (tehdä)
5. She made me _________________________________________________the light. (näkemään)
6. We were made ______________________________________________ for mercy. (rukoilemaan)
7. Quit _______________________________________________________________ now. (tupakointi)
8. I was busy ________________________________________________ all the sights. (katsella)
9. She does nothing but _____________________________________ all day long. (lukee)
10. It’s important ____________________________________ again if you first fail. (saada yrittää)
11. Stop _________________________________________________ and listen to me. (puhuminen)

12. Why didn’t you stop ____________________________ to her if you saw her? (puhumaan)
13. Let me __________________________________________ there now. (mennä)
14. Nobody saw me _________________________________________ at her. (hymyilevän)
15. She wasn’t seen _____________________________ once during her visit. (hymyilevän)
16. Did you ever miss __________________________________ in the lake when you were abroad? (uimista)
17. Why don’t you have a doctor _______________________________________ it. (huolehtia)
18. ________________________________________ the answer was the easy part. (tietäminen)
19. I just couldn’t help __________________________________________ with you. (rakastumatta)
20. It was no use _________________________________________________ it again. (yrittää)
21. I never used ______________________________________________ for any test. (opiskella)
22. Now I am used to _____________________________________ for everything. (opiskelemaan)

Teksti

2026-06-22T15:20:54+03:00

homework 20

Homework. Translate.

🔒 You will get the correct answers from your teacher.


1. Haluan, että kuuntelet tarkasti.	?
2. Mikä saa sinut ajattelemaan, että tiedän vastauksen?	?
3. Kannattaako sitä yrittää?	?
4. Oletko tottunut harrastamaan liikuntaa (take exercise) joka päivä?	?
5. Luulen olevani oikeassa.	?
6. Minun tiedetään tehneen virheitä.	?

Glossary: Society / Politics

2026-06-22T15:27:57+03:00

Glossary


eduskunta	parliament	?
eläke	pension	?
eläkeläinen	pensioner	?
eläköityminen, eläkkeellä olo	retirement	?
Euroopan unioni	the European Union	?
hallitus, hallinto	government	?
hyvinvointivaltio	welfare state/country	?
itsenäinen	independent, sovereign	?
julkinen rahoitus	public funding	?
julkinen terveydenhuolto	public healthcare	?
kaksipuoluejärjestelmä	two-party system	?
kaksikamarinen	bicameral	?
kansanedustaja	MP, Member of Parliament	?
kansanäänestys	referendum	?
lainsäädäntö	legislation	?
mielipidekysely	poll	?
ministeri	minister, secretary	?
ministeriö	ministry, department, office	?
oikeisto	right wing	?
oikeudenmukaisuus	justice	?
opintotuki	student benefit/allowance/aid	?
oppositio	opposition	?
monipuoluejärjestelmä	multi-party system	?
perhevapaa	family leave	?
poliitikko	politician	?
politiikka	politics	?
politiikka, menettelytapa	policy	?
puheenjohtaja	chair, chairperson	?
puolue	party	?
puoluekokous	caucus, party congress	?
päivähoito (kunnallinen)	(public) daycare	?
pääministeri	prime minister, PM	?
siirtokunta	colony, settlement	?
sosiaaliturva	social security, social benefits	?
toimeentulotuki	supplementary benefit, income support	?
työttömyyskorvaus	unemployment benefit	?
vaalit	election	?
valtionapu	state subsidy	?
vanhempainraha	parental allowance	?
vasemmisto	left wing	?
verotus	taxation	?
virkaanastujaiset	inauguration	?
Yhdistyneet kansakunnat	United Nations	?
yhteiskunta	society	?
äitiyspakkaus	maternity package	?
äänestää	vote for	?
äänioikeus	right to vote, suffrage	?

Political parties in the USA and in the UK:


Demokraatit	Democrats	?
Republikaanit	Republicans	?

Konservatiivipuolue	Conservatives/Tories	?
Työväenpuolue Labour

Teksti

2026-06-22T15:34:42+03:00

exercise A

Complete the sentences with the given words. There are also some extra words in the box.

Democrats • inauguration • Labour • legislation • maternity package • pension • poll • Republicans •
settlement • social benefits • state subsidies • Student benefit • Tories • welfare state

The _______________________________________________ concerning alcohol is quite strict. Many people buy their wine and beer from other countries because of our laws and regulations.
Only very few people feel that refugees are in this country solely because of our _______________________________________________________.
The ______________________________________________________________________ are the more conservative of the two major parties in the UK.
Wind power isn’t really profitable without state __________________________________________________________________________________________.
Barack Obama and John F. Kennedy were both relatively popular presidents. They were both _________________________________________.
_____________________________________________________________________________ is meant to cover the basic necessities during your studies.
In spite of some difficulties in our public healthcare and in the field of education, Finland is still considered a Western _______________________________________________________________________________________.
8. Presidents of the United States start their term with a ceremony called ______________________________________________________________.
9. The ____________________________________________________ in Finland contains several items that parents of a newborn baby will find useful.
10.The most recent _____________________________ suggests that Finnish people have a clear favorite for the next president of our country.

Extra words:

Teksti

2026-06-22T15:36:55+03:00

exercise B

Translate the following sentences into English.


1. Sosiaalinen oikeudenmukaisuus on tärkeä osa suomalaista yhteiskuntaa.	?
2. Oppositio on taas kritisoinut eläkeläisten verotusta.	?
3. Puolueen puheenjohtaja ilmoitti erostaan puoluekokouksessa.	?
4. Mitä mieltä olet tämän hallituksen ulkopolitiikasta?	?
5. Jotkut poliitikot haluavat kansanäänestyksen Euroopan unionista eroamisesta.	?

Teksti

2026-06-22T15:39:42+03:00

exercise C

Choose the correct definition for each term.

Tories = members or supporters of a major British political party
suffrage = the right to vote
inauguration = a formal induction into office
referendum = the practice of submitting a measure to popular vote
caucus = a closed meeting of a group of persons belonging to e.g. the same political party

Teksti

2026-06-22T15:41:34+03:00

Getty Images / tunart

RC5 / Worms land a great job

2026-06-22T15:46:32+03:00

A

Read the text and choose the best alternative.

Worms land a great job

In the northwest Indian village of Ajrakhpur, 37-year-old Sufiyan Khatri stirs several stinky vats: one of bubbling indigo, another simmering pomegranate skins and a third containing a black, gummy brew of rusty bicycle parts fermenting with sugar cane. The mixtures are used to dye textiles with a traditional block-print method called ajrakh.

