ENA5 / KESÄKURSSI / Haaksluoto / 2025 - 2026 / June - August 2026

Koealue

2026-05-13T12:26:28+03:00

Glossary: Traffic p. 24 – 25
Glossary: Psychology p. 36 – 37
Glossary: Science and technology p. 64 – 65
Texts: a) Text 3 Why we do what we do p. 28 – 35; b) Text 5: The ubiquitous woman p. 43 – 53; c) Text 6: Don’t bet on it p. 55 – 63

Grammar: a) Infinitiivit & -ing-muodot p. 152 – 171; b) Paljoussanat p. 172 – 181; c) Numerot & numeraalit p. 182 – 200

Kokeeseen tulee myös:

kuunteluja & ehkä videoita
luetunymmärtämisiä
kirjoitelma (700 – 1,300 merkkiä)

Koepäivien vaihtoehdot

2026-05-23T08:39:42+03:00

Voit tehdä kesäkurssin ENA5-kokeen jonain alla luetelluista päivistä. ILMOITA MINULLE (erja.haaksluoto@tyk.fi), MILLOIN HALUAT TEHDÄ KOKEEN.

1. perjantai 28.8.2026 klo 17.00 - 20.05
2. varsinainen uusintakoepäivä perjantai 4.9.2026 klo 17.00 - 20.05
3. I koeviikon 1. koepäivä keskiviikko 30.9.2026 klo 17.00 - 21.00
4. I koeviikon 2. koepäivä torstai 1.10.2026 klo 17.00 - 21.00
5. I koeviikon 3. koepäivä perjantai 2.10.2026 klo 17.00 - 21.00

ENA5 / ENGLISH / ADVANCED / NEW INSIGHTS MODULE 5 / SCHOOL YEAR 2025 – 2026 / SUMMER PERIOD JUNE - AUGUST 2026

2026-05-23T08:39:08+03:00

Töölön yhteiskoulun aikuislukio, Urheilukatu 10 - 12, 00250 Helsinki

Teacher: Erja H. Haaksluoto; e-mail: erja.haaksluoto@tyk.fi

Available for consultation: either on email: erja.haaksluoto@tyk.fi or on work phone: + 358 400 150 327 or on Google Meet: meet.google.com/her-rxva-umj

Book: Elina Karapalo – Paula Keltto – Mark Kilmer – Päivi Kuusivaara - Teijo Päkkilä – Annukka Suonio: New Insights Module 5 (Otava)

SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE:

The theme of the course is TECHNOLOGY and SCIENCE. In grammar and structures we shall deal with important structures such as infinitives, ING-forms and THAT-clauses. We shall also take a close look at words of quantity, NUMBERS / NUMERALS and expressions of time

STUDY PLAN:

Introduction to the course; home assignment p. 145 - 147 // Text 3 Why we do what we do p. 28 / ex. 3a p. 30 // GRAMMAR: The infinitive p. 152 - 156 / ENGAGE p. 153 // Glossary: Traffic p. 24
Translation B p. 25 // ex. 3b p. 30 & 3d p. 31 & 3e p. 32 & 3j p. 35 // Glossary: Psychology p. 36 - 37 // GRAMMAR: The infinitive p. 152 - 156
GRAMMAR: The infinitive p. 152 - 156 // ex. 1 p. 157, ex. 2 p. 158, ex. 4 p. 159 & ex. 5 p. 160
GRAMMAR: The infinitive or THAT-clause? p. 157 // ex. 6 & 7 & 8 p. 160 - 162 // Text 3 The ubiquitous woman p. 43 – 45
Text 3 The ubiquitous woman p. 43 - 45 // GRAMMAR: The -ING form p. 163 – 165 // ex. 10 p. 167
GRAMMAR: ex. 5a & ex. 5b p. 48 / ex. 5d p. 49 & ex. 5e p. 50 // GRAMMAR: The infinitive or ING-form p. 166 // ex. 12 p. 167 & ex. 14 p. 168
ex. 16 p. 169 & ex. 17 p. 170 // GRAMMAR: Words of quantity p. 173 - 174 // ex. 18 & ex. 19 & ex. 20 p. 177
ex. 21 & ex. 22 p. 178 & ex. 24 p. 179 // Text 6 Don’t bet on it p. 55 - 57 // ex. 23 ex. 24 p. 152 – 153 // Glossary: Science and technology p. 64 - 65
ex. 24 p. 179 & ex. 25 & ex. 26 p. 180 // Text 6 Don’t bet on it p. 55 - 57 // GRAMMAR: Numbers and expressions of time p. 182 – 183 // GRAMMAR: Cardinal numbers p. 184 - 187
10. GRAMMAR: Ordinal numbers p. 188 - 190 // GRAMMAR: Numbers in expressions of time p. 194 – 197
ex. 30 p. 193 // ex. 33 p. 198 - 199 & ex. 34 p. 200

HOME ASSIGNMENT: WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT (700 - 1,300 characters):
Write a composition of 700 - 1,300 characters on ONE of the topics on pages 145 - 147. DEADLINE: August 30th, 2026. Send your composition as an attachment on my email erja.haaksluoto@tyk.fi AND WRITE YOUR NAME on it.

EXAM at 17.00 – 20.05 hours on Friday, September 4^th, 2026 or any other days mentioned before:

The exam consists of the following parts:

1) listening comprehension test

2) written part: a) RC / reading comprehension b) MC / multiple choice c) Grammar: 1) infinitives, ING-forms and THAT-clauses, 2) words of quantity, 3) numbers / numerals 4) expressions of time
d) Translations and vocabulary on the texts that we have dealt with during the course
e) Composition of 700 – 1,300 characters

THE GRADE ON COURSE 5 CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING:

1) LC exam & written exam at 17.00 – 20.05 hours on September 4^th, 2026 or any other days mentioned before
2) Home Assignment (+)

RETAKE EXAM: at 17.00 – 20.05 hours on Friday, October 30^th, 2026

= UUSINTAKOE, johon on ehdottomasti ilmoittauduttava etukäteen täyttämällä vaaleansininen lomake, jonka saa kansliasta, 2. krs. Lomake palautetaan kansliaan VIIMEISTÄÄN VIIKKOA ENNEN UUSINTAKOETTA eli viimeistään perjantaina 23.10.2026. Uusintakoelomakkeesta on nyt myös olemassa sähköinen lomake. Nettisivuilla on pdf, jonka voi suoraan täyttää ja lähettää liitetiedostona kansliaan. Lomake löytyy täältä: https://www.tyk.fi/aikuislukio/tietoa/lomakkeet/

MUISTIINPANOJA JA HUOMIOITA KIELIOPPIASIOISTA ja TEKSTEISTÄ:

1. INFINTIIVI TO-partikkelin kera:

1. SUBSTANTIIVI + INF:
I have an appointment to see my doctor.
It is a great pleasure to know you.

2. ADEKTIIVI + INF.
I am willing to help you.
Marc is eager to study Spanish.

NB! poikkeusadjektiivi on BUSY:
What are you busy doing?
I am busy studying Spanish.

