https://peda.net/id/3d4840703f1 2020-12-15T22:08:03+02:00 https://peda.net/:static/535/peda.net.logo.bg.svg <div class="license">Tämän sivun lisenssi <a rel="license" href="https://peda.net/info">Peda.net-yleislisenssi</a></div> https://peda.net/id/07fc725a3f1 2023-04-03T17:04:17+03:00 <p>**********************************************</p> <h1>Orbitaalin taulukkokirja 1/3</h1> <p>**********************************************</p> <h1>MERKINTÖJÄ JA KAAVOJA</h1> <h1>Kreikkalaiset numeeriset etuliitteet</h1> mono =1heksa =6 <table border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>di =2</td> <td>hepta =7</td> </tr> <tr> <td>tri = 3</td> <td>okta = 8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>tetra =4</td> <td>ennea = 9 nona (lat.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>penta =5</td> <td>deka =10</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>Vakioita</h2> <table border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>atomimassayksikkö</td> <td>1 u = 1,661 * 10^-27 kg</td> </tr> <tr> <td>avogadron vakio</td> <td>N_A = 6,022 * 10²³ l/mol</td> </tr> <tr> <td>moolinen kaasuvakio</td> <td>R = 8,31451 <div class="fraction"><span class="fup">Pa × m³</span> <span class="bar">/</span> <span class="fdn">mol × K</span></div> = 0,0831451 <div class="fraction"><span class="fup">Pa × dm³</span> <span class="bar">/</span> <span class="fdn">mol × K</span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>ideaalikaasun moolitilavuus<br/> NTP-oloissa</td> <td>V_m = 22,055 dm³/mol</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Faradayn vakio</td> <td><em>F</em> = 96 485 As/mol</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alkeisvaraus</td> <td><em>e</em> = 1,60218 * 10^-19 C</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>NTP-olot: <em>p</em>₀ = 101 325 Pa = 1,01325 bar, <em>T</em>₀ = 273,15 K, <em>t</em> = 20°C<br/> dm³ = l</p> <h2>Suureita</h2> <table border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Suure</strong></td> <td><strong>Tunnus</strong></td> <td><strong>Yksikkö</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>moolimassa</td> <td>M</td> <td>g/mol</td> </tr> <tr> <td>moolitilavuus</td> <td>V_m</td> <td>dm³/mol</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ainemäärä</td> <td>n</td> <td>mol</td> </tr> <tr> <td>konsentraario*</td> <td>c</td> <td>mol/dm³</td> </tr> <tr> <td>tiheys</td> <td>ρ</td> <td>kg/m³ = g/dm³</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>* pienten pitoisuuksien yksikkönä käytetään myös ppm (=miljoonasosa)</p> <h2>Kemian laskukaavoja</h2> <p> </p> <table border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div class="eq-c">ainemäärä = <div class="fraction"><span class="fup">massa</span> <span class="bar">/</span> <span class="fdn">moolimassa</span></div> </div> </td> <td><em>n</em> = <em>m</em> <span class="bar">/</span> <span class="fdn"><em>M</em></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="eq-c">ainemäärä = <div class="fraction"><span class="fup">hiukkasmäärä</span> <span class="bar">/</span> <span class="fdn">Avogadron vakio</span></div> </div> </td> <td><em>n</em> = <em>N</em> <span class="bar">/</span> <span class="fdn"><em>N_A</em></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="eq-c">kaasun ainemäärä = <div class="fraction"><span class="fup">tilavuus</span> <span class="bar">/</span> <span class="fdn">moolitilavuus</span></div> </div> </td> <td><em>n</em> = <em>V</em> <span class="bar">/</span> <span class="fdn"><em>V_m</em></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="eq-c">konsentraatio = <div class="fraction"><span class="fup">ainemäärä</span> <span class="bar">/</span> <span class="fdn">tilavuus</span></div> </div> </td> <td>c = <em>n</em> <span class="bar">/</span> <span class="fdn"><em>V</em></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="eq-t">tiheys = <div class="fraction"><span class="fup">massa</span> <span class="bar">/</span> <span class="fdn">tilavuus</span></div> </div> </td> <td>ρ = <em>n</em> <span class="bar">/</span> <span class="fdn"><em>V</em></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="eq-t">kaasun tiheys = <div class="fraction"><span class="fup">moolimassa</span> <span class="bar">/</span> <span class="fdn">moolitilavuus</span></div> </div> </td> <td>ρ = <em>M</em> <span class="bar">/</span> <span class="fdn"><em>V_m</em></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>ideaalikaasun tilanyhtälö</td> <td><em>pv = nRT</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>sähkömäärä elektrolyysissä</td> <td><em>Q = It = nZF</em> ¹</td> </tr> <tr> <td>liuoksen happamuus</td> <td>pH = -lg[H₃O⁺]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>liuoksen emäksisyys</td> <td>pOH = -lg[OH^-]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>massavaikutuksen laki <br/> aA + bC ⇌ cC + dD</td> <td><em>K</em> = [C]^c × [D]^d <span class="bar">/</span> <span class="fdn">[A]^a × [B]^b </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>happovakio <br/> HA + H₂O ⇌ A^- + H₃O⁺</td> <td><em>K_a</em> = [A^-] × [H₃O⁺] <span class="bar">/</span> <span class="fdn">[HA]</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>emäsvakio <br/> B + H₂O ⇌ BH⁺ + OH^-</td> <td><em>K_b</em> = [BH⁺] × [OH^-] <span class="bar">/</span> <span class="fdn">[B]</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Henderson-Hasselbalchin yhtälö <br/> puskuriliuoksien lasku</td> <td>pH = pK_a + lg[A^-] <span class="bar">/</span> <span class="fdn">[HA]</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>¹<em>z</em> kuvaa elektrolyysissä siirtyvien elektronien lukumääräähapettuvaa tai pelkistyvää atomia, ionia tai molekyyliä kohti.</p> <h1>ALKUAINEET</h1> <h2>Jaksollinen järjestelmä</h2> <table border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="column"><br/> 1</th> <th scope="column">1</th> <th scope="column">2</th> <th scope="column">3</th> <th scope="column">4</th> <th scope="column">5</th> <th scope="column">6</th> <th scope="column">7</th> <th scope="column">8</th> <th scope="column">9</th> <th scope="column">10</th> <th scope="column">11</th> <th scope="column">12</th> <th scope="column">13</th> <th scope="column">14</th> <th scope="column">15</th> <th scope="column">16</th> <th scope="column">17</th> <th scope="column">18</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1</th> <td>₁H<br/> 1,008</td> <td colspan="16"> </td> <td>₂He<br/> 4,003</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2</th> <td>₃Li<br/> 6,941</td> <td>₄Be<br/> 9,012</td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td>₅B<br/> 10,81</td> <td>₆C<br/> 12,01</td> <td>₇N<br/> 14,01</td> <td>₈O<br/> 16,00</td> <td>₉F<br/> 19,00</td> <td>₁₀Ne<br/> 20,18</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3</th> <td>₁₁Na<br/> 22,99</td> <td>₁₂Mg<br/> 24,31</td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td>₁₃Al<br/> 26,98</td> <td>₁₄Si<br/> 28,09</td> <td>₁₅P<br/> 30,97</td> <td>₁₆S<br/> 32,07</td> <td>₁₇Cl<br/> 35,45</td> <td>₁₈Ar<br/> 39,95</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4</th> <td>₁₉K<br/> 39,10</td> <td>₂₀Ca<br/> 40,08</td> <td>₂₁Sc<br/> 44,96</td> <td>₂₂Ti<br/> 47,87</td> <td>₂₃V<br/> 50,94</td> <td>₂₄Cr<br/> 52,00</td> <td>₂₅Mn<br/> 54,94</td> <td>₂₆Fe<br/> 55,85</td> <td>₂₇Co<br/> 58,93</td> <td>₂₈Ni<br/> 58,69</td> <td>₂₉Cu<br/> 63,55</td> <td>₃₀Zn<br/> 65,38</td> <td>₃₁Ga<br/> 69,72</td> <td>₃₂Ge<br/> 72,63</td> <td>₃₃As<br/> 74,92</td> <td>₃₄Se<br/> 78,96</td> <td>₃₅Br<br/> 79,90</td> <td>₃₆Kr<br/> 83,80</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">5</th> <td>₃₇Rb<br/> 85,47</td> <td>₃₈Sr<br/> 87,62</td> <td>₃₉Y<br/> 88,91</td> <td>₄₀Zr<br/> 91,22</td> <td>₄₁Nb<br/> 92,91</td> <td>₄₂Mo<br/> 95,96</td> <td>₄₃Tc<br/> (98)</td> <td>₄₄Ru<br/> 101,07</td> <td>₄₅Rh<br/> 102,91</td> <td>₄₆Pd<br/> 106,42</td> <td>₄₇Ag<br/> 107,87</td> <td>₄₈Cd<br/> 112,41</td> <td>₄₉In<br/> 114,82</td> <td>₅₀Sn<br/> 118,71</td> <td>₅₁Sb<br/> 121,76</td> <td>₅₂Te<br/> 127,60</td> <td>₅₃I<br/> 126,90</td> <td>₅₄Xe<br/> 131,29</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">6</th> <td>₅₅Cs<br/> 132,91</td> <td>₅₆Ba<br/> 137,33</td> <td>57–71</td> <td>₇₂Hf<br/> 178,49</td> <td>₇₃Ta<br/> 180,95</td> <td>₇₄W<br/> 183,84</td> <td>₇₅Re<br/> 186,21</td> <td>₇₆Os<br/> 190,23</td> <td>₇₇Ir<br/> 192,22</td> <td>₇₈Pt<br/> 195,08</td> <td>₇₉Au<br/> 196,97</td> <td>₈₀Hg<br/> 200,59</td> <td>₈₁Tl<br/> 204,38</td> <td>₈₂Pb<br/> 207,2</td> <td>₈₃Bi<br/> 208,98</td> <td>₈₄Po<br/> (209)</td> <td>₈₅At<br/> (210)</td> <td>₈₆Rn<br/> (222)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">7</th> <td>₈₇Fr<br/> (223)</td> <td>₈₈Ra<br/> (226)</td> <td>89–103</td> <td>₁₀₄Rf<br/> (267)</td> <td>₁₀₅Db<br/> (268)</td> <td>₁₀₆Sg<br/> (269)</td> <td>₁₀₇Bh<br/> (270)</td> <td>₁₀₈Hs<br/> (269)</td> <td>₁₀₉Mt<br/> (278)</td> <td>₁₁₀Ds<br/> (281)</td> <td>₁₁₁Rg<br/> (280)</td> <td>₁₁₂Cn<br/> (285)</td> <td>₁₁₃Nh<br/> (286)</td> <td>₁₁₄Fl<br/> (289)</td> <td>₁₁₅Mc<br/> (289)</td> <td>₁₁₆Lv<br/> (293)</td> <td>₁₁₇Ts<br/> (294)</td> <td>₁₁₈Og<br/> (294)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>Ionien koko</h2> <table border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="column"> </th> <th scope="column">1</th> <th scope="column">2</th> <th scope="column">3</th> <th scope="column">4</th> <th scope="column">5</th> <th scope="column">6</th> <th scope="column">7</th> <th scope="column">8</th> <th scope="column">9</th> <th scope="column">10</th> <th scope="column">11</th> <th scope="column">12</th> <th scope="column">13</th> <th scope="column">14</th> <th scope="column">15</th> <th scope="column">16</th> <th scope="column">17</th> <th scope="column">18</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1</th> <td>H⁺<br/> 154</td> <td colspan="16"> </td> <td>He</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2</th> <td>Li⁺<br/> 76</td> <td>Be²⁺<br/> 45</td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td>B</td> <td>C</td> <td>N<br/> 146</td> <td>O<br/> 140</td> <td>F<br/> 133</td> <td>Ne</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3</th> <td>Na⁺<br/> 102</td> <td>Mg²⁺<br/> 72</td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td>Al³⁺<br/> 53,5</td> <td>Si<br/> 40</td> <td>P<br/> 212</td> <td>S<br/> 