Khatri, who learned the craft from his grandfather, shares his last name with many Muslim textile artisans in the region who brought their craft to India from Sindh in Pakistan. Khatri means "one who fills with color." He is one of more than 50 artisans in the village producing the textiles as a main source of income.

And he's been pleased to have welcomed some new assistants: earthworms.

Their job is to deal with toxic materials in the dyes that are not only bad for the environment but also make it impossible to reuse the wastewater for the next round of dyeing.

1. What is Khatri doing?

	Cooking traditional dishes.
	Creating colors for fabrics.
	Recycling materials.

2. How does Khatri get help for his work?

	His older relative from Pakistan has come to help.
	He shares a workplace with other local artists.
	Little animals in the soil chip in.

Thousands of the wiggly creatures live inside a water filter – called a "vermifilter." That's the term for a treatment system that cleans dye-tainted water. It was installed last May with support from the nongovernmental organization KHAMIR – Kutch Heritage, Art, Music, Information and Resources. The group connects the artisans of the Kutch district with outside resources and markets.

The filter is a few feet from Khatri's studio. It is constructed out of dozens of bright blue plastic crates packed with organic materials including cotton roots, dirt and all of those earthworms. Sprinklers spray murky blue water from attached tanks into the crates. The water trickles through the dirt. The worms feed on toxic dyes in the wastewater and excrete "wormcasts" that are not toxic. The water is filtered through the worm poop, the cotton roots and other materials and comes out a pale yellow – and clean enough to reuse in the textile process.

3. Why are the worms used?

	To be able to use the water again.
	To get a certain color.
	To produce clean drinking water.

The ability to reuse water is critical for the village, which consumes over 52,000 gallons of water every day to maintain an annual output of over almost 460,000 square feet of hand-printed cloth. Each piece is washed at least three times in community water tanks. And the artisans say they create colors by "playing with water" – adding varying amounts of ingredients like pomegranate skins and then bringing the mixture to a boil.

Hundreds of years ago, Ajrakh artisans had plenty of water to play with. But ground water in northwest India is increasingly depleted due to overuse, Ajrakhpur's artisans are concerned about the future of their craft. "If we don't get water," Khatri says, "We stop our work."

Signs that something is amiss are already visible on Khatri's textiles. As water levels decrease, minerals in it like iron become more concentrated, which can leave dark spots on prints after the artisans wash them. And there are more serious problems: The release of dyes into the environment is a main source of water pollution. Khatri prides himself on using natural dyes, but many artisans use water tainted by synthetic dyes – and dispose of it in open drains.

4. Why is there less water?

	Villagers waste huge amounts of water.
	Artists use it for silly purposes.
	People use more water than they should.

5. Why is the water getting polluted?

	Toxic materials are allowed into the ground.
	Not all artisans use man-made colors.
	Minerals form dark areas in the water.

Khatri says artisans appreciate that the worms have already cut their water costs. But the output of the filter – about 13,500 gallons per day— is far from what they need to meet a growing demand for their textiles. The Indian government has approved a grant funded by India's Ministry of Textiles to build a vermifilter in Ajrakhpur three times the size of the current one. It will be completed in the next two years.

And it may pave the way for more worms in India and around the world. Vermifiltration technology was first made available in Chile in the 1990s. The largest systems are in South America, where they are predominantly used for treating industrial wastewater, according to Kevin Jeffery, managing director of Wastewater Wizard Limited. He calls vermifiltration "a revolutionary approach to wastewater treatment."

There are limitations, says professor Ralf Otterpohl, director of the Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection at Hamburg University of Technology. One of the biggest challenges is that the worms need warm soil temperatures to thrive. Plus, he adds, this type of technology is most suitable for small-scale production.

6. What is the problem with the filter?

	It is very expensive.
	It will take a long time to build.
	It is not efficient enough.

7. What are the filters used for in South America?

	Treating all sorts of ailments.
	Cleaning the water from factories.
	Helping the local textile industry.

8. What do the worms require?

	A warm climate.
	Suitable ground conditions.
	A lot of attention and care.

That still leaves plenty of opportunity for Transchem Agritech, the enterprising Indian company that installed the vermifilter in Ajrakhpur. The company has vermifilters across India's dairy, sugar and chemical industries. The one in Ajrakhpur is the first in the handicraft industry, so developing the right environment for the worms – with the right mix of materials so they could help minimize the dyes in the water – required some tinkering.

This innovation seems fitting given Khatri's latest work. Traditionally, Ajrakh textiles functioned as men's shoulder cloths and doubled as spice sacks and prayer mats. In keeping with Islamic tradition, the designs never depict human or animal figures. But Khatri wants to keep his craft relevant for a contemporary market. In a recent show at Lakme Fashion Week, supermodels wore his bold, geometric prints on short skirts and dresses.

As Khatri says: "We have to be creative to continue."

9. What was a challenge for Transchem Agritech?

	Adjusting the system for the new industry.
	They had little experience with filters.
	The filters had to be repaired.

10. What are Khatri’s designs like?

	Suitable for modern consumers.
	They are daringly revealing.
	Disrespectful of old traditions.

Teksti

2026-06-22T15:48:27+03:00

exercise B

For each of these sentences, identify the 1) relative pronoun, 2) relative clause, and 3) the part of the sentence that the relative pronoun refers to.

1. Khatri, who learned the craft from his grandfather, shares his last name with many Muslim textile artisans in the region who brought their craft to India from Sindh in Pakistan.

2. That's the term for a treatment system that cleans dye-tainted water.

3. The ability to reuse water is critical for the village, which consumes over 52,000 gallons of water every day to maintain an annual output of over almost 460,000 square feet of hand-printed cloth.

4. As water levels decrease, minerals in it like iron become more concentrated, which can leave dark spots on prints after the artisans wash them.

5. But the output of the filter – about 13,500 gallons per day – is far from what they need to meet a growing demand for their textiles.

6. The largest systems are in South America, where they are predominantly used for treating industrial wastewater (…)

Teksti

2026-06-22T15:50:04+03:00

exercise C

How were the following phrases expressed in the text?


1. 37-vuotias Sufiyan Khatri	?
2. yksi; toinen; kolmas	?
3. tuhansia kiemurtelevia otuksia	?
4. kymmeniä kirkkaansinisiä muovilaatikkoja	?
5. yli 52 000 gallonaa vettä	?
6. 460 000 neliöjalkaa käsin painettua kangasta	?
7. satoja vuosia sitten	?
8. kolme kertaa nykyisen kokoinen	?
9. seuraavan kahden vuoden aikana	?
10. 1990-luvulla	?
11. suurimpia haasteita on	?
12. ensimmäinen käsityöteollisuudessa	?