3. PRONOMINI + INF.
There is nothing to do. = Ei ole mitään tekemistä.
There is nothing to be done. = Ei ole mitään tehtävissä.
Is there anything to eat?
Everybody needs someone to trust.

4. KYSYMYSSANA + INF.
He didn't know what to say.
She doesn't know whom to trust.
We didn't know where to go.

NB! poikkeuskysysmyssana: Why bother? = Miksi nähdä vaivaa?
Why not toss the coin, Mr Corleone?

5. VERBI + INF.
I want to go now.
He claimed to have done everything.

hyvin usein kysymykseen tulee rakenne OBJEKTI + INFINTIIVI; varsinkin näiden verbien jälkeen:

advise	neuvoa
allow	sallia
ask	pyytää
order	määrätä
permit	sallia
tell	käskeä
want	haluta
warn	varoittaa
would like	haluaisi

They advised us to stay at home.
Marc asked me to come in time.
They told us to do our best.
The general ordered the soldiers to attack.

6. PASSIIVIN JÄLKEEN: TO + INF.
The Earth was believed to be flat.
He was known to have been very rich.

NB! aistihavaintoverbi passiivissa:
Elvis was seen to leave the building. Käy myös -ing-muoto: Elvis was seen leaving the building.
Antonia was heard to cry. Käy myös: Antonia was heard crying.

7. FINAALINEN / TARKOITUSTA ILMAISEVA INFINTIIVI
In the 60s many Finnish people moved to Australia (in order) to have a better life.

NB!
kieltomuoto näin:
I didn't say a word so as not to hurt anyone's feelings. = En sanonut sanaakaan, jotta en loukkaisi kenenkään tunteita.

INFINITIIVI ILMAN TO-PARTIKKELIA:

1) vaillinaiset apuverbit (will / would, shall / should, can / could, may / might, must)
I must go now.
May I be excused? (pöydästä poistuttaessa: Saanko luvan poistua?)
I could have gone there if I had had time.

NB! poikkeuksellinen apuverbi: ought to
I ought to have gone there.
BUT:
I should have gone there.

2) a) make s-b do s-g
She always makes me cry.
He made us laugh. = Hän sai meidät nauramaan.

b) let s-b do s-g
Will you let me try? = Sallitko minun yrittää?

c) have s-b do s-g (= toisella teettäminen)
He'll have his assistant book the flights.
= He'll ask his assistant to book the flight.

d) help s-b do s-g
He helped us carry the bags.
(= He helped us to carry the bags.)

3) "Go tell it to the mountain..."
Go wash your hands.

4) aistihavaintoverbit aktiivissa (hear, see. notice, observe, watch, feel, smell...)
We saw him come.
People heard him talk.
I saw a little girl cross the street.
I felt the earth tremble.
I saw a little girl cross the street.

NB! compare:
I saw a little girl cross the street.
= Näin pikkutytön ylittävän kadun.
I saw a little girl crossing the street.
Näin pikkutytön ylittävän katua.

We heard a burglar come through the window.
We heard a burglar coming through the window.

5) tietyt idiomaattiset sanonnat
a) had better do s-g = olisi parempi
I had better go now. myös: I had better not go at all. = I had not better go at at all.
b) do nothing but = ei tehdä muuta kuin...
Dad did nothing but sleep.
= Dad didn't do anything but sleep.
Kathy does nothing but read.
= Kathy doesn't do anything but read.
c) would rather ... than = tehdä mieluummin kuin
I would rather stay at home than go to school.

6) poikkeuksellinen kysymyssana WHY
Why bother?
Why not go home?

7) DARE / NEED APUVERBEINÄ
How dare you talk to me like that?
You need not say anything.
You needn't have bothered. = Ei Sinun olisi tarvinnut nähdä vaivaa.

Teksti

He doesn't know how to entertain other people. = kuinka viihdyttää
Little Richard is said to have entertained millions of people. Hänen sanotaan viihdyttäneen miljoonia ihmisiä.
I want to be entertained. = Haluan, että minua viihdytetään.
King Henry VIII was said to have been entertained dozens of times when he was sick. = Kuningas Henrik VIII sanottiin tulleen viihdytetyksi... = Sanottiin, että kuningas Henrik VIII:ta oli viihdytetty kymmeniä kertoja silloin, kun hän oli sairas.

(to) take = ottaa
(to) have taken = olla ottanut
(to) be taken = tulla otetuksi
(to) have been taken = olla tullut otetuksi

the Gerund = gerundi = -ing-muoto

The -ING-muoto:

1. subjektina
Smoking is not good for health.

2. predikatiivina
Seeing is believing. ( = To see is to believe.)

3. objektina tietyt verbit vaativat -ing-muotoa
What do you enjoy doing?
I enjoy reading.
She enjoys swimming.
1. enjoy
2. miss
I miss seeing you.
3. mind
Do you mind opening the door? = Viitsisitkö aukaista oven?
4. risk
The burgler risked being caught. = Murtovaras otti riskin, että jäisi kiinni.
5. can't help
Elvis Presley: "I can't help falling in love with you."
(= I can't help but fall in love with you.)
I couldn't help loving him. = En voinut olla rakastamatta Sinua.
6. can't stand = ei voi sietää
I can't stand lying and especially I can't stand being lied to. = En voi sietää valehtelua ja erityisesti en voi sietää sitä, että minulle valehdellaan.
7. lopettamista tai siihen rinnastettava toiminta:
stop: He stopped greeting us.
finish: What time did you finish working?
quit: He quit / quitted going to school.
leave off: Why don't you leave off swearing? = stop swearing
end up: He ended up being in prison for the rest of his life. = Hän päätyi olemaan vankilassa koko loppuelämänsä.
escape: He escaped being caught. = Hän pakeni joutumatta kiinni. Hän ei joutunut kiinni.
avoid: Avoid disturbing him.
prevent (from): Nothing can prevent me (from) loving you.
postpone: We had to postpone meeting each other.
= put off (= siirtää tuonnemmaksi): We had to put off meeting each other.
8. vastakohta lopettamiselle: jatkaminen
go on: He went on running.
keep (on): Keep (on) doing the good work
9. feel like = fancy = haluttaa
Do you fancy going out with me? = Do you feel like going out with me?