184</td> <td>Cl<br/> 181</td> <td>Ar</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4</th> <td>K⁺<br/> 138</td> <td>Ca²⁺<br/> 100</td> <td>Sc³⁺<br/> 74,5</td> <td>Ti³⁺<br/> 67</td> <td>V²⁺<br/> 79</td> <td>Cr²⁺<br/> 80</td> <td>Mn²⁺<br/> 83</td> <td>Fe²⁺<br/> 78</td> <td>Co²⁺<br/> 74,5</td> <td>Ni²⁺<br/> 69</td> <td>Cu²⁺<br/> 73</td> <td>Zn²⁺<br/> 74</td> <td>Ga³⁺<br/> 62</td> <td> <p>Ge⁴⁺<br/> 53</p> </td> <td>As³⁺<br/> 58</td> <td>Se^2-<br/> 198</td> <td>Br^-<br/> 196</td> <td>Kr</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">5</th> <td>Rb⁺<br/> 152</td> <td>Sr²⁺<br/> 118</td> <td>Y³⁺<br/> 90</td> <td>Zr⁴⁺<br/> 72</td> <td>Nb³⁺<br/> 72</td> <td>Mo⁴⁺<br/> 65</td> <td>Tc⁴⁺<br/> 64,5</td> <td>Ru³⁺<br/> 68</td> <td>Rh³⁺<br/> 66,5</td> <td>Pd²⁺<br/> 86</td> <td>Ag⁺<br/> 115</td> <td>Cd²⁺<br/> 95</td> <td>In³⁺<br/> 80</td> <td>Sn⁴⁺<br/> 69</td> <td>Sb³⁺<br/> 76</td> <td>Te^2-<br/> 221</td> <td>I^-<br/> 220</td> <td>Xe</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">6</th> <td>Cs⁺<br/> 167</td> <td>Ba²⁺<br/> 135</td> <td>57–71</td> <td>Hf⁴⁺<br/> 71</td> <td>Ta³⁺<br/> 72</td> <td>W⁴⁺<br/> 66</td> <td>Re⁴⁺<br/> 63</td> <td>Os⁴⁺<br/> 63</td> <td>Ir³⁺<br/> 68</td> <td>Pt²⁺<br/> 80</td> <td>Au⁺<br/> 137</td> <td>Hg²⁺<br/> 102</td> <td>Tl³⁺<br/> 88,5</td> <td>Pb⁴⁺<br/> 77,5</td> <td>Bi³⁺<br/> 103</td> <td>Po</td> <td>At</td> <td>Rn</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>Yleisimmät hapetusluvut</h2> <table border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="column"> </th> <th scope="column">1</th> <th scope="column">2</th> <th scope="column">3</th> <th scope="column">4</th> <th scope="column">5</th> <th scope="column">6</th> <th scope="column">7</th> <th scope="column">8</th> <th scope="column">9</th> <th scope="column">10</th> <th scope="column">11</th> <th scope="column">12</th> <th scope="column">13</th> <th scope="column">14</th> <th scope="column">15</th> <th scope="column">16</th> <th scope="column">17</th> <th scope="column">18</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1</th> <td>H<br/> -I, +I</td> <td colspan="16"> </td> <td>He<br/> 0</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2</th> <td>Li<br/> +I</td> <td>Be<br/> +II</td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td>B<br/> +III</td> <td>C<br/> -IV, +II, +IV</td> <td>N<br/> -III, +I, +II, +III, +IV, +V</td> <td>O<br/> -I, -II</td> <td>F<br/> -I</td> <td>Ne<br/> 0</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3</th> <td>Na<br/> +I</td> <td>Mg<br/> +II</td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td>Al<br/> +III</td> <td>Si<br/> -IV, +IV</td> <td>P<br/> -III, +III, +V</td> <td>S<br/> -II, +II, +IV, +VI</td> <td>Cl<br/> -I, +I, +III, +V, +VII</td> <td>Ar<br/> 0</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4</th> <td>K<br/> +I</td> <td>Ca<br/> +II</td> <td>Sc<br/> +III</td> <td>Ti<br/> +III, +IV</td> <td>V<br/> +II,+III, +IV, +V</td> <td> <p>Cr<br/> +III, +III, +VI</p> </td> <td>Mn<br/> +II, +III, +IV, +VI, +VII</td> <td>Fe<br/> +II, +III</td> <td>Co<br/> +II, +III</td> <td>Ni<br/> +II, +III</td> <td>Cu<br/> +II</td> <td>Zn<br/> +II</td> <td>Ga<br/> +III</td> <td>Ge<br/> +II, +IV</td> <td>As<br/> -III, +III, +V</td> <td>Se<br/> -II, +IV, +VI</td> <td>Br<br/> -I, +I, +V</td> <td>Kr<br/> 0</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">5</th> <td>Rb<br/> +I</td> <td>Sr<br/> +II</td> <td>Y<br/> +III</td> <td>Zr<br/> +II, +III, +IV</td> <td>Nb<br/> +III, +V</td> <td>Mo<br/> +II, +III, IV, +VI</td> <td>Tc<br/> +II, +IV, +VI, +VII</td> <td>Ru<br/> +III, +IV, +V, +VI</td> <td>Rh<br/> +II, +III, +IV</td> <td>Pd<br/> +II, +IV</td> <td>Ag<br/> +I</td> <td>Cd<br/> +II</td> <td>In<br/> +III</td> <td>Sn<br/> +II, +IV</td> <td>Sb<br/> -III, +III, +V</td> <td>Te<br/> -II, +IV, +VI</td> <td>I<br/> -I, +I, +V, +VII</td> <td>Xe<br/> 0</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">6</th> <td>Cs<br/> +I</td> <td>Ba<br/> +II</td> <td>La<br/> +III</td> <td>Hf<br/> +IV</td> <td>Ta<br/> +V</td> <td>W<br/> +IV, +V, +VI</td> <td>Re<br/> +IV, +VI, +VII</td> <td>Os<br/> +II, +III, +IV, +VI</td> <td>Ir<br/> +II, +III, +IV, +VI</td> <td>Pt<br/> +II, +IV, +VI</td> <td>Au<br/> +I, +III</td> <td>Hg<br/> +I, +II</td> <td>Tl<br/> +I, +III</td> <td>Pb<br/> +II, +IV</td> <td>Bi<br/> -III, +III, +V</td> <td>Po<br/> +II, +IV</td> <td>At<br/> -I, +III, +V, +VII</td> <td>Rn<br/> 0</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">7</th> <td>Fr<br/> +I</td> <td>Ra<br/> +II</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>Alkuaineiden nimet ja kemialliset merkit</h2> <table><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="0"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="0"--> <tbody> <tr> <td>Z</td> <td>Kemiallinen merkki</td> <td>Atomimassa</td> <td>Nimi</td> <td>Ruotsink.</td> <td>Engl.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>H</td> <td>1.00794</td> <td>Vety</td> <td>Väte</td> <td>Hydrogen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>He</td> <td>4.002602</td> <td>Helium</td> <td>Helium</td> <td>Helium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Li</td> <td>6.941</td> <td>Litium</td> <td>Litium</td> <td>Lithium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Be</td> <td>9.012182</td> <td>Beryllium</td> <td>Beryllium</td> <td>Beryllium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>B</td> <td>10.811</td> <td>Boori</td> <td>Bor</td> <td>Boron</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>C</td> <td>12.0107</td> <td>Hiili</td> <td>Kol</td> <td>Carbon</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>N</td> <td>14.0067</td> <td>Typpi</td> <td>Kväve</td> <td>Nitrogen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>O</td> <td>15.9994</td> <td>Happi</td> <td>Syre</td> <td>Oxygen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>F</td> <td>18.9984032</td> <td>Fluori</td> <td>Fluor</td> <td>Fluorine</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Ne</td> <td>20.1797</td> <td>Neon</td> <td>Neon</td> <td>Neon</td> </tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Na</td> <td>22.98976928</td> <td>Natrium</td> <td>Natrium</td> <td>Sodium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Mg</td> <td>24.3050</td> <td>Magnesium</td> <td>Magnesium</td> <td>Magnesium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Al</td> <td>26.9815386</td> <td>Alumiini</td> <td>Aluminium</td> <td>Aluminium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Si</td> <td>28.0855</td> <td>Pii</td> <td>Kisel</td> <td>Silicon</td> </tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>P</td> <td>30.973762</td> <td>Fosfori</td> <td>Fosfor</td> <td>Phosphorus</td> </tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>S</td> <td>32.065</td> <td>Rikki</td> <td>Svavel</td> <td>Sulfur</td> </tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>Cl</td> <td>35.453</td> <td>Kloori</td> <td>Klor</td> <td>Chlorine</td> </tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Ar</td> <td>39.948</td> <td>Argon</td> <td>Argon</td> <td>Argon</td> </tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>K</td> <td>39.0983</td> <td>Kalium</td> <td>Kalium</td> <td>Potassium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>Ca</td> <td>40.078</td> <td>Kalsium</td> <td>Kalcium</td> <td>Calcium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>Sc</td> <td>44.955912</td> <td>Skandium</td> <td>Skandium</td> <td>Scandium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>Ti</td> <td>47.867</td> <td>Titaani</td> <td>Titan</td> <td>Titanium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>V</td> <td>50.9415</td> <td>Vanadiini</td> <td>Vanadin</td> <td>Vanadium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>Cr</td> <td>51.9961</td> <td>Kromi</td> <td>Krom</td> <td>Chromium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>Mn</td> <td>54.938045</td> <td>Mangaani</td> <td>Mangan</td> <td>Manganese</td> </tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td>Fe</td> <td>55.845</td> <td>Rauta</td> <td>Järn</td> <td>Iron</td> </tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td>Co</td> <td>58.933195</td> <td>Koboltti</td> <td>Kobolt</td> <td>Cobalt</td> </tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td>Ni</td> <td>58.6934</td> <td>Nikkeli</td> <td>Nickel</td> <td>Nickel</td> </tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td>Cu</td> <td>63.546</td> <td>Kupari</td> <td>Koppar</td> <td>Copper</td> </tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>Zn</td> <td>65.38</td> <td>Sinkki</td> <td>Zink</td> <td>Zinc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td>Ga</td> <td>69.723</td> <td>Gallium</td> <td>Gallium</td> <td>Gallium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td>Ge</td> <td>72.64</td> <td>Germanium</td> <td>Germanium</td> <td>Germanium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td>As</td> <td>74.92160</td> <td>Arseeni</td> <td>Arsenik</td> <td>Arsenic</td> </tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td>Se</td> <td>78.96</td> <td>Seleeni</td> <td>Selen</td> <td>Selenium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td>Br</td> <td>79.904</td> <td>Bromi</td> <td>Brom</td> <td>Bromine</td> </tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td>Kr</td> <td>83.798</td> <td>Krypton</td> <td>Krypton</td> <td>Krypton</td> </tr> <tr> <td>37</td> <td>Rb</td> <td>85.4678</td> <td>Rubidium</td> <td>Rubidium</td> <td>Rubidium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>38</td> <td>Sr</td> <td>87.62</td> <td>Strontium</td> <td>Strontium</td> <td>Strontium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>39</td> <td>Y</td> <td>88.90585</td> <td>Yttrium</td> <td>Yttrium</td> <td>Yttrium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>Zr</td> <td>91.224</td> <td>Zirkonium</td> <td>Zirkonium</td> <td>Zirconium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td>Nb</td> <td>92.90638</td> <td>Niobium</td> <td>Niob</td> <td>Niobium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>42</td> <td>Mo</td> <td>95.96</td> <td>Molybdeeni</td> <td>Molybden</td> <td>Molybdenum</td> </tr> <tr> <td>43</td> <td>Tc</td> <td>[98]</td> <td>Teknetium</td> <td>Teknetium</td> <td>Technetium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td>Ru</td> <td>101.07