Teksti

2026-06-22T16:03:00+03:00

exercise D

Confusables

These words sound and look similar but they have different meanings. Choose the word that best fits the context.

1. I fell down and got a slight graze / grace on my knee.
2. British holidaymakers enjoyed the balmy / barmy conditions in Spain.
3. I read in the paper that there is a serial / cereal killer on the loose.
4. Are you sure you want desert / dessert? Remember your diet.
5. A duel / dual would usually involve two noblemen fighting in order to restore their honor.
6. Would you be a dear and pour / pore me another glass?

7. Relax and just try to breath / breathe normally.
8. Ben is my confident / confidant, I tell him all my secrets.
9. The descent / decent from this mountain is not easy, you need to be a skilled climber to make it.
10. Who is your favorite heroin / heroine in Jane Austen’s novels?
11. Don’t peak / peek yet, I’m not fully dressed.
12. Help me with this crossword: which four-letter animals eat pray / prey, love?

SUBSTANTIIVIT: yksiköt monikot

2026-06-23T19:45:46+03:00

Yleensä monikon laittamalla -s-päätteen yksikköön:
a dog // many dogs
jos vartalo loppuu -s-äänteeseen, monikko on -es-päätteinen (-s, -ch, -sh, -x):
a bus // many buses
a match // many matches
a bush // many bushes
a fox // many foxes

jos -y:tä ennen on konsonantti, y muuttuu -ie:ksi:
a university // many universities
a lady // many ladies
a berry // many berries

jos -y:tä ennen on vokaali, y ei muutu:
a toy // many toys
a joy // many joys

monet ihmisen ravinnoksi käyttämät eläimet ja kalat: yksikkö ja monikko ovat samannäköisiä

a sheep // many sheep
a deer // many deer
a reindeer // many reindeer
an elk // many elk = hirvi
a moose // many moose = (iso kanadan)hirvi
a salmon // many salmon
a (rainbow) trout // many (rainbow) trout
a pike // many pike = hauki
a perch // many perch = ahven

Yksikön f muuttuu päätteen edellä v:ksi:
a wolf // many wolves
a knife // many knives
a wife // many wives
a thief // many thieves

EPÄSÄÄNNÖLLISIÄ MONIKKOJA:
a man // many men
a woman // many women
a foot // many feet
a tooth // many teeth
a goose // many geese

a mouse // many mice

a louse // many lice

Yksikkö ja monikko samannäköisiä; yksikön erottaa monikosta epämääräisestä artikkelista:

a species // many species

a series // many series
a means // many means
a crossroads // many crossroads
a craft // many craft
a spacecraft // many spacecraft

Yksikössä i; monikossa e:
a basis // many bases
an oasis // many oases
an analysis // many analyses
a crisis // many crises
a hypothesis // many hypotheses

HYVÄ MUISTISÄÄNTÖ: kirjain I näyttää numerolta 1; siitä muistaa, että i:llinen muoto on yksikkö (i = 1)

vieraasta kielestä (latinasta tai vanhasta kreikasta) tuleva monikko:
a phenomenon // many phenomena
a criterion // many criteria
a mitochondrion // many mitochondria

a syllabus // many syllabi = lukusuunnitelma; opintosuunnitelma
a hippotamus // many hippopotami = virtahepo

a larva // many larvae = toukka
an alga // many algae = levä
a nebula // many nebulae = tähtisumu

SINGULARS & PLURALS:

2026-06-23T19:51:18+03:00

Yleensä monikon tunnus on -s:
a dog // many dogs

Jos substantiivin vartalo loppuu -s-äänteeseen (-s, -sh, -ch, -x, -z), päätteeseen tulee apuvokaali e:
a bus // many buses
a bush // many bushes
a match // many matches
a fox // many foxes

Jos vokaalia ennen on konsonantti, y muuttuu -ie:ksi:
a hobby // many hobbies
a lady // many ladies
a university // mnay universities

Jos -y:tä ennen on vokaali, -y ei muutu:
a toy // many toys
a joy // many joys

On yksikköjä ja monikkoja, jotka näyttävät samoilta; yksikön erottaa monikosta epämääräinen artikkeli:
a series // many series
a species // many species
a crossroads // many crossroads
a craft // many craft
a spacecraft // many spacecraft

monet ihmisen ravinnoksi käyttämät eläimet ja kalat ovat yksikössä ja monikossa samannäköisiä:
a sheep // many sheep
a deer // many deer
a reindeer // many reindeer
an elk // many elk
a moose // many moose
a salmon // many salmon
a (rainbow) trout // many (rainbow) trout = taimen
a pike // many pike = hauki
a perch // many perch = ahven

Yksikössä i; monikossa e:
a crisis / many crises
an oasis / many oases
an analysis / many analyses
a thesis / many theses
a hypothesis / many hypotheses
HYVÄ MUISTISÄÄNTÖ: kirjain i näyttää numerolta 1; siitä muistaa, että i:llinen muoto on yksikkö!

MONIKKO tulee vieraista kielistä (latinasta & vanhasta kreikasta):
a larva // many larvae = toukka
a nebula // many nebulae = tähtisumu

a nucleus / many nuclei = tuma (biologia); ydin (fysiikka)
a hippopotamus // hippopotami = virtahepo
a syllabus // many syllabi = luku-, opintosuunnitelma

a phenomenon/ many phenomena
a criterion/ many criteria
a mitochondrion/ many mitochrondia

Suomessa voi olla yksikkö, mutta sana on AINA monikollinen englannissa:

The Middle Ages = keskiaika
surroundings
outskirts
manners = käytös; käytöstavat
spirits = mieliala; väkevä alkoholi
goods = tavarat
scales = vaaka
scissors
glasses / spectacles = silmälasit
binoculars = kiikarit
contents = sisältö
Customs = tulli
jeans
trousers
pants
tights = sukkahousut; trikoot
leggings
shorts
pyjamas

ie.g. The contents of the parcel were surprising. = Postipaketin sisältö oli yllätyksellinen.
The Middle Ages were not a dark era. = Keskiaika ei ollut pimeä aikakausi.
The surroundings of Helsinki have changed a great deal in recent years. = Helsingin ympäristö on muuttunut kovasti viime vuosina.