4. preposition jälkeen verbi on ing-muodossa
You are interested in studying English.
You are keen on playing football.
He left the room without saying a word.
By doing you learn.
Mary focused on / concentrated on studying Arabic.

5. NB! poikkeusadjektiivi: busy
What are you busy doing?
I am busy studying.

6. IDIOMIT
a) What is worth doing is worth doing well. (worth on poikkeussubstantiivi)
Forrest Gump was worth seeing.
(This film is worthy of seeing.)
Animal Farm is a book worth (while) reading.
b) It is no use / no good = there is no point in = ei kannata
It is no use crying over the spilt milk. = Maahan läikkynyttä maitoa ei kannata itkeskellä.
There is no point in trying to call her. She won't answer the phone anyway.
c) There is nothing like...
There is nothing like sleeping late in the mornings. = Mikään ei vedä vertoja sille, että nukkuu pitkään aamuisin.

8. shortened clauses = lauseenvastikkeet
Not being able to be a professional football player, Ronaldo took up coaching.
= As / Since / Because he wasn't able to be a professional football player, Ronaldo took up coaching.
Having said that, he left the room. = After saying that, he left the room.
= After he had said that, he left the room.
While working, Anssi tried to answer some private emails.
= While he was working, Anssi tried to answer some private emails.

Vergil: Aeneid I - VIII
Aeneas
Carthago
Dido
cf. Dido stopped to greet Aeneas in the Underworld. = pysähtyi tervehtimään...
Dido stopped greeting Aeneas. = lopetti tervehtimisen

Teksti

remember, regret, try:
We regret to inform you that your beloved son sergeant Smith has died in combat.
I regret hurting your feelings. (viittaa menneisyyteen: Kadun sitä, että loukkasin tunteitasi.)

Remember to buy milk. = Muista ostaa maitoa. (viittaa tulevaan)
I remember buying milk. = Muistan ostaneeni maitoa. (viittaa menneisyyteen)

eri merkitys:
Why don' t you try parachuting? = Miksipä et kokeilisi laskuvarjohyppäämistä?
He has tried to parachute. = Hän on yrittänyt hypätä laskuvarjolla.

TULEE että-lause, kun edellä tietämistä tai uskomista ilmaiseva verbi:
I know (that) you will manage.
I believe (that) you will succeed.
I think (that) it is awful when some people draw big pictures on the walls.

NB! need-verbi:
Our neighbour's house needs painting.
= Our neighbour's house to be painted.

Teksti

TO on prepositio joissain verbirakenteissa (eikä TO-partikkeli infinitiivissä):

Saara Lilja used to smoke five cigarettes a day with her dogs. = Saara Lilja ennen poltti viisi savuketta koiriensa kera. (USED TO on aina IMPPERFEKTI)
1. Saara Lilja was used to smoking five cigarettes a day with her dogs. = OLI TOTTUNUT POLTTAMAAN...
(to) be used to doing s-g
= (to) be accustomed to doing s-g
Saara Lilja was accustomed to smoking five cigarettes a day with her dogs.
2. (to) get used to doing s-g = tottua jhkn
I hope I will get used to getting up at 5 am.
We got used to getting up at 5 am.
3. (to) look forward to doing s-g = odottaa innokkaasti jotakin
I am looking forward to seeing you soon.
I look forward to hearing from you soon again.
4. (to) object to doing s-g
He objected to us smoking in his home. = Hän vastusti sitä, että tupakoimme hänen kodissaan.
5. (to) devote oneself / one's life to doing s-g = omistautua jhkn / omistaa elämänsä jllkn
Mother Theresa devoted herself / her life to helping the poor and the less fortunate in Kolkata (formerly known as Calcutta), India.

Teksti

Quantity words:

NB! epämääräinen artikkeli a kantaa merkitystä!

Sg: a little / little:
I have a little time on me. What would you like to do? +++
I know a little Spanish. (I manage with my Spanish in Spain. +++)
Unfortunately, I have little time. I must now hurry. ---
Unfortunately, I know little Spanish. I must learn more, otherwise I am in trouble in Spain. ---

(a) little, less, the least

I have less money than you do.
Who has the least money? = Kenellä on vähiten rahaa?

Pl: a few / few
I have a few friends. I have all the reason to be happy. +++
Unfortunately, I have few friends. I am a bit sad. ---

I have fewer friends than you do. = Minulla on vähemmän ystäviä kuin Sinulla.
Who has the fewest friends? = Kenellä on vähiten ystäviä?

(a) few, fewer, the fewest

NB!!!
just / quite / only + a/an
I have just a little time on me.
He had just a little time to spend with me.
He had quite a little patience with his small children.
Spaniards spoke quite a little English when I was in Spain. = Spaniards didn't speak a fairly large amount of English when I was in Spain.
He had only a little money on him.

I spent just a few days in Canterbury.
Quite a few friends sent me a card.
Only a few people came to my party.