</td> <td>Rutenium</td> <td>Rutenium</td> <td>Ruthenium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td>Rh</td> <td>102.90550</td> <td>Rodium</td> <td>Rodium</td> <td>Rhodium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td>Pd</td> <td>106.42</td> <td>Palladium</td> <td>Palladium</td> <td>Palladium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>47</td> <td>Ag</td> <td>107.8682</td> <td>Hopea</td> <td>Silver</td> <td>Silver</td> </tr> <tr> <td>48</td> <td>Cd</td> <td>112.411</td> <td>Kadmium</td> <td>Kadmium</td> <td>Cadmium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>49</td> <td>in</td> <td>114.818</td> <td>Indium</td> <td>Indium</td> <td>Indium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td>Sn</td> <td>118.710</td> <td>Tina</td> <td>Tenn</td> <td>Tin</td> </tr> <tr> <td>51</td> <td>Sb</td> <td>121.760</td> <td>Antimoni</td> <td>Antimon</td> <td>Antimony</td> </tr> <tr> <td>52</td> <td>Te</td> <td>127.60</td> <td>Telluuri</td> <td>Tellur</td> <td>Tellurium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>53</td> <td>I</td> <td>126.90447</td> <td>Jodi</td> <td>Jod</td> <td>Iodine</td> </tr> <tr> <td>54</td> <td>Xe</td> <td>131.293</td> <td>Ksenon</td> <td>Xenon</td> <td>Xenon</td> </tr> <tr> <td>55</td> <td>Ce</td> <td>132.9054519</td> <td>Cesium</td> <td>Cesium</td> <td>Caesium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>56</td> <td>Ba</td> <td>137.327</td> <td>Barium</td> <td>Barium</td> <td>Barium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>57</td> <td>La</td> <td>138.90547</td> <td>Lantaani</td> <td>Lantan</td> <td>Lanthanum</td> </tr> <tr> <td>58</td> <td>Ce</td> <td>140.116</td> <td>Cerium</td> <td>Cerium</td> <td>Cerium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>59</td> <td>Pr</td> <td>140.90765</td> <td>Praseodyymi</td> <td>Praseodym</td> <td>Praseodymium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>Nd</td> <td>144.242</td> <td>Neodyymi</td> <td>Neodym</td> <td>Neodymium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>61</td> <td>Pm</td> <td>[145]</td> <td>Prometium</td> <td>Prometium</td> <td>Promethium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>62</td> <td>Sm</td> <td>150.36</td> <td>Samarium</td> <td>Samarium</td> <td>Samarium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>63</td> <td>Eu</td> <td>151.964</td> <td>Europium</td> <td>Europium</td> <td>Europium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>64</td> <td>Gd</td> <td>157.25</td> <td>Gadolinium</td> <td>Gadolinium</td> <td>Gadolinium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>65</td> <td>Tb</td> <td>158.92535</td> <td>Terbium</td> <td>Terbium</td> <td>Terbium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>66</td> <td>Dy</td> <td>162.500</td> <td>Dysprosium</td> <td>Dysprosium</td> <td>Dysprosium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>67</td> <td>Ho</td> <td>164.93032</td> <td>Holmium</td> <td>Holmium</td> <td>Holmium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>68</td> <td>Er</td> <td>167.259</td> <td>Erbium</td> <td>Erbium</td> <td>Erbium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>69</td> <td>Tm</td> <td>168.93421</td> <td>Tulium</td> <td>Tulium</td> <td>Thulium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>70</td> <td>Yb</td> <td>173.054</td> <td>Ytterbium</td> <td>Ytterbium</td> <td>Ytterbium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>71</td> <td>Lu</td> <td>174.9668</td> <td>Lutetium</td> <td>Lutetium</td> <td>Lutetium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>72</td> <td>Hf</td> <td>178.49</td> <td>Hafnium</td> <td>Hafnium</td> <td>Hafnium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>73</td> <td>Ta</td> <td>180.94788</td> <td>Tantaali</td> <td>Tantal</td> <td>Tantalum</td> </tr> <tr> <td>74</td> <td>W</td> <td>183.84</td> <td>Volframi</td> <td>Volfram</td> <td>Tungsten</td> </tr> <tr> <td>75</td> <td>Re</td> <td>186.207</td> <td>Renium</td> <td>Rhenium</td> <td>Rhenium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>76</td> <td>Os</td> <td>190.23</td> <td>Osmium</td> <td>Osmium</td> <td>Osmium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>77</td> <td>Ir</td> <td>192.217</td> <td>Iridium</td> <td>Iridium</td> <td>Iridium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>78</td> <td>Pt</td> <td>195.084</td> <td>Platina</td> <td>Platina</td> <td>Platinum</td> </tr> <tr> <td>79</td> <td>Au</td> <td>196.966569</td> <td>Kulta</td> <td>Guld</td> <td>Gold</td> </tr> <tr> <td>80</td> <td>Hg</td> <td>200.59</td> <td>Elohopea</td> <td>Kvicksilver</td> <td>Mercury</td> </tr> <tr> <td>81</td> <td>Tl</td> <td>204.3833</td> <td>Tallium</td> <td>Tallium</td> <td>Thallium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>82</td> <td>Pb</td> <td>207.2</td> <td>Lyijy</td> <td>Bly</td> <td>Lead</td> </tr> <tr> <td>83</td> <td>Bi</td> <td>208.98040</td> <td>Vismutti</td> <td>Vismut</td> <td>Bismuth</td> </tr> <tr> <td>84</td> <td>Po</td> <td>[209]</td> <td>Polonium</td> <td>Polonium</td> <td>Polonium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>85</td> <td>At</td> <td>[210]</td> <td>Astatiini</td> <td>Astat</td> <td>Astatine</td> </tr> <tr> <td>86</td> <td>Rn</td> <td>[222]</td> <td>Radon</td> <td>Radon</td> <td>Radon</td> </tr> <tr> <td>87</td> <td>Fr</td> <td>[223]</td> <td>Frankium</td> <td>Francium</td> <td>Francium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>88</td> <td>Ra</td> <td>[226]</td> <td>Radium</td> <td>Radium</td> <td>Radium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>89</td> <td>Ac</td> <td>[227]</td> <td>Aktinium</td> <td>Aktinium</td> <td>Actinium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>90</td> <td>Th</td> <td>232.03806</td> <td>Torium</td> <td>Torium</td> <td>Thorium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>91</td> <td>Pa</td> <td>231.03588</td> <td>Protaktinium</td> <td>Protaktinium</td> <td>Protactinium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>92</td> <td>U</td> <td>238.02891</td> <td>Uraani</td> <td>Uran</td> <td>Uranium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>93</td> <td>Np</td> <td>[237]</td> <td>Neptunium</td> <td>Neptunium</td> <td>Neptunium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>94</td> <td>Pu</td> <td>[244]</td> <td>Plutonium</td> <td>Plutonium</td> <td>Plutonium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>95</td> <td>Am</td> <td>[243]</td> <td>Amerikium</td> <td>Americium</td> <td>Americium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>96</td> <td>Cm</td> <td>[247]</td> <td>Curium</td> <td>Curium</td> <td>Curium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>97</td> <td>Bk</td> <td>[247]</td> <td>Berkelium</td> <td>Berkelium</td> <td>Berkelium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>98</td> <td>Cf</td> <td>[251]</td> <td>Kalifornium</td> <td>Californium</td> <td>Californium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>99</td> <td>Es</td> <td>[252]</td> <td>Einsteinium</td> <td>Einsteinium</td> <td>Einsteinium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td>Fm</td> <td>[257]</td> <td>Fermium</td> <td>Fermium</td> <td>Fermium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>101</td> <td>Md</td> <td>[258]</td> <td>Mendelevium</td> <td>Mendelevium</td> <td>Mendelevium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>102</td> <td>No</td> <td>[259]</td> <td>Nobelium</td> <td>Nobelium</td> <td>Nobelium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>103</td> <td>Lr</td> <td>[262]</td> <td>Lawrencium</td> <td>Lawrencium</td> <td>Lawrencium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>104</td> <td>Rf</td> <td>[267]</td> <td>Rutherfordium</td> <td>Rutherfordium</td> <td>Rutherfordium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>105</td> <td>Db</td> <td>[268]</td> <td>Dubnium</td> <td>Dubnium</td> <td>Dubnium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>106</td> <td>Sg</td> <td>[271]</td> <td>Seaborgium</td> <td>Seaborgium</td> <td>Seaborgium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>107</td> <td>Bh</td> <td>[272]</td> <td>Bohrium</td> <td>Bohrium</td> <td>Bohrium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>108</td> <td>Hs</td> <td>[270]</td> <td>Hassium</td> <td>Hassium</td> <td>Hassium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>109</td> <td>Mt</td> <td>[276]</td> <td>Meitnerium</td> <td>Meitnerium</td> <td>Meitnerium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>110</td> <td>Ds</td> <td>[281]</td> <td>Darmstadtium</td> <td>Darmstadtium</td> <td>Darmstadtium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>111</td> <td>Rg</td> <td>[280]</td> <td>Röntgenium</td> <td>Röntgenium</td> <td>Roentgenium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>112</td> <td>Cn</td> <td>[285]</td> <td>Kopernikium</td> <td>Copernicium</td> <td>Copernicium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>113</td> <td>Nh</td> <td>[284]</td> <td>Nihonium</td> <td>Nihonium</td> <td>Nihonium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>114</td> <td>Fl</td> <td>[289]</td> <td>Flerovium</td> <td>Flerovium</td> <td>Flerovium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>115</td> <td>Mc</td> <td>[288]</td> <td>Moskovium</td> <td>Moskovium</td> <td>Moscovium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>116</td> <td>Lv</td> <td>[293]</td> <td>Livermorium</td> <td>Livermorium</td> <td>Livermorium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>117</td> <td>Ts</td> <td>[294]</td> <td>Tennessiini</td> <td>Tenness</td> <td>Tennessine</td> </tr> <tr> <td>118</td> <td>Og</td> <td>[294]</td> <td>Oganesson</td> <td>Oganesson</td> <td>Oganesson</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2><br/> Lähteitä:</h2> <p><a href="https://cheat.abitti.fi/build/index.html?fi" rel="nofollow ugc noopener">https://cheat.abitti.fi/build/index.html?fi</a><br/> <a href="https://www.taulukot.com" rel="nofollow ugc noopener">https://www.taulukot.com</a></p> <p> </p> 2020-12-15T22:13:44+02:00 https://peda.net/id/ebd198ec76a 2022-01-16T10:50:05+02:00 <p>**********************************************</p> <h1>Orbitaalin taulukkokirja 2/3</h1> <p>**********************************************</p> <h1><span>Elektronien sijoittuminen