On sanoja, jotka suomessa ovat monikkoja, mutta englannissa AINA yksikköjä:
advice = neuvoja
baggage = luggage = matkatavaroita
equipment = välineitä
evidence = todisteita
furniture = huonekaluja
homework = läksyjä
housework = kotitaloustöitä
information = tietoja
jewellery (BrE); jewelry (AmE) = jalokiviä; koruja
money = rahaa; rahoja
news = uutisia

Jos haluaa yksikön, täytyy epämääräistä artikkelia ennen olla substantiivi, jota ennen voi olla epämääräinen artikkeli a / an:
an item of news / a piece of news // a word of advice
That was an item of good news / a piece of good news. = Tuo oli hyvä uutinen.
Marc gave me a word of sound advice. = Marc antoi minulle yhden järkevän neuvon.
Milja bought a piece of old furniture. = Milja osti yhden vanhan huonekalun.
Milja sold old furniture. = Milja myi vanhoja huonekaluja.
The teacher gave us homework. = Opettaja antoi meille läksyjä.
It was a very difficult piece of homework. = Se oli hyvin vaikea kotitehtävä.

Kaikki sanat ovat yksikössä; myös sanaan viittaava pronomini:
Where is the money? I left it on the kitchen table. (= Jätin ne keittiönpöydälle.)
That was good news. (= Nuo olivat hyviä uutisia.)

advice
Give me some advice. = Anna minulle neuvoja.
1) ei koskaan a / an ennen advice-sanaa
2) advice ei koskaan saa monikkoa -s (on jo itsessään monikko)
The advice you gave me was very useful.
Neuvot, jotka annoit minulle, olivat hyödyllisiä. (käännös on suomessa monikossa; mutta englannissa kaikki on yksikössä)

seuraavat sanat ovat AINA MONIKKOJA englannissa, vaikka näyttävät yksiköltä:
people = ihmisiä; ihmiset, police, cattle = nautakarja, poultry = siipikarja
People need other people.
The police were already at the scene of crime.
The cattle were grazing on the hills.
The poultry have always been on the yard.

Teksti

2026-06-22T16:05:58+03:00

exercise 25

Change the sentences from singular to plural, or from plural to singular. Pay special attention to articles, verbs and pronouns.

Singular


1. There is a potato, a tomato, a peach, a loaf of bread, and a salmon in the trolley.	?
2. The bird of prey on the roof of the factory was watching the man with a hungry eye.	?
3. A moose was eating a maple leaf when it smelled the wolf.	?
4. The headquarters of the organization dedicated to protecting an endangered animal species is situated in this office building.	?
5. The child was reading an exciting story about an elf, a dwarf, and a hungry wolf in a faraway country.	?
6. My boss has finally finished his/her analysis.	?
7. Doesn’t that person in the photo remind you of an ancient Greek hero?	?
8. A physicist has been studying a strange phenomenon connected to an environmental crisis in a Ukrainian village for a year.	?
9. The student’s homework was to watch a series about the first spacecraft and its destiny.	?
10. My sister-in-law’s baby got her first tooth, which is why she cried for an hour.	?

Teksti

2026-06-22T16:20:49+03:00

exercise 27

More advanced. Change the nouns from singular to plural. Pay special attention to articles and pronouns.

The world of Muggles and Quidditch

In Harry Potter 1. __________________________ (a story), non-magical 2. __________________________________ (a person) called Muggles and 3. ___________________________________ (the family) with 4. ________________________________ (a witch) and wizards, receive a letter inviting 5. _____________________________________________________________ (their ten-year-old child) to a special school called Hogwarts.

You keep your 6. ________________________________ (money) at Grin their ten-year-old childrengotts Bank, where 7. ________________________________ (the employee) are Goblins. In Diagon Alley, you may also run into other peculiar characters, such as 8. ______________________________ (an elf), or Veela, who are 9. ___________________________________________ (a beautiful woman) that turn into monsters, or 10. ______________________________ (a man) who turn into 11. ______________________________ (a wolf). There are also Animagi, who can turn themselves into different animals such as 12. ____________________________ (a goose), or 13. __________________________________ (a reindeer), and you can even see a Patronus, which can look like 14. _____________________ (a deer), or 15. _________________________________ (a moose), or 16. ____________________ (a fox).
In Divination, students learn to tell the future using 17. ______________________________________ (a tea leaf), and at Herbology they learn to make potions that may make your 18. ________________________________ (a foot) grow bigger, or your 19. _______________________________(a tooth) turn black, or even turn 20. ____________________________________ (your enemy) into 21. _________________________________ (a cockroach), 22. ________________________________ (a fly), or 23. ____________________________ (a mouse). In some 24. ________________________ (a class) you may be asked to take care of 25. _________________________________________________ (a magical animal species), such as Flobberworms. There are even special courses on how to understand human beings…

Teksti

2026-06-22T16:22:59+03:00

exercise 28

Homework. Write in English.

🔒 You will get the correct answers from your teacher.


1. Biologian tunneilla opiskelijoita pyydettiin ryhmittelemään eläinlajeja erilaisin perustein.	?
2. Listalla oli perhosia, susia, hiiriä, poroja, lohia, kettuja, hanhia ja lampaita.	?
3. Ihmiset käyttivät eri kriteerejä, kun he kuvailivat ilmiöitä.	?
4. Tunnin tutkimustyön jälkeen analyysit esiteltiin esitelmäsarjana.	?

Teksti

2026-06-23T11:07:20+03:00

exercise 29

Say the sentences in English.


1. Uutiset olivat huonoja.	?
2. Pääministeri kätteli presidenttiä.	?
3. Karja siirrettiin toiselle pellolle.	?
4. Paikallispolitiikka on kiinnostavampaa kuin kansainvälinen politiikka.	?
5. Uudet jääkiekkovarusteeni olivat kalliit.	?
6. Nyt tarvitaan hyviä neuvoja.	?
7. Voi ei! Kävelin tikapuiden alta.	?
8. Väkijoukko osoittaa suosiotaan.	?
9. Kimin korut varastettiin Pariisissa.	?
10. Kasvosi näyttävät tutuilta.	?
11. Yhdistyneillä kansakunnilla on päämaja New Yorkissa.	?
12. Veljenpoikani ristiäiset olivat kauniit.	?
13. Poliisi tutkii parhaillaan murtovarkauksien sarjaa.	?

Teksti

2026-06-23T11:13:56+03:00

exercise 30.

Choose the best alternative.