Teksti

useimmat = most
Most cars are expensive.
Most people want to rest on / at weekends.
eniten = the most:
We went picking berries. My Dad picked the most berries. = eniten marjoja
I picked the least berries. = vähiten marjoja

NB!
I knew little about him.
Little DID I KNOW about him.
kieltosanan (not, nor, never, no) tai rajoittavan määreen (little, hardly = barely = scarcely, seldom = rarely, only) jälkeen tulee TÄYDELLINEN SUORAN KYSYMYKSEN sanajärjestys:
He seldom calls me.
= Seldom DOES HE CALL me.
He hardly paid any attention to me.
= Hardly DID HE PAY any attention to me.
It was not until yesterday that I realized what a fool I had been.
= Not until yesterday DID I REALIZE what a fool I had been.
It was only yesterday that I realized what a fool I had been.
= Only yesterday DID I REALIZE what a fool I had been.

on Numerals:

1. NOLLA
1. double O seven = 007 /ou/
2. zero, especially in temperatures
below zero
It's - 5.
It's five centigrades below zero.
zero Coke
3) nought
How many noughts are there in a million?
4. love
in tennis, squash and badminton
5. (nihil)
nil / nothing
in football and icehockey
Valencia beat Liverpool 2 - 0. (two - nil)
The match ended six nil. 6 - 0
AmE : nothing / zero
5) 15 - love
Leyton Hewitt was leading 30 - love. thirty - love
(in tennis & badminton)
6) duck (in cricket)
in cricket
2. englannissa ei ole vuorakausi-sanaa
24 hours = 1 vrk
48 hours = 2 vrk
72 hours = 3 vrk

3. englannissa ei ole desimaalipilkkua vaan DESIMAALIPISTE:
3.14159 = pai = pii-luvun likiarvo
englannissa TUHANNET erotetaan PILKULLA:
He won 10,000,000 dollars.

4. vuosiluvuissa in
He was born in 1944.
The battle of Hastings was fought in 1066.
By 2035 we'll be carbon free by 2035. = vuoteen 2035 mennessä

5.
There was restlessness in Europe in the early 1930s. = 1930-luvun alkupuolella
There was still restlessness in Europe in the mid-1930s. = 1930-luvun keskivälillä
There was political restlessness in Europe in the late 1930s. = 1930-luvun loppupuolella

in the 1960's (= vanha tapa kirjoittaa; nykyisin in the 1960s = 1960-luvulla)

The TV series Wolf Castle depicts the time in England in the 1600s. = in the 17th century = in the seventeenth century = 1600-luvulla = 17. vuosisadalla

in the eighth century = 700-luvulla = kahdeksannella vuosisadalla

6.
Jerusalem was destroyed in 70 CE.
CE = Common Era = jaa (= jälkeen ajanlaskumme alun)
Jerusalem was destroyed in 70 AD.
AD = Anno Domini (vanha tapa: latinaa: Herran vuonna = jKr = jälkeen Kristuksen syntymän)

BCE = Before Common / Current Era = eaa = ennen ajanlaskumme alkua
Julius Caesar was murdered in 44 BCE.
BC = Before Christ (vanha tapa: eKr = ennen Kristusta)

a century / many centuries = vuosisata
a decade / many decades = vuosikymmen
a millennium / many millennia = vuosituhat

answers to exercises 3a, 3b, 3d and 3e p. 30 - 32

Text 3 Why we do what we do

exercise 3a
Fill in this chart.
life-course-persistent offender adolescence-limited offender
When do they commit
crime?
Starting when young, throughout
life
Only in teenage years
Why do they commit
crime?
Mental issues, tough childhood To make up for the maturity
gap

exercise 3b
Mark the following statements true or false. Then correct the false statements to make them
true.
1 False Most people commit crimes when they are adolescents or young
adults.
2 False The life-course-persistent offenders start to show problem behavior
early on.
3 True
4 True
5 False The maturity gap is when young people are biologically mature, but
they are not allowed to do what adults do.
6 True

exercise 3d
Match each word with its opposite from the wordlist.
1F, 2J, 3D, 4A, 5B, 6K, 7I, 8C, 9G, 10H, 11E

exercise 3e
Spot the phrase. Put these phrases from the text into the sentence where they make the most
sense.
1C, 2B, 3J, 4G, 5A, 6E, 7H, 8F, 9D, 10I

answer to exercise 3j p. 35

exercise 3j
English has a few words with silent ‘p’s, like “psychology.” Put these words with silent ‘p’s in the
correct sentences, and then practice saying the sentence out loud. There are three words you
won’t use.
1 A pterodactyl is a flying dinosaur.
2 Some people prefer strawberry jam, but I like raspberry best.
3 When I go to the store, they always offer to give me a receipt.
4 I thought there were cookies in the cupboard, but all I found there was an empty
package.
5 Justine told me that Robin would break up with me, and then it happened: she
must be psychic!
6 The military attempted to take over the government in a violent coup.
7 I just thought I had a bad flu, but it turned out to be pneumonia.
8 Many female novelists of the 1800s wrote under a pseudonym.
9 My grandmother’s favorite psalm is “The Lord is my shepherd.”
Extra words: corps, plumb, psyche

GLOSSARY: TRAFFIC

Glossary: Traffic p. 25
exercise A
Replace the underlined words and phrases with near synonyms with the help of the glossary.
I'm giving up driving for good. From now on, I'm going to be 1. a pedestrian rather than a motorist.
You see, I was approaching 2. a crossroads when I saw a deer standing quite near 3. the hard
shoulder. I had just 4. accelerated to get across before the oncoming traffic. Imagine the shock I
got! A few minutes earlier a huge lorry 5. had overtaken me too close and left me shaking in my
boots. In the morning, I had suffered precious minutes in 6. congestion, seen 7. a multiple collision
and witnessed how a guy in a huge car ignored 8. a yield sign only to cause 9. road rage in those
who had been patiently waiting their turn. On top of it all, I was so exhausted by the end of the
day that I failed to notice the gaping 10. pothole and bumped right into it hitting my head in the
process. So, no more 11. exhaust fumes caused by me. I'm going to 12. be a back seat driver from
now on, not go behind the wheel myself!

exercise B
Translate the following questions and comments. Then act out each situation with your partner.
Your partner is a police officer and starts each discussion with you. Keep each conversation
going for a few minutes. Take turns being the police officer.
1. Could I see your driving licence / driver's license, please?
2. Didn't you see the yield sign?
3. Why did you park your car / are you parked on the pavement/sidewalk?
4. You just went the wrong way in the roundabout.
5. Doesn't your speedometer work properly?
6. Why did you overtake/pass seven cars with only one hand on the steering wheel?
7. The local traffic wardens / traffic officers say that you have dozens of unpaid
parking tickets.
8. Road rage endangers (the safety of) others / puts other road-users at risk.
9. Didn't you notice the pedestrian / zebra crossing or why didn't you stop your
vehicle?
10. Where did you take your driver's ed(ucation) classes?