energiatasoille ja orbitaaleille</span></h1> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="0"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="0"--> <tbody> <tr> <td>Z</td> <td>Kemiallinen merkki</td> <td> <p>1 (K)<br/> s</p> </td> <td>2 (L)<br/> s</td> <td><br/> p</td> <td> <p>3 (M)<br/> s</p> </td> <td><br/> p</td> <td><br/> d</td> <td>4 (N)<br/> s</td> <td><br/> p</td> <td><br/> d</td> <td><br/> f</td> <td>5 (O)<br/> s</td> <td><br/> p</td> <td><br/> d</td> <td><br/> f</td> <td>6 (P)<br/> s</td> <td><br/> p</td> <td><br/> d</td> <td><br/> f</td> <td>7 (Q)<br/> s</td> <td><br/> p</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>H</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>He</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Li</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Be</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>B</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>C</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>N</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>O</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>F</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>5</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Ne</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Na</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Mg</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Al</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Si</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>P</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Si</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>Cl</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>5</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Ar</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>K</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>Ca</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>Sc</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>Ti</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>V</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>3</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>Cr</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>5</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>Mn</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>5</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td>Fe</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td>Co</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td>Ni</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>8</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td>Cu</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>Zn</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td>Ga</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td>Ge</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td>As</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td>Se</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td>Br</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>5</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td>Kr</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>37</td> <td>Rb</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>38</td> <td>Sr</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>39</td> <td>Y</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>Zr</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td>Nb</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>4</td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>42</td> <td>Mo</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>5</td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>43</td> <td>Tc</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>5</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td>Ru</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td>Rh</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>8</td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td>Pd</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>47</td> <td>Ag</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>48</td> <td>Cd</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>49</td> <td>in</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td>Sn</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>51</td> <td>Sb</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>52</td> <td>Te</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>53</td> <td>I</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>5</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>54</td> <td>Xe</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>55</td> <td>Ce</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>56</td> <td>Ba</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>57</td> <td>La</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>58</td> <td>Ce</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>59</td> <td>Pr</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>3</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>Nd</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>61</td> <td>Pm</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>5</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>62</td> <td>Sm</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>63</td> <td>Eu</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>7</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>64</td> <td>Gd</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>7</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>65</td> <td>Tb</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>9</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>66</td> <td>Dy</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>67</td> <td>Ho</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>11</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>68</td> <td>Er</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>12</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>69</td> <td>Tm</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>13</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>70</td> <td>Yb</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>71</td> <td>Lu</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>72</td> <td>Hf</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>73</td> <td>Ta</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>3</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>74</td> <td>W</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>4</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>75</td> <td>Re</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>5</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>76</td> <td>Os</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>77</td> <td>Ir</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>9</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>78</td> <td>Pt</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>9</td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>79</td> <td>Au</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>80</td> <td>Hg</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>81</td> <td>Tl</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>82</td> <td>Pb</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>83</td> <td>Bi</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>84</td> <td>Po</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>85</td> <td>At</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>5</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>86</td> <td>Rn</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>87</td> <td>Fr</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>88</td> <td>Ra</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>89</td> <td>Ac</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>90</td> <td>Th</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>91</td> <td>Pa</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>92</td> <td>U</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>3</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>93</td> <td>Np</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>94</td> <td>Pu</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>95</td> <td>Am</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>7</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>96</td> <td>Cm</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>7</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>97</td> <td>Bk</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>8</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>98</td> <td>Cf</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>99</td> <td>Es</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>11</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td>Fm</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>12</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>101</td> <td>Md</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>13</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>102</td> <td>No</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>103</td> <td>Lr</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>Alkuaineiden ionisoitumisenergioita</h2> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="0"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="0"--> <tbody> <tr> <td>Z</td> <td>Kemiallinen merkki</td> <td>1. kJ/mol</td> <td>2. kJ/mol</td> <td>3. kJ/mol.</td> <td>4. kJ/mol.</td> <td>5. kJ/mol.</td> <td>6. kJ/mol.</td> <td>7. kJ/mol.</td> <td>8. kJ/mol.