Was / Were the Middle Ages really as dark as we think?
Table manners was / were important, and there were even written manuals on how to behave at the dinner table.
Most housework was / were done by women.
Cattle was / were very important for peasants.
Poultry were / was raised for meat, feathers, and especially eggs.
In those days, politics were / was based on feudalism.
Goods were / was transported to Europe all the way from China.
Knowledge was / were spread by special messengers, or by rumours and gossip.
Scientific progress was / were made in monasteries and universities.
Mathematics was / were a very important subject, especially after the introduction of Arabic numbers.
Physics was / were a more controversial subject due to the influence of the Catholic Church.
Modern machinery was / were developed especially for military purposes.
Most people was / were Christians, but superstitions were strong, especially in rural areas.

Teksti

2026-06-23T11:18:02+03:00

exercise 31

More advanced. Fill in according to the clues.

We were invited to _____________________________________________________________ last summer. (minun serkkuni häät)
The good news ________________________________ that the ceremony was going to take place in Scotland. (uutinen oli)
My cousin studies history there, but __________________________________________ his real passion in life. (politiikka on)
We had to ______________________________________________________ twice to get to the venue. (vaihtaa junaa)
__________________________________________________________________ amazing. (ympäristö oli)
___________________________________________________________ dressed in kilts. (ihmiset olivat)
The bride’s __________________________________________________ spectacular. (korut olivat)
The priest offered the couple _______________________________________________________ in his sermon. (monia neuvoja)
The bride’s _______________________________________________ wet with tears. (kasvot olivat)
It was _________________________________________________ I’ve ever been to. (parhaat juhlat)

Teksti

2026-06-23T11:22:59+03:00

exercise 32

Homework. Write in English.

🔒 You will get the correct answers from your teacher.


1. Netissä on ollut monia uutisia siitä, miten ihmiset reagoivat uhkiin.	?
2. Tutkijat yrittävät selvittää, kuinka ihmisaivot toimivat.	?
3. Asiantuntijat keräävät lisää todisteita siitä, että tietoja on käytetty väärin.	?
4. Näillä tutkimuksilla hallitus toivoo parantavansa tilannetta.	?

ARTICLES a / an / - / the

2026-06-23T11:31:13+03:00

exercise 34

Choose the best alternative.

Aliya is 1. - / a / an / the 11-year-old Indian girl. She is 2. - / a / an / the very lucky girl. She is lucky because she goes to 3. a / a / an / the school. Unlike 4. a / a / an / the Finnish pupils, she doesn’t take 5. - / a / an / the bus to school every morning. She has 6. - / a / an / the hour-long walk to school from 7. a / an / the / - village of Khadar where her family lives. As
8. an / the / a / - adult, she wants to be 9. a / the / - / an engineer, to make sure that everyone in India will have access to 10. – / a / an / the clean water. Even though Aliya’s parents pay 800 rupees 11. a / the / an / - month for her education, 12. the / a / an / - school that Aliya goes to doesn’t have 13. a / an / - / the toilet, 14. – / the / an / a electricity, or 15. – / the / a / an qualified teachers.

Teksti

2026-06-23T11:33:48+03:00

exercise 35

More advanced. Choose the best alternative. Pay attention to the position of the articles.

The result of the election was – quite a surprise.
It was an excruciatingly – long and – tiresome – evening for the candidates.
The reporters kept asking the officials – how –long a time it would take for the final results to appear.
One of them commented on what – awful – weather it was.
For many, it was – too long a wait.
After – such a lengthy – campaign, it was – rather a relief to finally get the results.
What a memorable – day for the whole – country!
The President gave a surprisingly – bland and – unconvincing – speech to congratulate the winner.
– however – bitter a defeat it was, everyone was relieved that the campaign was finally over.
It was – so – historic a result that – all the representatives of the media were stunned.

Teksti

2026-06-23T11:41:13+03:00

exercise 36

Homework. Add the missing articles (a / an / the / –).

🔒 You will get the correct answers from your teacher.

Talking about ______________ modern art, __________________________ most people know ___________________ name Picasso, but few people know that he was actually ________________________ Spaniard. He was born in _________________________ southern Spain, in _________________________city of _________________ Malaga, and as ____________________ young man he studied___________________________ traditional art with a famous Spanish painter.
At ___________________________ age of 20, Picasso decided to move to _____________________________ Paris, which was _________________________ centre of ________________________ culture at the time. Together with _____________________ Hungarian friend of his, he developed ________________ completely new and __________________ innovative style of ________________________ painting called _____________________ Cubism. If you look at _____________________ Cubist work of ___________________ art, you may see__________________________ ordinary object such as ___________________________ violin, ____________________ old newspaper, or _______________ glass of _______________________ wine in the painting, but _____________________ parts of _________________ objects may be scattered all over ____________________ canvas. Later in _________________ life, Picasso became ________________________ innovative sculptor. He would take __________________ everyday object like ________________ used tyre, or _____________________ piece of ____________________________ furniture, and use it to create _______________________________ sculpture.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS:

2026-06-23T20:00:19+03:00

Indefinitive pronouns:
1. a) every + pääsana
He goes to the gym every day.
Every student knows that smoking is not allowed in school premises.
b) everybody / everyone
Everybody goes to school in Finland.
c) everything
Everything seems to go wrong today.
NB!
Every one of us knows the truth.

2. a) some + pääsana
I'll go to Australia some day.
I want to have some sugar with my coffee.
Some people don't drink coffee at all.
I don't want a / some stranger see me in this situation.
NB!
One of the boys was absent.
Some of the boys were absent.
b) somebody / someone
There is somebody at the door.Somebody stole my bike.
c) something
Something went wrong.
NB!
There is something rotten in the state of Denmark.
You are something special.

3. a) 1. any + pääsana TAHANSA
You can call me any time.
a 2.) kieltosanan tai rajoittavan sanan kanssa
(not, never)
(hardly = barely = scarcely = TUSKIN; seldom = rarely = HARVOIN; only)
He had never seen any foreigner.
He had hardly seen any foreigner.
a 3.) kysymyksissä
Have you ever seen any snake?
b) 1. anybody / anyone
= TAHANSA
Anybody can solve this problem.
b 2.
We haven't ever seen anybody.
I hardly saw anybody there.
b 3. Have you talked to anyone today?
3. a ANYTHING
Anything can happen.
b. I hardly / seldom said anything.
c. Have you eaten anything today?

4. NO + pääsana
No man is an island. = Yksikään ihminen ei ole saari.
No car is affordable to me.
b) nobody / no one
"Nobody knows the troubles I've seen..."
c) nothing
Nothing changed.
NB!
None of us remember / remembers him.
NB!
Kari saw two eagles. I saw none.

Everyone knows her / him.
Every girl should have the right to go to school.

Everything goes wrong today.
Every book is worth reading.
Every one of us knows the truth.