Glossary: Psychology p. 37

Glossary: Psychology
exercise A
What are the following words?
1. phobia
2. delusion
3. sanity
4. obsession
5. innate
6. frustration
7. insomnia
8. conscious
9. trait
10. mature
11. neurological

Glossary: Psychology
exercise B
Choose the best alternative.
The term positive psychology is broad. It comprises a variety of techniques that encourage people
to be 1. conscious and further develop their own positive 2. emotions, experiences and character
3. traits. It makes use of positive 4. reinforcement and 5. intrinsic motivation in people to want to
feel better about themselves. Although initially developed as a means to promote well-being in
healthy people, positive psychology techniques are now being promoted as an alternative to more
traditional forms of 6. therapy. Its core philosophy is to prevent 7. disorders or problems with low
8. self-esteem. Even though positive psychology has been dismissed as unnecessary happy talk, it
seems to be gaining ground. However, most textbooks on psychology still contain thousands of
lines devoted to matters such as 9. anxiety disorder, neurotic 10. obsession, or depression. Not a
word about joy, hope or compassion.

Glossary: Science p. 65

Glossary: Science
exercise A
Choose the best word.
After watching squirrels in our yard, we decided to conduct an 1. investigation
of their behaviour. We had a 2. theory that squirrels could be trained to do tricks if
they were offered the right food. So first we had to 3. research what squirrels really like to eat. It
turned out
that there are no 4. studies on this topic, so we had to use 5. trial and error to find out: we put out six different kinds of nuts and snacks in trays and watched to see which the squirrels ate the most.
They liked potato chips the best. So we made the type of food the 6. variable. Our 7. hypothesis
was that the squirrels would come and take potato chips from our
hands, but not peanuts. We stood in the yard holding chips and nuts, but no
squirrels came to take any food. After 8. observing the squirrels for a while, we realised that they
had gotten very
well-fed while we had been trying to find out what they liked. We are maybe not the best 9.
researchers after all.

Glossary: Science
exercise B
Find the words to fit the definitions and the spaces, and then finish the sentence.
1 A N A L Y S E
2 D I S C O V E R
3 I N N O V A T O R
4 C O N T R O L
5 G R O U P
6 D E D U C T I O N
K
7 P R E C I S I O N
8 T H E O R Y
If something is quite easy, you might say, “It’s NOT ROCKET
science.”

Glossary: Science
exercise C
Translate into English.
(Suggested)
1. Where was this gadget/device/appliance assembled?
2. Do we already know how to recycle e-waste/electronic refuse?
3. The development of batteries enables shorter charging times.
4. Is artificial intelligence / AI able to generate/produce new information/data?
5. The precision/accuracy of these predictions is questionable.
6. The evidence was analysed/analyzed carefully.
7. Will today's technology be out-of-date/dated/obsolete/outdated as early as
tomorrow?

answers to exercises 5a, 5b,5d, and 5e p. 48 - 50

Text 5 The ubiquitous woman
Engage
Go through the list of words with your partner. Explain all the words you know and check the
meaning of any words that are new to you.
CERVIX is the narrow end at the opening of a woman's uterus (kohdunkaula).
TUMOR is a mass of tissue found in or on the body that is made up of abnormal cells (kasvain).
CELL is the smallest structural unit of a living thing, together cells form all living things (solu).
DIAGRAM is a line drawing made for mathematical or scientific purposes (diagrammi).
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION is the fertilization of an egg (munasolu) in a laboratory
dish or test tube (keinohedelmöitys).
MITOSIS is a process of cell division in which two new nuclei are formed (solunjakautuminen).
EMBRYO is a human or animal in the early stages of development before it is born (alkio).
GENE MAPPING is used to identify and record the location of genes and the distances between
genes on a chromosome (geenikartoitus).
IMMORTAL is something that lives forever (kuolematon).

exercise 5a
Come up with questions for these answers based on the text.
(Suggested)
1. What kind of a woman can you see in the picture?
2. What is HeLa?
3. What happened to Henrietta’s cells after her death?
4. How many of Henrietta’s cells are alive today?
5. How did the writer find out about HeLa cells?
6. What happens in mitosis?
7. When can cancer occur?
8. Why do we still have Henrietta’s cells?
9. What is special about Henrietta’s cells?
10. What is contradictory about Henrietta and her cells?

exericise 5c
Spot the phrase. How were these phrases expressed in the text?
1. the late 1940s
2. reached the age of thirty
3. hundreds of times
4. what kind of life she led
5. advances in medicine
6. spanning more than 350 million feet
7. a bit over five feet tall
8. I first learned about
9. every twenty-four hours
10. millions... of Henrietta’s cells
11. in small vials on ice
12. one of the most important things
13. in the last hundred years
14. in one fast swipe
15. students filed out of the room
16. There has to be more to the story.

exercise 5d
Use the phrases from the previous exercise to complete the sentences. You might have to
change them a little.
Lou Gehrig's disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is 1. {{one of the most famous}}
diseases named after a celebrity. He played for the New York Yankees major league baseball team
from 1923 to 1939, his career 2. {{spanning more than 2100}} consecutive games. He set several
records and was adored by fans, but by 3. {{the late 1930s}} it was obvious something was wrong.
He had hit that ball 4. {{hundreds of times}} but in 1938 his batting average fell significantly. He
grew weak and sluggish and he played his last game on April 29, 1939. That’s when 5. {{many
Americans first learned about ALS.}} He died before he 6. {{had reached the age of forty.}}
Although 7. {{there have been significant advances in medicine}}, especially 8. {{in the last 20
years}}, there is still no cure for this disease.

exercise 5e
Fill in with a word from the list in its right form.
1. The police haven’t {{identified}} the victim yet.
2. That somebody can be so cruel to animals is just {{inconceivable}}.
3. I {{estimate/calculate}} that it will take us about three hours to finish this.
4. Do you know how to {{calculate/estimate}} the area of a square?
5. Haven’t you noticed what’s going on – are you completely {{oblivious}}?
6. Many cultures believe that people have {{immortal}} souls.
7. That looks like a very {{vicious}} infection; you’ll have to get antibiotics.
8. If you try to {{suppress}} your anger for too long, you’ll eventually lose your temper.
9. That’s a nasty looking cut; it’ll take a while to {{heal}}.
10. Animal hair and even cat saliva can {{trigger}} an asthma attack.