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>H</td> <td>1312</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>He</td> <td>2372,3</td> <td>5250,5</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Li</td> <td>520,2</td> <td>7298,1</td> <td>11815</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Be</td> <td>899,5</td> <td>1757,1</td> <td>14848,7</td> <td>21006,6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>B</td> <td>800,6</td> <td>2427,1</td> <td>3659,7</td> <td>25025,8</td> <td>32826,7</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>C</td> <td>1086,5</td> <td>2352,6</td> <td>4620,5</td> <td>6222,7</td> <td>37831</td> <td>47277</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>N</td> <td>1402,3</td> <td>2856</td> <td>4578,1</td> <td>7475</td> <td>9444,9</td> <td>53266,6</td> <td>64360</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>O</td> <td>1313,9</td> <td>3388,3</td> <td>5300,5</td> <td>7469,2</td> <td>10989,5</td> <td>13326,5</td> <td>71330</td> <td>84078</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>F</td> <td>1681</td> <td>3374,2</td> <td>6050,4</td> <td>8407,7</td> <td>11022,7</td> <td>15164,1</td> <td>17868</td> <td>92038,1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Ne</td> <td>2080,7</td> <td>3952,3</td> <td>6122</td> <td>9371</td> <td>12177</td> <td>15238</td> <td>19999</td> <td>23069,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Na</td> <td>495,8</td> <td>4562</td> <td>6910,3</td> <td>9543</td> <td>13354</td> <td>16613</td> <td>20117</td> <td>25496</td> </tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Mg</td> <td>737,7</td> <td>1450,7</td> <td>7732,7</td> <td>10542,5</td> <td>13630</td> <td>18020</td> <td>21711</td> <td>25661</td> </tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Al</td> <td>577,5</td> <td>1816,7</td> <td>2744,8</td> <td>11577</td> <td>14842</td> <td>18379</td> <td>23326</td> <td>27465</td> </tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Si</td> <td>786,5</td> <td>1577,1</td> <td>3231,6</td> <td>4355,5</td> <td>16091</td> <td>19805</td> <td>23780</td> <td>29287</td> </tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>P</td> <td>1011,8</td> <td>1907</td> <td>2914,1</td> <td>4963,6</td> <td>6273,9</td> <td>21267</td> <td>25431</td> <td>29872</td> </tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Si</td> <td>999,6</td> <td>2252</td> <td>3357</td> <td>4556</td> <td>7004,3</td> <td>8495,8</td> <td>27107</td> <td>31719</td> </tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>Cl</td> <td>1251,2</td> <td>2298</td> <td>3822</td> <td>5158,6</td> <td>6542</td> <td>9362</td> <td>11018</td> <td>33604</td> </tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Ar</td> <td>1520,6</td> <td>2665,8</td> <td>3931</td> <td>5771</td> <td>7238</td> <td>8781</td> <td>11995</td> <td>13842</td> </tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>K</td> <td>418,8</td> <td>3052</td> <td>4420</td> <td>5877</td> <td>7975</td> <td>9590</td> <td>11343</td> <td>14944</td> </tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>Ca</td> <td>589,8</td> <td>1145,4</td> <td>4912,4</td> <td>6491</td> <td>8153</td> <td>10496</td> <td>12270</td> <td>14206</td> </tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>Sc</td> <td>633,1</td> <td>1235</td> <td>2388,6</td> <td>7090,6</td> <td>8843</td> <td>10679</td> <td>13310</td> <td>15250</td> </tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>Ti</td> <td>658,8</td> <td>1309,8</td> <td>2652,5</td> <td>4174,6</td> <td>9581</td> <td>11533</td> <td>13590</td> <td>16440</td> </tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>V</td> <td>650,9</td> <td>1414</td> <td>2830</td> <td>4507</td> <td>6298,7</td> <td>12363</td> <td>14530</td> <td>16730</td> </tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>Cr</td> <td>652,9</td> <td>1590,6</td> <td>2987</td> <td>4743</td> <td>6702</td> <td>8744,9</td> <td>15455</td> <td>17820</td> </tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>Mn</td> <td>717,3</td> <td>1509</td> <td>3248</td> <td>4940</td> <td>6990</td> <td>9220</td> <td>11500</td> <td>18770</td> </tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td>Fe</td> <td>762,5</td> <td>1561,9</td> <td>2957</td> <td>5290</td> <td>7240</td> <td>9560</td> <td>12060</td> <td>14580</td> </tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td>Co</td> <td>760,4</td> <td>1648</td> <td>3232</td> <td>4950</td> <td>7670</td> <td>9840</td> <td>12440</td> <td>15230</td> </tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td>Ni</td> <td>737,1</td> <td>1753</td> <td>3395</td> <td>5300</td> <td>7339</td> <td>10400</td> <td>12800</td> <td>15600</td> </tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td>Cu</td> <td>745,5</td> <td>1957,9</td> <td>3555</td> <td>5536</td> <td>7700</td> <td>9900</td> <td>13400</td> <td>16000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>Zn</td> <td>906,4</td> <td>1733,3</td> <td>3833</td> <td>5731</td> <td>7970</td> <td>10400</td> <td>12900</td> <td>16800</td> </tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td>Ga</td> <td>578,8</td> <td>1979,3</td> <td>2963</td> <td>6180</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td>Ge</td> <td>762</td> <td>1537,5</td> <td>3302,1</td> <td>4411</td> <td>9020</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td>As</td> <td>947</td> <td>1798</td> <td>2735</td> <td>4837</td> <td>6043</td> <td>12310</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td>Se</td> <td>941</td> <td>2045</td> <td>2973,7</td> <td>4144</td> <td>6590</td> <td>7880</td> <td>14990</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td>Br</td> <td>1139,9</td> <td>2103</td> <td>3470</td> <td>4560</td> <td>5760</td> <td>8550</td> <td>9940</td> <td>18600</td> </tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td>Kr</td> <td>1350,8</td> <td>2350,4</td> <td>3565</td> <td>5070</td> <td>6240</td> <td>7570</td> <td>10710</td> <td>12138</td> </tr> <tr> <td>37</td> <td>Rb</td> <td>403</td> <td>2633</td> <td>3860</td> <td>5080</td> <td>6850</td> <td>8140</td> <td>9570</td> <td>13120</td> </tr> <tr> <td>38</td> <td>Sr</td> <td>549,5</td> <td>1064,2</td> <td>4138</td> <td>5500</td> <td>6910</td> <td>8760</td> <td>10230</td> <td>11800</td> </tr> <tr> <td>39</td> <td>Y</td> <td>600</td> <td>1180</td> <td>1980</td> <td>5847</td> <td>7430</td> <td>8970</td> <td>11190</td> <td>12450</td> </tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>Zr</td> <td>640,1</td> <td>1270</td> <td>2218</td> <td>3313</td> <td>7752</td> <td>9500</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td>Nb</td> <td>652,1</td> <td>1380</td> <td>2416</td> <td>3700</td> <td>4877</td> <td>9847</td> <td>12100</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>42</td> <td>Mo</td> <td>684,3</td> <td>1560</td> <td>2618</td> <td>4480</td> <td>5257</td> <td>6640,8</td> <td>12125</td> <td>13860</td> </tr> <tr> <td>43</td> <td>Tc</td> <td>702</td> <td>1470</td> <td>2850</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td>Ru</td> <td>710,2</td> <td>1620</td> <td>2747</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td>Rh</td> <td>719,7</td> <td>1740</td> <td>2997</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td>Pd</td> <td>804,4</td> <td>1870</td> <td>3177</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>47</td> <td>Ag</td> <td>731</td> <td>2070</td> <td>3361</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>48</td> <td>Cd</td> <td>867,8</td> <td>1631,4</td> <td>3616</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>49</td> <td>in</td> <td>558,3</td> <td>1820,7</td> <td>2704</td> <td>5210</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td>Sn</td> <td>708,6</td> <td>1411,8</td> <td>2943</td> <td>3930,3</td> <td>7456</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>51</td> <td>Sb</td> <td>834</td> <td>1594,9</td> <td>2440</td> <td>4260</td> <td>5400</td> <td>10400</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>52</td> <td>Te</td> <td>869,3</td> <td>1790</td> <td>2698</td> <td>3610</td> <td>5668</td> <td>6820</td> <td>13200</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>53</td> <td>I</td> <td>1008,4</td> <td>1845,9</td> <td>3180</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>54</td> <td>Xe</td> <td>1170,4</td> <td>2046,4</td> <td>3099,4</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>55</td> <td>Ce</td> <td>375,7</td> <td>2234,3</td> <td>3400</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>56</td> <td>Ba</td> <td>502,9</td> <td>965,2</td> <td>3600</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>57</td> <td>La</td> <td>538,1</td> <td>1067</td> <td>1850,3</td> <td>4819</td> <td>5940</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>58</td> <td>Ce</td> <td>534,4</td> <td>1050</td> <td>1949</td> <td>3547</td> <td>6325</td> <td>7490</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>59</td> <td>Pr</td> <td>527</td> <td>1020</td> <td>2086</td> <td>3761</td> <td>5551</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>Nd</td> <td>533,1</td> <td>1040</td> <td>2130</td> <td>3900</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>61</td> <td>Pm</td> <td>540</td> <td>1050</td> <td>2150</td> <td>3970</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>62</td> <td>Sm</td> <td>544,5</td> <td>1070</td> <td>2260</td> <td>3990</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>63</td> <td>Eu</td> <td>547,1</td> <td>1085</td> <td>2404</td> <td>4120</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>64</td> <td>Gd</td> <td>593,4</td> <td>1170</td> <td>1990</td> <td>4250</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>65</td> <td>Tb</td> <td>565,8</td> <td>1110</td> <td>2114</td> <td>3839</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>66</td> <td>Dy</td> <td>573</td> <td>1130</td> <td>2200</td> <td>3990</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>67</td> <td>Ho</td> <td>581</td> <td>1140</td> <td>2204</td> <td>4100</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>68</td> <td>Er</td> <td>589,3</td> <td>1150</td> <td>2194</td> <td>4120</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>69</td> <td>Tm</td> <td>596,7</td> <td>1160</td> <td>2285</td> <td>4120</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>70</td> <td>Yb</td> <td>603,4</td> <td>1174,8</td> <td>2417</td> <td>4203</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>71</td> <td>Lu</td> <td>523,5</td> <td>1340</td> <td>2022,3</td> <td>4370</td> <td>6445</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>72</td> <td>Hf</td> <td>658,5</td> <td>1440</td> <td>2250</td> <td>3216</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>73</td> <td>Ta</td> <td>761</td> <td>1500</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>74</td> <td>W</td> <td>770</td> <td>1700</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>75</td> <td>Re</td> <td>760</td> <td>1260</td> <td>2510</td> <td>3640</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