Someone / somebody stole my bike.
Some boy bullied him.
One of the boys bullied Marc.
Some of the boys bullied Marc.
Something went wrong.
He said so for some reason.
He knows some Finnish.
1. Anybody could do it.
2. He doesn't know anybody here.
3. Do you know anybody here?
1. Any student could do that.
2. He doesn't know any student in this school.
3. Do you know any student in your class?
1. Anything can happen.
2. He never says anything in class.
3. Did he say anything?
1. Any of the topics interests me.
Any of us could help you.
2. She didn't know any of us.
3. Do you know any of them?
Nobody / no one knows me.
No student could solve the problem.
Nothing ever happens here.
I have no money.
None of you know me.

Teksti

2026-06-23T20:02:59+03:00

exercise 49

Express in English.


1. Kukaan ei tiedä, mitä tapahtui viime perjantaina.	?
2. Kaikki olivat innoissaan juhlista.	?
3. Jokainen vieraista hyväksyi kutsun.	?
4. Tunsivatko kaikki vieraista toisensa?	?
5. Tuskin kukaan epäili mitään.	?
6. Kaikki vieraat katosivat juhlien jälkeen.	?
7. Ketään heistä ei ole koskaan nähty missään.	?
8. Mitä tahansa on voinut tapahtua.	?
9. Kukaan ei ole varma siitä, mitä tapahtui.	?
10. Kaikki eivät ole menettäneet vielä toivoaan.	?


11. Tapaus on kaikkea muuta kuin selvä.	?
12. Toiset uskovat, että avaruusoliot kaappasivat vieraat, toiset ovat sitä mieltä, että heidät murhattiin.	?
13. Jokainen kolmesta naapuristani oli kutsuttu juhliin.	?
14. Molemmat serkkuni olivat myös siellä.	?
15. Kumpikaan heistä ei tullut koskaan takaisin.	?
16. Aina silloin tällöin jotkut ihmiset väittävät selvittäneensä arvoituksen.	?
17. Joka toisena päivänä on jokin uusi teoria siitä, mitä tapahtui.	?
18. Muistan kaksi teoriaa: toinen on outo ja toinen on typerä.	?
19. Joko koko juttu on kepponen tai jotain outoa on tapahtunut.	?
20. Tavalla tai toisella totuus tulee esiin.	?

Teksti

2026-06-23T20:05:47+03:00

exercise 52

Homework. Translate into English.

🔒 You will get the correct answers from your teacher.


1. Mikään ei pelota minua enemmän kuin olla kotona yöllä yksin.	?
2. Kaikki pelkäävät jotain.	?
3. Kaikki eivät usko kummituksiin.	?
4. Kukaan meistä ei voi tietää, miltä toisista todella tuntuu.	?
5. Mikä tahansa voi olla jostakusta pelottavaa.	?
6. Toiset pelkäävät hiiriä ja toiset torakoita.	?

Glossary: Environment / Sustainable development

2026-06-23T20:09:55+03:00

Glossary


aurinkopaneeli	solar panel	?
biohajoava, luonnossa hajoava	biodegradable	?
elinympäristö (eläinten tai kasvien)	habitat	?
eroosio, maanpinnan kuluminen	erosion	?
fossiiliset polttoaineet	fossil fuels	?
happosade	acid rain	?
hedelmällinen, viljava	fertile	?
hiilidioksidi	carbon dioxide	?
hiilijalanjälki	carbon footprint	?
hiilineutraali	carbon neutral	?
ilmaston lämpeneminen	global warming	?
ilmastonmuutos	climate change	?
jätevesi	sewage	?
kaatopaikka	landfill (site)	?
kastelujärjestelmä	irrigation system	?
kasvihuoneilmiö	greenhouse effect	?
kasvimyrkky	herbicide	?
kasvit ja eläimet	flora and fauna	?
kestävä kehitys	sustainable development	?
kierrätys	recycling	?
kotitalousjäte	domestic waste, household waste	?
kuivuus	drought	?
kulutus	consumption	?
kuolla sukupuuttoon	die out, go extinct, become extinct	?
käyttää uudelleen	reuse	?
köyhtyminen (maaperän)	degradation	?
lannoite	fertilizer/fertiliser	?
luonnon monimuotoisuus, biodiversiteetti	biodiversity	?
luonnonsuojelu, ympäristönsuojelu	conservation	?
maaperä	soil, dirt, earth, ground	?
metsien häviäminen	deforestation	?
nälänhätä	famine	?
ongelmajäte	hazardous waste	?
pullonpalautus	bottle bank	?
päästöt	emissions	?
savusumu	smog	?
saastuminen, saasteet	pollution	?
saastuttava aine	pollutant	?
sukupuuttoon kuoleminen	extinction	?
suojella (luontoa)	preserve	?
säteily	radiation	?
tuholaismyrkky	pesticide	?
tulva	flood	?
tutkimus ja kehitys	research and development (R&D)	?
tuulivoimala	wind farm	?
uhanalainen laji	endangered species	?
uusiutuva energia	renewable energy	?
ydinvoimala	nuclear power plant	?
yritysten sosiaalinen vastuu	corporate social responsibility (CSR)	?
öljyonnettomuus, öljyvuoto	oil spill	?

renewables:


?	wave power	?
aurinkoenergia	solar energy	?
geoterminen energia, maansisäinen energia	geothermal energy	?
tuulivoima	wind power	?
vesivoima	hydropower	?
vuorovesivoima	tidal power	?

Teksti

2026-06-23T20:13:24+03:00

exercise A

Choose the best alternative.

1. It’s a shame that solar energy can’t be produced at night.
2. If we continue destroying animals’ habitats, more and more species will go extinct.
3. A hundred years ago these fields were so fertile that they could easily feed the whole village.
4. I wouldn’t call that hazardous waste, but you shouldn’t put it in the ordinary trash can either.
5. I installed these new solar panels on my roof. This should cut down my electricity bill.
6. The smell of sewage is terrible! I wish they would build these drains somewhere else.
7.–8. Instead of burning fossil fuels, we should move towards renewable energy.
9.–10. To my knowledge, the Vatican was the first carbon neutral country in the world. Finland should follow its example, since climate change is a serious matter.