exercise 5h
Watch the video and choose the best alternative according to what you hear.
1.B, 2. A, 3. C, 4. C

DIY
Craig from England is 6 ft. 1 tall, weighs 15 stone and lives 7 miles from the centre of the
city. Cathy from the US is 5 ft. 8 tall, weighs 159 lb. and lives just 200 yds. from her best friend’s
house. Use conversion charts to express the same information in centimeters, kilograms,
kilometers and meters.
Craig 185 cm, 95 kg, 11,3 km
Cathy 173 cm, 72 kg, 183 m

answer to exercise 1 p. 157

1.2 Infinitiivi vai that-lause
exercise 1
Say the following sentences in English. Work together with a partner.
1. I would like to meet famous inventors.
2. I want to understand how their minds work.
3. It must be interesting to study new things.
4. I wouldn’t know where to start.
5. I would give anything to be that smart.
6. Some people read books (in order) to become smarter.
7. Others need practice (in order) to learn.
8. My brother thinks physics is too difficult to understand.
9. I don’t know what to say to / tell him.
10. He has nobody to blame but himself.
11. He has never made any effort to study it.
12. He always says (that) he has other things to think about.
13. Somehow he has still managed to pass all his physics exams.
14. I have always done my best (in order) to succeed.

answers to exercises 2 & 4 p. 158 - 159

exercise 2
Say the following sentences in English. Work together with a partner.
1. Our teacher made us go (to) see a play / forced us to go to a play.
2. However, she/he let us choose when.
3. I think we should see the play tonight.
4. We could go there a bit/little early.
5. Perhaps/Maybe we’ll see the actors come/coming to the theatre.
6. In fact, we had better leave right now.
7. I can hardly wait!
8. Didn’t you hear Sarah talk/talking about their experience?
9. They hoped to meet / that they could meet the actors after the play.
10. The actors had made them wait outside for two hours.
11. And the bodyguard didn’t even let them talk to the actors.
12. I think the same will happen to us so why bother.
13. At least I’d rather stay (at) home than wait outside in the cold.
14. Why do you say Sarah does nothing but complain?

exercise 4
Fill in with to or –.
Here are a few facts you have always wanted to know about cars.
1. In Churchill, Canada, people leave their cars unlocked to offer an escape for pedestrians who
might – see polar bears on the street.
2. In 2004, Oprah gave her audience free cars. In reality, the people had to pay 6000 dollars in
taxes and many were made to take loans or sell the car to pay the taxes.
3. Norway doesn’t let advertisers – claim that a car is ‘green’. They may – say it is less harmful to
drive a certain car than another.
4. Honda Prelude was the first mass produced car to feature a 4-wheel steering system. It was said
to beat even Porsche and Ferrari in the slalom test.
5. In some countries it is illegal to ride a motorcycle between two parallel cars.
6. The first car to use a rear-view mirror was driven by Indy 500 winner Ray Harroun in 1911 to see
the cars catching up behind him.
7. South African residents are allowed to attach small flamethrowers to their cars to provide
defence against carjackers.
8. In 1896, Bridget Driscoll was the first pedestrian to be killed by a car in the UK. The car was said
to have travelled at 4 mph.
9. For a car to have been the best selling car in the 90s it would have had to beat the sales figures
of a particular toy car.
10. Your car remote can – become useless if you try to use it more than 256 times when the
remote is out of range. I advise you – never to try this at home.

answers to exercises 5, 6 & 7 p. 160 - 161

exercise 5
Translate into Finnish. Pay special attention to the underlined verb structures.
1. Ensimmäisen avaruudessa olleen britin, eteläkorealaisen ja iranilaisen tiedetään olleen naisia.
2. Aivan ensimmäinen avaruteen lentänyt nainen oli kuitenkin Valentina Tereshkova vuonna
1963.
3. Hänen sanotaan tulleen valituksi kosmonautiksi, koska hänellä oli kokemusta
laskuvarjohyppäämisestä.
4. Hänen tyttärensä Elena oli ensimmäinen avaruuteen lentäneelle äidille sekä isälle syntynyt
henkilö.
5. Tereshkova on edelleen historian ainoa yksin avaruuslennon tehnyt nainen.

exercise 6
Say the following sentences in English. Use either the infinitive or a that-clause. Work together
with a partner.
1. I want you to succeed in life.
2. I believe (that) you can do anything.
3. My grandfather advised all his grandchildren to aim high in life.
4. I know (that) it was the most important (piece of) advice in my life.
5. I want to do something meaningful with my life.
6. I hope (that) it will also make a difference in other people’s lives.
7. I believe (that) people will remember me as an important member of our community.
8. Few / Not many people want to remain unknown.
9. Successful people are known to be ambitious.
10. Some even claim it to be the most important thing. / Some even claim (that) it is the most
important thing.
11. I don’t want you to believe everything (that) you read in the papers.
12. I think (that) people are sometimes too gullible.
13. I believe (that) it can/may cause problems in society.
14. My parents didn’t allow me to / didn’t let me read tabloids.
15. They wanted me to be critical towards everything I read.
16. I know (that) it was a useful lesson.
17. The teacher asked us to give a presentation on media reliability.
18. He/She told us to compare different sources.
19. I wanted us to do our presentation on global warming.
20. Some people still claim (that) it is only a fairytale. / Some people still claim it to be only a
fairytale.

exercise 7
Fill in with the help of the clues.
Here is a list of movies about the moon made to entertain us.