>76</td> <td>Os</td> <td>840</td> <td>1600</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>77</td> <td>Ir</td> <td>880</td> <td>1600</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>78</td> <td>Pt</td> <td>870</td> <td>1791</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>79</td> <td>Au</td> <td>890,1</td> <td>1980</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>80</td> <td>Hg</td> <td>1007,1</td> <td>1810</td> <td>3300</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>81</td> <td>Tl</td> <td>589,4</td> <td>1971</td> <td>2878</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>82</td> <td>Pb</td> <td>715,6</td> <td>1450,5</td> <td>3081,5</td> <td>4083</td> <td>6640</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>83</td> <td>Bi</td> <td>703</td> <td>1610</td> <td>2466</td> <td>4370</td> <td>5400</td> <td>8520</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>84</td> <td>Po</td> <td>812,1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>85</td> <td>At</td> <td>899,003</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>86</td> <td>Rn</td> <td>1037</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>87</td> <td>Fr</td> <td>380</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>88</td> <td>Ra</td> <td>509,3</td> <td>979</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>89</td> <td>Ac</td> <td>499</td> <td>1170</td> <td>1900</td> <td>4700</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>90</td> <td>Th</td> <td>587</td> <td>1110</td> <td>1978</td> <td>2780</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>91</td> <td>Pa</td> <td>568</td> <td>1128</td> <td>1814</td> <td>2991</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>92</td> <td>U</td> <td>597,6</td> <td>1420</td> <td>1900</td> <td>3145</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>93</td> <td>Np</td> <td>604,5</td> <td>1128</td> <td>1997</td> <td>3242</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>94</td> <td>Pu</td> <td>584,7</td> <td>1128</td> <td>2084</td> <td>3338</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>95</td> <td>Am</td> <td>578</td> <td>1158</td> <td>2132</td> <td>3493</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>96</td> <td>Cm</td> <td>581</td> <td>1196</td> <td>2026</td> <td>3550</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>97</td> <td>Bk</td> <td>601</td> <td>1186</td> <td>2152</td> <td>3434</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>98</td> <td>Cf</td> <td>608</td> <td>1206</td> <td>2267</td> <td>3599</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>99</td> <td>Es</td> <td>619</td> <td>1216</td> <td>2334</td> <td>3734</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td>Fm</td> <td>627</td> <td>1225</td> <td>2363</td> <td>3792</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>101</td> <td>Md</td> <td>635</td> <td>1235</td> <td>2470</td> <td>3840</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>102</td> <td>No</td> <td>642</td> <td>1254</td> <td>2643</td> <td>3956</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>103</td> <td>Lr</td> <td>470</td> <td>1428</td> <td>2228</td> <td>4910</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>104</td> <td>Rf</td> <td>579,9</td> <td>1389,4</td> <td>2296,4</td> <td>3077,9</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>105</td> <td>Db</td> <td>664,8</td> <td>1546,7</td> <td>2378,4</td> <td>3298,8</td> <td>4305,2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>106</td> <td>Sg</td> <td>757,4</td> <td>1732,9</td> <td>2483,5</td> <td>3415,6</td> <td>4561,8</td> <td>5715,8</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>107</td> <td>Bh</td> <td>742,9</td> <td>1688,5</td> <td>2566,5</td> <td>3598,9</td> <td>4727,8</td> <td>5991,7</td> <td>7226,8</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>108</td> <td>Hs</td> <td>733,3</td> <td>1756</td> <td>2827</td> <td>3637,5</td> <td>4940</td> <td>6175,1</td> <td>7535,5</td> <td>8857,4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>109</td> <td>Mt</td> <td>800,8</td> <td>1823,6</td> <td>2904,2</td> <td>3859,4</td> <td>4920,8</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>110</td> <td>Ds</td> <td>955,2</td> <td>1891,1</td> <td>3029,6</td> <td>3955,9</td> <td>5113,7</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>111</td> <td>Rg</td> <td>1022,7</td> <td>2074,4</td> <td>3077,9</td> <td>4052,4</td> <td>5306,7</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>112</td> <td>Cn</td> <td>1154,9</td> <td>2170</td> <td>3164,7</td> <td>4245,4</td> <td>5499,7</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>113</td> <td>Nh</td> <td>704,9</td> <td>2238,5</td> <td>3023,3</td> <td>4351,5</td> <td>5692,6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>114</td> <td>Fl</td> <td>823,9</td> <td>1601,6</td> <td>3367,3</td> <td>4399,7</td> <td>5847</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>115</td> <td>Mc</td> <td>538,4</td> <td>1756</td> <td>2653,3</td> <td>4679,5</td> <td>5721,6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>116</td> <td>Lv</td> <td>723,6</td> <td>1331,5</td> <td>2846,3</td> <td>3811,2</td> <td>6078,6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>Elektronegatiivisuus (L. Paulingin mukaan)</h2> <table class="taulukko yesborders" border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="0"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="0"--> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>H</strong><br/> 2,1</td> <td colspan="16"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Li<br/> </strong>1,0</td> <td><strong>Be<br/> </strong>1,5</td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td><strong>B</strong><br/> 2,0</td> <td><strong>C<br/> </strong>2,5</td> <td><strong>N<br/> </strong>3,0</td> <td><strong>O<br/> </strong>3,5</td> <td><strong>F<br/> </strong>4,0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Na<br/> </strong>0,9<strong><br/> </strong></td> <td><strong>Mg<br/> </strong>1,2</td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td><strong>Al<br/> </strong>1,5</td> <td><strong>Si<br/> </strong>1,8</td> <td><strong>P<br/> </strong>2,1</td> <td><strong>S<br/> </strong>2,5</td> <td><strong>Cl<br/> </strong>3,0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>K</strong><br/> 0,8</td> <td><strong>Ca<br/> </strong>1,0</td> <td><strong>Sc<br/> </strong>1,3</td> <td><strong>Ti<br/> </strong>1,5</td> <td><strong>V</strong><br/> 1,6</td> <td><strong>Cr<br/> </strong>1,6</td> <td><strong>Mn<br/> </strong>1,5</td> <td><strong>Fe<br/> </strong>1,8</td> <td><strong>Co<br/> </strong>1,8</td> <td><strong>Ni<br/> </strong>1,8</td> <td><strong>Cu<br/> </strong>1,9</td> <td><strong>Zn<br/> </strong>1,6</td> <td><strong>Ga<br/> </strong>1,6</td> <td><strong>Ge<br/> </strong>1,8</td> <td><strong>As<br/> </strong>2,0</td> <td><strong>Se<br/> </strong>2,4</td> <td><strong>Br<br/> </strong>2,8</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Rb<br/> </strong>0,8</td> <td><strong>Sr</strong><br/> 1,0</td> <td><strong>Y</strong><br/> 1,3</td> <td><strong>Zr<br/> </strong>1,4</td> <td><strong>Nb<br/> </strong>1,6</td> <td><strong>Mo</strong><br/> 1,8</td> <td><strong>Tc<br/> </strong>1,9</td> <td><strong>Ru</strong><br/> 2,2</td> <td><strong>Rh<br/> </strong>2,2</td> <td><strong>Pd</strong><br/> 2,2</td> <td><strong>Ag<br/> </strong>1,9</td> <td><strong>Cd<br/> </strong>1,7</td> <td><strong>In<br/> </strong>1,7</td> <td><strong>Sn<br/> </strong>1,8</td> <td><strong>Sb<br/> </strong>1,9</td> <td><strong>Te<br/> </strong>2,1</td> <td><strong>I<br/> </strong>2,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Cs<br/> </strong>0,7</td> <td><strong>Ba<br/> </strong>0,9</td> <td><strong>La<br/> </strong>1,1</td> <td><strong>Hf<br/> </strong>1,3</td> <td><strong>Ta</strong><br/> 1,5</td> <td><strong>W</strong><br/> 1,7</td> <td><strong>Re</strong><br/> 1,9</td> <td><strong>Os<br/> </strong>2,2</td> <td><strong>Ir</strong><br/> 2,2</td> <td><strong>Pt<br/> </strong>2,2</td> <td><strong>Au</strong><br/> 2,4</td> <td><strong>Hg<br/> </strong>1,9</td> <td><strong>Tl<br/> </strong>1,8</td> <td><strong>Pb<br/> </strong>1,8</td> <td><strong>Bi<br/> </strong>1,9</td> <td><strong>Po<br/> </strong>2,0</td> <td><strong>At<br/> </strong>2,2</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Fr<br/> </strong>0,7</td> <td><strong>Ra<br/> </strong>0,9</td> <td><strong>Ac<br/> </strong>1,1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>Kovalenttisen sidoksen ioniluonne</h2> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="1"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="1"--> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col">Elektronegatiivisuusero</th> <th scope="col">Sidoksen ioniluonne prosentteina</th> <th scope="col">Elektronegatiivisuusero</th> <th scope="col">Sidoksen ioniluonne prosentteina</th> </tr> <tr> <td>0,1</td> <td>0,5</td> <td>1,7</td> <td>51</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0,2</td> <td>1</td> <td>1,8</td> <td>55</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0,3</td> <td>2</td> <td>1,9</td> <td>59</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0,4</td> <td>4</td> <td>2,0</td> <td>63</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0,5</td> <td>6</td> <td>2,1</td> <td>67</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0,6</td> <td>9</td> <td>2,2</td> <td>70</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0,7</td> <td>12</td> <td>2,3</td> <td>74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0,8</td> <td>15</td> <td>2,4</td> <td>76</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0,9</td> <td>19</td> <td>2,5</td> <td>79</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1,0</td> <td>22</td> <td>2,6</td> <td>82</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1,1</td> <td>26</td> <td>2,7</td> <td>84</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1,2</td> <td>30</td> <td>2,8</td> <td>86</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1,3</td> <td>34</td> <td>2,9</td> <td>88</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1,4</td> <td>39</td> <td>3,0</td> <td>89</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1,5</td> <td>43</td> <td>3,1</td> <td>91</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1,6</td> <td>47</td> <td>3,2</td> <td>92</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2><br/> Lähteitä:</h2> <p><a