Teksti

2026-06-23T20:18:10+03:00

exercise B

Combine the words that go together. There are some extra words in the box.

canvas bag • turbines • water • gamma • degradation • preserving nature • corporate social responsibility • starvation • extinction • biodegradable • acid rain • melting glaciers • recycling • cockroaches

endangered species
global warming
radiation
pesticides
wind power
bottle bank
famine
conservation
reuse
irrigation system

Teksti

2026-06-23T20:21:46+03:00

exercise C

Choose the correct definition for each term.

fertile producing many large crops
biodegradable able to decay naturally
drought a period of extreme dryness
sewage waste liquids or matter
irrigation the watering of an area

Glossary: Economy / Work

2026-06-23T11:44:16+03:00

Glossary


ammatti (akateeminen)	occupation, profession	?
ammatti (ei-akateeminen)	trade, vocation	?
ammattiyhdistys	trade union	?
arvostettu osake	blue chip (stock)	?
brutto / netto	gross / net	?
bruttokansantuote (BKT)	Gross Domestic Product (GDP)	?
budjettivaje	budget deficit	?
erota	resign, quit	?
erottaa	fire, let somebody go, sack	?
henkilökunta	staff, personnel	?
isyysvapaa	paternity leave	?
joustava työaika	flexitime, flexible working hours	?
kauppatavara	merchandise	?
kollega, työkaveri	co-worker, colleague	?
konkurssi	bankruptcy	?
korkotaso	interest rate	?
kotimaanmarkkinat	domestic market	?
kulutus	consumption	?
kysyntä ja tarjonta	supply and demand	?
lakko; lakkoilla	strike	?
lama, taantuma	depression, recession	?
luontaisedut	fringe benefits, perks	?
mennä konkurssiin	go bankrupt	?
minimipalkka	minimum wage	?
palkankorotus	raise	?
palkka	pay(check), salary, wages	?
pätkätyö	short-term employment, temporary work	?
pätkätyöläinen	temp	?
pörssi	stock exchange, stock market	?
rahayksikkö, valuutta	currency	?
rahoittaa	finance	?
ruumiillisen työn tekijä	blue-collar worker	?
sairasloma	sick leave	?
sijoitus	investment	?
talousjohtaja	Chief Financial Officer (CFO)	?
toimistotyöntekijä	white-collar worker	?
toimitusjohtaja	Chief Executive Officer (CEO)	?
tulot	income	?
työnantaja	employer	?
työntekijä	employee, worker	?
vanhempainvapaa	parental leave	?
varat	assets	?
verotus	taxation	?
vuorotyö	shift work	?
vähittäiskauppa	retail	?
ylennys	promotion	?
yrittäjä	entrepreneur, self-employed	?
yritys	business, company, enterprise	?
äitiysvapaa	maternity leave	?

Teksti

2026-06-23T11:47:13+03:00

exercise A

Choose the best alternative.

Working as an entrepreneur can be extremely hard and time-consuming, since you have to manage more than the average worker.
The common currency has made it more convenient for people to travel in many European countries.
As a white-collar worker I’m not required to do any physical labor.
My colleague is the only reason I even bother showing up at work anymore. She is always there for me.
The airline pilots are on strike again. They are demanding more money.
We’re hoping to get our product into retail.
Marc is really looking forward to his paternity leave so he can spend more time with their infant.
Disney is one of the all-time best-known blue chips.
Finland went through a severe recession in the early 90s.
She is seriously considering whether to finance his new project.

Teksti

2026-06-23T11:48:49+03:00

exercise B

Translate.


1. Kysynnän ja tarjonnan tulisi ohjata markkinoita.	?
2. Jos saisin palkankorotuksen, se auttaisi minua maksamaan laskuni.	?
3. Ansaitsen aika paljon, mutta korkeasta verotuksesta johtuen nettotuloni eivät koskaan riitä.	?
4. Yhtiömme menestys on täysin ahkeran henkilökuntamme ansiota.	?
5. Talousjohtaja ja toimitusjohtaja erosivat sen jälkeen, kun menettivät luontaisetunsa.	?

Teksti

2026-06-23T11:51:28+03:00

exercise C

Choose the correct definition for each term.

GDP the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country in one year
blue chip a stock with a high investment quality
bankruptcy complete failure or impoverishment
assets the entire property of a person, association or corporation
retail selling directly to consumers

Teksti

2026-06-23T19:06:53+03:00

LAUSEENVASTIKKEET / SHORTENED SENTENCES:
After reading the paper, I went to take a shower.
Having read the paper, I went to take a shower.
alkuperäinen temporaalinen l. aikaa ilmmaiseva sivulause: After I had read the paper, I went to take a shower.

1. relatiivilauseiden vastikkeet:
1) aktiivilauseet lyhennetään -ing-muodolla:
The woman who sings on this record has a very fine voice.
The woman singing on this record has a very fine voice.

2) passivilauseet lyhennetään teeman 3. muodolla:
I read a novel that / which had been written in the 18th century.
= I read a novel written in the 18th century.

3) prepositiofraasi lauseenvastikkeena:
Who is the woman that is wearing a black dress?
= Who is the woman in the black dress?
The man who has the red hair and beard is a famous Norwegian actor.
The man with the red hair and beard is ...

4) infinitiivi, jos edellä the next, the last, the only, superlatiivi, järjestysluku

The nicest things that happened to me...
= The nicest things to happen to me

Neil Armstrong was the first person who stepped on the Moon.

... the first person to step on the Moon.
Who was the first person that / who flew solo over the Atlantic?
...= Who was the first person to fly solo over the Atlantic?
It was the most beautiful thing that was said to me.
= It was the most beautiful thing to be said to me.

2. aikaa ilmaisevat l. temporaaliset lauseenvastikkeet (after, before, when, while...)
After I had heard about the summit, I decided to learn more about.
After hearing about the summit, I decided...
Having heard about the summit, I decided...
Before I ordered the three-course meal, I read the menu very carefully.
= Before ordering the three-course meal, I read...
When we were told how much it cost, we knew we were in trouble.
= When told how much it cost, we knew...

= Being told how much it cost, we knew...

3. kausaaliset lauseenvastikkeet = syytä ilmaisevat (as, because, since)
As Marc had missed the bus, he got home in the middle of the night.
= Missing the bus, Marc got home...
As / Since he didn't want to wake up the others, he tiptoed to his room.
= Not wanting to wake up the others, he tiptoed to his room.
As he was exhausted, he went straight to bed.
= Exhausted, he went straight to bed.

4. konsessiiviset lauseenvastikkeet l. myönnytystä ilmaisevat (although)
Although Sam in his nineties, he still enjoyed gardening.
= Though in his nineties, Sam still enjoyed gardening.

5. ehtolausetta ilmaisevat l. konditionaaliset (if, unless)
If the weather is good, we'll go sailing.
= The weather being good, we'll go sailing.
Unless it is kept in the fridge, milk will go sour.
= Unless kept in the fridge, milk will go sour.