1. In Moon, Sam Rockwell is hired to work at a lunar station. He is supposed to be there alone, but
is he?
2. In the Shadow of the Moon lets the images and interviews with astronauts tell the stories.
Unfortunately, Neil Armstrong declined to takepart.
3. Moonraker is perhaps too clumsily made to be taken seriously, but like most Bond movies, it is
entertaining to watch.
4. In a film adaptation of an H.G.Wells novel, two British men use an anti-gravity substance to fly
them to the moon.
5. Georges Méliès’ 14-minute film from 1902 is the first sci-fi movie (to have been) made / to be
made in the 20th century.
6. In case you run out of cheese and need restocking / to restock, the best place to go is the
moon. This Wallace and Gromit classic, A Grand Day Out, was nominated for an Oscar, only to lose
to another film by the same creators.
7. Many have heard Tom Hanks say / saying, “Houston, we have a problem” in Apollo 13. The zero gravity
scenes were filmed aboard a simulation plane to achieve genuine weightlessness.
8. One of the first 3D movies made / to have been made / to be made is Magnificent Desolation
where actual footage, computer-created imagery (CGI) and interviews are used to create a more
compelling atmosphere.
9. Iron Sky is a story about Nazis who set up a base on the moon in 1945, and then decide to
return to a future Earth to take over the planet.
10. Despicable Me is a CGI comedy about a super-villain who decides to steal the moon. The movie
ranks among the best animated movies ever created / to have been created.

answer to exercise 8 p. 162

exercise 8
More advanced. Translate into English.
1. My big brother made me believe that it is possible to travel to the sun and back.
2. Even my parents let me think that, so I didn’t know who to believe when I heard my teacher
say(ing) it wasn’t true.
3. As a child I did nothing but dream about becoming an astronaut.
4. Instead I was made/forced to take piano lessons (even) though I said I had better study
astronomy.
5. I only wanted them to take my dream seriously, because I knew (that) I could/would be able to
achieve my goals.

answers to exercises 10 & 12 p. 167

1.4 Infinitiivi tai ing-muoto
exercise 10
Say the following sentences in English. Use the ing-forms. Work together with a partner.
1. Singing in the shower is good for your health.
2. Laughing children always make me smile.
3. It’s always worth trying new things.
4. I’m used to starting a new hobby every autumn.
5. I especially enjoy challenging myself.
6. I can’t stand flying insects.
7. I’m very good at assembling furniture.
8. I don’t feel like waking up early on/at weekends.
9. I’m tired of explaining this over and over again.
10. Have you ever seen a dancing dog?

exercise 12
Choose the best alternative. In your own words, explain to your partner why you chose what
you did or translate the phrase into Finnish. Refer back to the rules if need be.
1. Ooops! I forgot to inform you that we have an exam today.
Unohdin kertoa
2. What do you mean you regret trusting me to take care of things?
Kadut luottaneesi
3. I remembered to tell you all the important gossip.
Muistin kertoa
4. So you might stop complaining!

Teksti

2026-04-27T12:54:13+03:00

5. I also remember bringing you food when you were sick.
Muistan tuoneeni
6. In addition, I stopped to buy you flowers at the flower kiosk. That was pretty romantic, wasn’t
it?
Pysähdyin ostamaan
7. What are you doing? Stop throwing those flowers at me!
Lakkaa heittämästä

answers to exercises 13 & 14 p. 168

exercise 13
Track 32
1. Having read a lot about the environment, I learned that animals and plants living at the
edges of a habitat are most vulnerable.
2. Having been found in Australia, a skeleton dating from 1280 CE is displayed in a
museum in Melbourne.
3. Having taken place without any warnings in Chernobyl in 1986, a nuclear disaster
prompted many new regulations and guidance on power plants.
4. Having been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1945, A.I. Virtanen helped
improve a method of preserving milk.
1. Luettuani paljon ympäristöstä opin, että asuinalueensa reunoilla elävät eläimet ja kasvit
ovat kaikkein haavoittuvaisimpia.
2. Australiasta löytymisen jälkeen luuranko vuodelta 1280 on esillä museossa
Melbournessa.
3. Ydinonnettomuuden tapahduttua ilman mitään varoituksia Chernobylissä 1986
katastrofia seurasi monia uusia sääntöjä ja ohjeita ydinvoimaloille.
4. Saatuaan Nobelin kemianpalkinnon 1945 A. I. Virtanen auttoi parantamaan maidon
säilytystapaa.

exercise 14
1. My friends and I used to be active members of our school’s science club.
2. I used to think I would become a chemist.
3. People who are used to waking up early in the morning find it easy to start school at 8 am.
4. When we were little, every one of us used to dream about becoming the next great inventor.
5. I’m still not used to reading books in English.
6. I think I’d better get used to studying in other languages.

answer to exercise 16 p. 169

exercise 16
More advanced. Choose the best alternative.
Trying to predict the future can be difficult if not impossible. What appears to be the next success
story now might be thrown in the bin tomorrow. However, there are inventions that have the
potential to alter the world we now know.
The DEKA prosthetic arm will allow amputees to raise their hands above their heads. This lets
them perform much more complicated tasks than ever before.
The Smart Pipe is designed to reduce the amount of wasted clean water by monitoring water flow
and leaks in public water systems. The leaking is estimated to have cost millions of dollars
annually in the US.
In the future you might end up seeing delivery people and construction workers wear Titan Arms.
In addition to helping them lift heavy things, Titan Arms could be used by people with back
injuries caused by lifting heavy things or even by people recovering from a stroke.
Slingshot is a device made to clean water from almost any source. One device would be sufficient
to serve the needs of 300 people. After a decade of being developed, the Slingshot technology is
now to be taken to parts of Africa and Latin America.
1. a
2. a
3. c
4. b
5. a
6. b
7. c
8. a
9. c
10. b
11. a
12. b
13. a
14. b
15. c
16. a
17. c
18. a
19. b
20. b
21. a
22. b

answer to exercise 17 p. 170

exercise 17
1. If you were to see some of the smartest animals in the world go / going about their daily
routines, you couldn’t help but be amazed about how smart they are.
2. Being closely related to human beings, chimpanzees also have the ability to perform complex
tasks.
3. While we may look very different, chimpanzees and humans have remarkably similar ways of
communicating.
4. You might have heard a parrot say / saying ‘Polly wants a cracker’ before, but they are not only capable
of repeating human phrases, they also know how to use the conveyed information to solve

problems. So repeating human words is just one of their many tricks.
5. Octopuses use their ink to disorient their victims before killing them with their tentacles. They
have been known to break into fishing boats and have been seen to eat / eating the catch.
6. In addition to surprising scientists with their amazing physical abilities, rats have also been
shown to be ingenious at solving problems.
7. Research has shown that pigs compete with one another to learn new skills, usually related to
gathering food.