href="https://cheat.abitti.fi/build/index.html?fi" rel="nofollow ugc noopener">https://cheat.abitti.fi/build/index.html?fi</a><br/> <a href="https://www.taulukot.com" rel="nofollow ugc noopener">https://www.taulukot.com</a></p> <p> </p> 2022-01-16T10:47:22+02:00 https://peda.net/id/1337377876a 2022-01-16T10:47:09+02:00 <p>**********************************************</p> <h1>Orbitaalin taulukkokirja 3/3</h1> <p>**********************************************</p> <h1><span>YHDISTEET</span></h1> <h2>Molekyylien ja ionien muotoja</h2> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="0"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="0"--> <tbody> <tr> <td> </td> <td>lineaarinen</td> <td>HCN, CO₂, CS₂</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>V-muotoinen</td> <td>NO₂ (134°), Cl₂O (110°),</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>H₂O (105°), O₃ (117°),</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>SO₂ (120°), H₂S (92°)</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>kolmio, kaikki atomit samassa tasossa</td> <td>CO₃^2-, NO₃^-, SO₃</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>neliö, kaikki atomit samassa tasossa</td> <td>[ Cu(H₂O)₄ ]²⁺</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>kolmisivuinen pyramidi</td> <td>ClO₃^- (110°), NH₃ (107°), PH₃ (94°)</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>tetraedri</td> <td>CH₄, ClO₄^-, CrO₄^2-, MnO₄^-, NH₄⁺, PO₄^3-, SO₄^2-, SiH₄</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>oktaedri</td> <td>SF₆, [ PtCl₆ ]^2-</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>Kovalenttisidosten pituuksia ja sidosenergioita</h2> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="0"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="0"--> <tbody> <tr> <td>Sidos</td> <td>Pituus, pm</td> <td>Energia, kJ/mol</td> </tr> <tr> <td>H – H</td> <td>74</td> <td>436</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C – C</td> <td>154</td> <td>348</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C = C</td> <td>134</td> <td>612</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C ≡ C</td> <td>120</td> <td>873</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C … C (bentseeni)</td> <td>139</td> <td>518</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Si – N</td> <td>235</td> <td>176</td> </tr> <tr> <td>N – N</td> <td>146</td> <td>163</td> </tr> <tr> <td>N = N</td> <td>120</td> <td>409</td> </tr> <tr> <td>N ≡ N</td> <td>110</td> <td>944</td> </tr> <tr> <td>O – O</td> <td>132</td> <td>146</td> </tr> <tr> <td>O = O</td> <td>121</td> <td>496</td> </tr> <tr> <td>F – F</td> <td>142</td> <td>158</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cl – Cl</td> <td>199</td> <td>242</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Br – Br</td> <td>228</td> <td>193</td> </tr> <tr> <td>I – I</td> <td>267</td> <td>151</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C – H</td> <td>109</td> <td>412</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Si – H</td> <td>146</td> <td>318</td> </tr> <tr> <td>N – H</td> <td>101</td> <td>388</td> </tr> <tr> <td>P – H</td> <td>142</td> <td>322</td> </tr> <tr> <td>O – H</td> <td>96</td> <td>463</td> </tr> <tr> <td>S – H</td> <td>135</td> <td>338</td> </tr> <tr> <td>F – H</td> <td>92</td> <td>562</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cl – H</td> <td>128</td> <td>431</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Br – H</td> <td>141</td> <td>366</td> </tr> <tr> <td>I – H</td> <td>160</td> <td>299</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C – O</td> <td>143</td> <td>360</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C = O</td> <td>122</td> <td>743</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C – N</td> <td>147</td> <td>305</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C = N</td> <td>127</td> <td>613</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C ≡ N</td> <td>116</td> <td>890</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C – F</td> <td>138</td> <td>484</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C – Cl</td> <td>177</td> <td>338</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C – Br</td> <td>193</td> <td>276</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C – I</td> <td>214</td> <td>238</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>Spektrien tulkinta</h2> <p> </p> <h2>Muodostumislämpöjä</h2> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="0"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="0"--> <tbody> <tr> <td>Aine</td> <td>ΔH, kJ/mol</td> <td>Aine</td> <td>ΔH, kJ/mol</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C (grafiitti)</td> <td>0</td> <td>CO(g)</td> <td>-110,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C (timantti)</td> <td>1,9</td> <td>CO₂(g)</td> <td>-393,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CH₄(g)</td> <td>-74,9</td> <td>Fe₂O₃(s)</td> <td>-822,2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C₂H₂(g)</td> <td>226,7</td> <td>Fe₃O₄(s)</td> <td>-1117,1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C₂H₄(g)</td> <td>52,3</td> <td>NO(g)</td> <td>90,4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C₂H₆(g)</td> <td>-84,7</td> <td>NO₂(g)</td> <td>33,8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C₃H₈(g)</td> <td>-103,8</td> <td>N₂O(g)</td> <td>81,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C₆H₆(l)</td> <td>49</td> <td>SO₂(g)</td> <td>-296,9</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CHCl₃(l)</td> <td>-134,5</td> <td>SO3(g)</td> <td>-370,4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CCl₄(l)</td> <td>-135,4</td> <td>CaO(s)</td> <td>-635,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CH₃OH(l)</td> <td>-238,6</td> <td>O(g)</td> <td>247,6</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C₂H₅OH(l)</td> <td>-277,7</td> <td>O₂(g)</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CaCO₃(s)</td> <td>-1206,9</td> <td>O₃(g)</td> <td>142,3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ca(OH)₂(s)</td> <td>-986,6</td> <td>H₂O(l)</td> <td>-285,8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>NaCl(s)</td> <td>-411</td> <td>H₂O₂(l)</td> <td>-187,6</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Na₂CO₃(s)</td> <td>-1130,9</td> <td>H₂S(g)</td> <td>-20,2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Al₂O₃(s)</td> <td>-1670</td> <td>NH₃3(g)</td> <td>-46,2</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>Kationeja ja anioneja</h2> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="1"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="1"--> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><strong>Kationeja</strong></td> <td colspan="4"><strong>Anioneja</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>alumiini</td> <td colspan="5">Al³⁺</td> <td>aluminaatti</td> <td>Al(OH)₄^-, AlO₂^-</td> <td>kromaatti</td> <td>CrO₄^2-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ammonium</td> <td colspan="5">NH₄⁺</td> <td>amidi</td> <td>NH₂^-</td> <td>metafosfaatti</td> <td>PO₃^-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>barium</td> <td colspan="5">Ba²⁺</td> <td>arsenaatti</td> <td>AsO₄^3-</td> <td>monovetyfosfaatti</td> <td>HPO₄^2-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>elohopea(II)</td> <td colspan="5">Hg²⁺</td> <td>arseniitti</td> <td>AsO₃^3-</td> <td>nitraatti</td> <td>NO₃^-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>hopea</td> <td colspan="5">Ag⁺</td> <td>asetaatti</td> <td>CH₃COO^-</td> <td>nitridi</td> <td>N^3-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kadmium</td> <td colspan="5">Cd²⁺</td> <td>bromaatti</td> <td>BrO₃^-</td> <td>nitriitti</td> <td>NO₂^-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kalium</td> <td colspan="5">K⁺</td> <td>bromidi</td> <td>Br^-</td> <td>oksalaatti</td> <td>C₂O₄^2-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kalsium</td> <td colspan="5">Ca²⁺</td> <td>dikromaaatti</td> <td>Cr₂O₇^2-</td> <td>oksidi</td> <td>O^2-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>koboltti(II)</td> <td colspan="5">Co²⁺</td> <td>divetyfostaatti</td> <td>H₂PO₄^-</td> <td>perkloraatti</td> <td>ClO₄^-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kromi(III)</td> <td colspan="5">Cr³⁺</td> <td>fluoridi</td> <td>F^-</td> <td>permangaatti</td> <td>MnO₄^-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kupari(II)</td> <td colspan="5">Cu²⁺</td> <td>formiaatti</td> <td>HCOO^-</td> <td>peroksidi</td> <td>O₂^2-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>litium</td> <td colspan="5">Li⁺</td> <td>(osto)fostaatti</td> <td>PO₄^3-</td> <td>silikaatti</td> <td>SiO₄^4-, SiO₃^2-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>lyijy(II)</td> <td colspan="5">Pb²⁺</td> <td>fosfidi</td> <td>P^3-</td> <td>sulfaatti</td> <td>SO₄^2-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>magnesuium</td> <td colspan="5">Mg²⁺</td> <td>hydridi</td> <td>H^-</td> <td>sulfidi</td> <td>S^2-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>mangaani(II)</td> <td colspan="5">Mn²⁺</td> <td>hydroksidi</td> <td>OH^-</td> <td>sulfiitti</td> <td>SO₃^2-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>natrium</td> <td colspan="5">Na⁺</td> <td>hypokloriitti</td> <td>ClO^-</td> <td>syanidi</td> <td>CN^-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>nikkeli(II)</td> <td colspan="5">Ni²⁺</td> <td>jodaatti</td> <td>IO₃^-</td> <td>tiosulfaatti</td> <td>S₂O₃^2-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>oksonium</td> <td colspan="5">H3O⁺</td> <td>jodidi</td> <td>I^-</td> <td>tiosyanaatti</td> <td>SCN^-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>rauta(II)</td> <td colspan="5">Fe²⁺</td> <td>karbonaatti</td> <td>CO₃^2-</td> <td>vetykarbonaatti</td> <td>HCO₃^-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>rauta(III)</td> <td colspan="5">Fe³⁺</td> <td>kloraatti</td> <td>ClO₃^-</td> <td>vetysulfaatti</td> <td>HSO₄^-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sinkki</td> <td colspan="5">Zn²⁺</td> <td>kloridi</td> <td>Cl^-</td> <td>vetysulfidi</td> <td>HS^-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>strontium</td> <td colspan="5">Sr²⁺</td> <td>kloriitti</td> <td>ClO₂^-</td> <td>vetysulfiitti</td> <td>HSO₃^-</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <h2>Kompleksi-ioneja</h2> <p>Kompleksin nimessä mainitaan ensin negatiiviset ligandit, sitten neutraalit ligandit ja lopuksi keskusatomi. Neutraalin tai positiivisen kompleksin nimi päättyy perusmuodossa olevaan keskusatomin nimeen. Negatiivisen kompleksin nimen viimeisenä osana on keskusatomin nimi (vierasperäisessä muodossa) varustettuna päätteellä -aatti.