6. tarkoitusta ilmaisevat l. finaaliset
The Mohells went to Australia so that they would have a better life.
= The Mohells went to Australia (in order) to have a better life.
I didn't say a word so that I wouldn't hurt your feelings.
= I didn't say a word so as not to hurt your feelings.

7. sanonnat
God willing we'll meet again.
= If God so wills, we'll meet again.
Weather permitting, we'll go on a picnic tomorrow.
= If the weather permits, we'll go...

Teksti

2026-06-23T19:09:10+03:00

exercise 86

Say the sentences in Finnish.

Huom. Suomennoksissa lauseenvastikkeet on muutettu sivulauseiksi. Joissain tapauksissa myös suomessa lauseenvastike olisi mahdollinen.


1. I don’t know anyone working as hard as you.	?
2. Anybody saying that about you is an idiot.	?
3. The works shown at the exhibition looked very interesting.	?
4. Paintings done in watercolours do not normally appeal to me.	?
5. New York is a city with a lot to offer for visitors.	?
6. Seeing the newspaper, I knew I had missed something vital.	?
7. Having read everything twice, I had been sure the article was perfect.	?
8. If offered a chance to re-do it, I’d grab it.	?
9. Never having been acknowledged as a master, I was eager for fame at last.	?
10. Having been told so many lies, I didn’t know what to believe.	?


11. In my building there’s someone selling stolen goods.	?
12. People buying them should be punished.	?
13. Vegetables grown organically are often expensive.	?
14. Some of the money paid for fair trade products benefits the farmers.	?
15. He’s a man with nothing interesting to say.	?
16. Reading the book, I couldn’t help but compare it to the film.	?
17. Having seen it several times, I was pretty familiar with it.	?
18. Given a chance to write a review of the book, I nevertheless turned it down.	?
19. Never having been asked to do anything like that, I was simply too nervous.	?
20. Having been considered good enough for the job, I still felt pleased with myself.	?

Teksti

2026-06-23T19:12:54+03:00

exercise 87

Change the relative clauses into shortened sentences.

1. I have a neighbour who listens to music at full volume.

2. In addition, the music which is played there is simply awful.

3. I don’t usually care for people who complain about their neighbours.

4. But people who have no concern for others are idiots.

5. Or perhaps they are the last ones who hear about the noise they make.

6. I don’t know a lot of people that are shown in my grandparents’ photo albums.

7. Pictures which were taken over fifty years ago often look so serious.

8. Why are there no people who would laugh at the camera?

9. Is it because of the considerable price that was paid for those pictures?

10. So were the people who paid for them thinking of money?

Teksti

2026-06-23T19:15:41+03:00

exercise 88

More advanced. Make sentences with shortened clauses.

1. When you travel abroad, you get new experiences.

2. If it is experienced firsthand, a well-worn tourist site may be great.

3. Although I have seen many famous sights, I still think nothing tops the Grand Canyon.

4. It couldn’t be more beautiful even if it had been designed by artists.

5. Because I had been asked to join a trip to see it, I am forever grateful to my friends.

6. As I had seen pictures of it, I thought I’d know what to expect.

7. But when I had stepped close to the edge of the canyon, I just couldn’t feel jaded.

8. After I had admired the sight, I wanted to be on my own.

9. As I had been told not to go anywhere, I had to wait for my friends.

Teksti

2026-06-23T19:18:10+03:00

exercise 89

Homework. Translate.

🔒 You will get the correct answers from your teacher.


1. Tässä on lista kokoukseen osallistuvista jäsenistä.	?
2. Mitä mieltä olet viime kerralla esitellystä projektista?	?
3. Kunnolla tehtynä se voi olla suuri menestys.	?
4. Luettuani artikkelin projektin ympäristövaikutuksista en ole enää niin varma.	?
5. Mielestäni ympäristön unohtavat ihmiset ovat vastuuttomia.	?

Teksti

2026-06-23T19:32:26+03:00

exercise 92

Choose the best alternative.

The firm was in financial difficulties. On the other hand / Furthermore / Nevertheless, it survived the recession.
Cloud services are useful. Accordingly / Consequently / On the other hand, some of them are a bit unreliable.
There were several negatives in the deal. For example / That's why / Thus, the upkeep costs were too high.
We requested an estimate. As a result / However / Therefore, we received no reply for two weeks.
Jonas always argues with his colleagues. Instead / What's more / All in all, he often disagrees with the boss.
The delivery arrived late. Needless to say / Moreover / On top of that, we were all upset.
Our firm won the bidding war. Besides / What is more / Consequently, we landed the deal.
Janet puts in a lot of hours and is smart. Nevertheless / All the same / For all that, she is not up for promotion.
We'd like to prevent the merger. In brief / Whereas / In short, we'd like to remain an independent company.
Being an entrepreneur has really affected my income. On the whole / On the other hand / Nonetheless, I'm satisfied with how much I make.

Teksti

2026-06-23T19:40:57+03:00

exercise 93

Choose the best alternative.

A new breed of employees, 1. in brief / therefore / namely young people called Generation Z, are about enter the job market. This generation is used to being connected through technology. 2. Whilst / While / What is more, they are accustomed to active social contact, not only face to face, but also online. 3. Namely / In consequence / Therefore, they will embrace any mentors willing to guide them at the beginning of their careers. While they are easy-going and modest, 4. on the other hand / that's why / accodingly, they are also highly ambitious.
5. That is why / nevertheless / Yet most of them will want to become managers during their careers.
6. However / As a result / All in all, in terms of the changing workforce, it is not just a new generation that will affect the working environment. We will also see the return of the so-called boomerang employee. This is an employee, 7. for instance / instead / for all that, that left a company years ago but wants to return. These employees are familiar with the company culture. 8. As a result / Consequently / Thus, they won't require much training.
9. All in all / Furthermore / In sum, employee trends are evolving in the modern workplace. Also, technology, layouts, and work-life balance considerations are causing new trends that will affect the workplace.

Teksti

2026-06-23T19:43:10+03:00

exercise 94

Homework. Translate into English.

🔒 You will get the correct answers from your teacher.


1. Ennen kaikkea muista tehdä juuri kuten sanon.	?
2. Kuitenkin olen joskus antanut sinulle huonojakin neuvoja.	?
3. Siitä syystä menetit kerran paljon rahaa.	?
4. Toisaalta oma tahto on hyvä olla olemassa.	?
5. Siksi kannattaa käyttää tervettä järkeä eikä aina totella minua.	?