answers to exercises 18 & 19 & 20 p. 177

exercise 18
1. Read the following sentences and you might learn a few surprising health facts.
2. Sitting for more than three hours a day can cut a few years off a person’s life.
3. People who complain might live a little longer because they release tension by complaining.
4. On average, right-handed people live a few years more than left-handed people.
5. A little coffee might boost your energy, but did you know that there are 1,000 chemicals in a
cup?
6. According to US standards, a cup of orange juice may contain ten fruit fly eggs and a few
maggots.
7. Few people know that brushing your teeth too soon after having something acidic can soften
tooth enamel.
8. You won’t lose weight by doing fewer repetitions with heavier dumbbells.
9. If you want to feel less bloated, remember to drink plenty of water.
10. Products with less fat don’t necessarily contain fewer calories.
11. On a hot day it is better to drink something a little hot. It will increase your sweat production
and make you feel a little cooler.
12. Spending some time alone is equally important to our well-being as spending time with
others.

exercise 19
1. I was a little / a bit nervous before the biology exam.
2. I had (only a) little time / only had a little time to revise.
3. I had even less time to sleep the previous night.
4. The teacher had given a few / some interesting articles about/on dolphins.
5. Few students have seen dolphins.
6. Even fewer have seen them outside captivity.
7. Unfortunately, they have too little space to swim in captivity.
8. I have visited a few / some zoos.
9. This year the local zoo has had the fewest visitors for years.
10. It also means that there is the least money available.
11. Little can be done to improve the situation. / Not much can be done… / There is little that can
be done…
12. The course gave me some / a few ideas on how to help animals.

exercise 20
1. The internet has brought us many opportunities that didn’t exist fifty years ago.
2. We have easy access to a lot of information in all areas of life.
3. Never before has it been so easy to communicate with so many people from around the world.
4. It has also changed the way we work a lot.
5. Just think about how much time people save with the option to telework.
6. We don’t even need that many office buildings anymore.
7. Perhaps within thirty years most people will work outside the traditional office.
8. Not everyone will like that idea very much.
9. They might not have much experience in working from home.
10. Do you think we will lose many more jobs to robots in the future?
11. Perhaps. Doesn’t it cost much more money to hire people than to build robots?

answers to exercises 21 & 22 & 24 p. 178 - 179

exercise 21
1. How many pairs of jeans have you bought this year?
2. You do more shopping than anyone else I know.
3. Most of the shops that you visit / go to must already know you by name.
4. Do you even know what you spend the most money on?
5. Most doctors would call that an addiction.
6. Many more people suffer from a shopping addiction than we think.
7. Most of them shop to forget an/some unpleasant thing in their lives.
8. How many times have you lied about the price of something you (have) bought?
9. According to some studies, shopaholics are more likely to be women.
10. Many / A lot of studies say the difference is very small, though.
11. Many / A lot of people shop for things they don’t need very much.
12. However, if you think about shopping the most, perhaps you could read more about it.

exercise 22
1. b
2. a
3. d
4. b
5. b
6. a
7. d
8. c

exercise 24
1. Most people use a computer almost daily.
2. Most computers are used for both work and for fun.
3. Most young people watch programs on their computers instead of a TV.
4. Most of my friends don’t even own a TV anymore.
5. Most new TV series can be watched via the internet.
6. Most of these series have become extremely popular.
7. A few decades ago, most famous movie stars only acted in movies.
8. However, now most of them have also acted in many series.

answers to exercises 28 & 30 p. 190 & 193

exercise 28
1. The inhabitants of this earth have about a million superstitions.
2. For example, I have heard dozens of times that the number 13 brings bad luck.
3. Hundreds of thousands of people share that superstition in Europe.
4. While the number four does not strike fear in many in the West, several million Chinese and
Japanese have a superstitious fear of it.
5. The reason is fairly simple: the word for death, shi, sounds just like the number four. Imagine
hearing it hundreds of times when you give your address or phone number, for instance.
6. This superstition runs so deep that tens of thousands of Chinese and Japanese Americans are
said to have a heart attack on the fourth of each month more often than on any other date.
7. I can think of a hundred and one reasons why not to believe in superstitions.
8. Still, at least a dozen people asked me why I moved to Detroit and now have the area code 313.

exercise 30
1 You can make three dozen delicious cookies with this recipe.
2 My cousin has used the same recipe hundreds of times and made thousands of
cookies.
3 Hundreds of thousands of baking books contain at least one chocolate (chip) cookie
recipe.
4 If you don’t like baking / to bake, you can buy Oreo cookies in more than a hundred
countries.
5 When did Oreo celebrate its 110th birthday?
6 Oreo Way is between 9th and 10th Avenues in New York City.
7 50 per cent / percent of Oreo cookie eaters separate the halves before they eat the
cookie.
8 Oreo fans come from hundreds of countries and speak several hundred different
languages / hundreds of different languages.

answers to exercises 32 & 33 & 34 p. 198 - 200

3.2. Lukusanat ajanilmauksissa
exercise 32
1. In the 19th century
2. In the early 20th century
3. In the mid-20th century
4. In the 1960s
5. In the 1970s
6. In the late 20th century
7. In the early 21st century

exercise 33
1 around 6000 BCE (= six thousand before Common Era)
2 the sixth century BCE
3 in the late 8 th century BCE, the late fourth century CE
4 in 1664 (= in sixteen sixty-four) / in the year 1664
5 in the 1896 (= eighteen ninety-six)
6 in the early 1970s
7 in the early 19th century / in the early 1800s
8 in the late 20th century / in the late 1900s
9 in the early the 20th century / in the early 1900s
10 in the mid-20th century / in the mid-1900s
11 in the late 1990s
12 in the mid-1940s
13 in 2019 (= two thousand and nineteen / twenty nineteen)
14 in the 21st century / in the 2000s (= in the noughties)
15 2012 (= twenty twelve / two thousand and twelve)
16 by the year 2050 (= twenty fifty)

exercise 34
Early history
1. from 40 CE to about 410 CE
2. in the 5th century
3. In the 9th century
4. in the late 10th century, early 11th century
5. two decades, in 1066
From the 1940s to the 21st century
6. In the late 1940s
7. in the early 1980s
8. in the late 1980s
9. In 1997
10. in the early 21st century / in the early 2000s