</p> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="0"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="0"--> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Kaava</strong></td> <td><strong>Nimi</strong></td> <td><strong>Väri</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺</td> <td>diammiinihopea-ioni</td> <td>väritön</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Al(OH)₄]^-</td> <td>tetrahydroksoaluminaatti-ioni</td> <td>väritön</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺</td> <td>heksa-akvakoboltti(II)-ioni</td> <td>punainen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Cu(H₂O)₄]²⁺</td> <td>tetra-akvakupari(II)-ioni</td> <td>sininen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺</td> <td>tetra-ammiinikupari(II)-ioni</td> <td>sininen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Fe(CN)₆]^4-</td> <td>heksasyanoferraatti(II)-ioni</td> <td>keltainen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Fe(CN)₆]^3-</td> <td>heksasyanoferraatti(III)-ioni</td> <td>punainen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Fe(SCN)]²⁺</td> <td>tiosyanaattorauta(III)-ioni</td> <td>verenpunainen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Ni(NH₃)₆]²⁺</td> <td>heksa-ammiininikkeli(II)-ioni</td> <td>sininen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Pb(OH)₄]^2-</td> <td>tetrahydroksoplumbaatti(II)-ioni</td> <td>väritön</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[PtCl₆]^2-</td> <td>heksakloroplatinaatti(IV)-ioni</td> <td>keltainen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Sn(OH)₆]^2-</td> <td>heksahydroksostannaatti(IV)-ioni</td> <td>väritön</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Zn(H₂O)₄]²⁺</td> <td>tetra-akvasinkki-ioni</td> <td>väritön</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Zn(OH)₄]^2-</td> <td>tetrahydroksosinkaatti-ioni</td> <td>väritön</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>Mineraaleja</h2> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="0"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="0"--> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Mineraali</strong></td> <td><strong>Koostumus</strong></td> <td><strong>Kovuus (Mohsin kovuusasteikon mukaan)</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>akaatti, ks. kvartsi</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>akvamariini, ks. berylli</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>alabasteri, ks. kipsi</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>ametisti, ks. kvartsi</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>apatiitti</td> <td>CaF₂ * 3 Ca₃(PO₄)₂</td> <td>5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>bauksiitti</td> <td>Al₂O₃ * 2 H₂O</td> <td>2,5 – 3,0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>berylli</td> <td>3 BeO * Al₂O₃ * 6 SiO₂</td> <td>7,5 -8,0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>dolomiitti</td> <td>CaCO₃ * MgCO₃</td> <td>3,5 – 4,0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fluorisälpä</td> <td>CaF₂</td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>grafiitti</td> <td>C</td> <td>1 – 2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>hematiitti</td> <td>Fe₂O₃</td> <td>6,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ilmeniitti</td> <td>FeTiO₃</td> <td>5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>jaspis, ks. kvartsi</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>kalsiitti</td> <td>CaCO₃</td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kaoliini</td> <td>Al₂O₃ * 2 SiO₂ * 2 H₂O</td> <td>2,0 – 2,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kassiteriitti</td> <td>SnO₂</td> <td>6 – 7</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kipsi</td> <td>CaSO₄ * 2 H₂O</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kuparikiisu</td> <td>CuFeS₂</td> <td>3,5 – 4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>korundi</td> <td>Al₂O₃</td> <td>9</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kryoliitti</td> <td>Na₃AlF₆</td> <td>2,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kvartsi</td> <td>SiO₂</td> <td>7</td> </tr> <tr> <td>limoniitti</td> <td>Fe₂O₃ * n H₂O</td> <td>1 – 5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>lyijyhohde</td> <td>PbS</td> <td>2,5 – 3,0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>magnesiitti</td> <td>MgCO₃</td> <td>4,0 – 4,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>magnetiitti</td> <td>Fe₃O₄</td> <td>5,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>malakiitti</td> <td>CuCO₃ * Cu(OH)₂</td> <td>3,5 – 4,0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>marmori</td> <td>CaCO₃</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>oneksi, ks. kvartsi</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>opaali, ks. kvartsi</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>pentlandiitti</td> <td>(Fe, Ni)₉S₈</td> <td>3,5 – 4,0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>pyriitti</td> <td>FeS₂</td> <td>6,0 – 6,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>rikkikiisu, ks. pyriitti</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>rubiini, ks. korundi</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>safiiri, ks. korundi</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>sideriitti</td> <td>FeCO₃</td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sinkkivälke</td> <td>ZnS</td> <td>3,5 – 4,0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sinooperi</td> <td>HgS</td> <td>2,0 – 2,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>smaragdi, ks. berylli</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>talkki</td> <td>3 MgO * 4 SiO₂ * 2 H₂O</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>timantti</td> <td>C</td> <td>10</td> </tr> <tr> <td>topaasi</td> <td>Al₂SiO₄(F, OH)₂</td> <td>8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>turkoosi</td> <td>CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₃ * H₂O</td> <td>5-6</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>Yhdisteiden kauppanimiä ja koostumuksia</h2> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="0"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="0"--> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Kauppanimi</strong></td> <td><strong>Koostumus</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chilen salpietari</td> <td>NaNO₃</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(kali)aluna</td> <td>Al₂(SO₄)₃ * K₂SO₄ * 24 H₂O</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kalilipeä</td> <td>KOH:n vesiliuos</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kalkkisalpietari</td> <td>Ca(NO₃)₂</td> </tr> <tr> <td>karborundum</td> <td>SiC</td> </tr> <tr> <td>katkerosuola</td> <td>MgSO₄ * 7 H₂O</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kidesooda (pesusooda)</td> <td>Na₂CO₃ * 10 H₂O</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kiinnityssuola</td> <td>Na₂S₂O₃ * 5 H₂O</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kipsi</td> <td>CaSO₄ * 2 H₂O</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kuningasvesi</td> <td>väkevän typpi- ja vetykloridihapon seos</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kuparivihtrilli</td> <td>CuSO₄ * 5 H₂O</td> </tr> <tr> <td>lipeäkivi</td> <td>NaOH</td> </tr> <tr> <td>lyijyvalkoinen</td> <td>2 PbCO₃ * Pb(OH)₂(koostumus vaihetelee)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>maantiesuola</td> <td>CaCl₂</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">magnesia alba</td> <td>3 MgCO₃ * Mg(OH)₂ 3 H₂O</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(koostumus vaihtelee)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>mönjä</td> <td>2 PbO * PbO₂ eli Pb₃O₄</td> </tr> <tr> <td>natronlipeä</td> <td>NaOH:n vesiliuos</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Norjan salpietari</td> <td>Ca(NO₃)₂</td> </tr> <tr> <td>poltettu kalkki</td> <td>CaO</td> </tr> <tr> <td>potaska</td> <td>K₂CO₃ (epäpuhdas)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>rautavihtrilli</td> <td>FeSO₄ * 7 H₂O</td> </tr> <tr> <td>rikkihiili</td> <td>CS₂</td> </tr> <tr> <td>rikkivety</td> <td>H₂S</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ruokasooda</td> <td>NaHCO₃</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ruokasuola</td> <td>NaCl</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ruskokivi (ruunikivi)</td> <td>MnO₂</td> </tr> <tr> <td>salmiakki</td> <td>NH₄Cl</td> </tr> <tr> <td>salpietari</td> <td>KNO₃</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sammutettu kalkki</td> <td>Ca(OH)₂</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sammuttamaton kalkki</td> <td>CaO</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sinivalkoinen</td> <td>ZnO</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sooda, kalsinoitu</td> <td>Na₂CO₃</td> </tr> <tr> <td>suolahappo</td> <td>HCl-kaasun vesiliuos</td> </tr> <tr> <td>titaanivalkoinen</td> <td>TiO₂</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vesilasi</td> <td>Na₂O * n SiO₂, n = 3 … 5</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>Ilmakehän koostumus (vesihöyryä lukuunottamatta)</h2> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="0"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="0"--> <tbody> <tr> <td>Kaasu</td> <td>Tunnus</td> <td>Tilavuus-%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>typpi</td> <td>N₂</td> <td>78,08</td> </tr> <tr> <td>happi</td> <td>O₂</td> <td>20,95</td> </tr> <tr> <td>argon</td> <td>Ar</td> <td>0,934</td> </tr> <tr> <td>hiilidioksidi</td> <td>CO₂</td> <td>0,036</td> </tr> <tr> <td>neon</td> <td>Ne</td> <td>0,001 82</td> </tr> <tr> <td>helium</td> <td>He</td> <td>0,000 52</td> </tr> <tr> <td>krypton</td> <td>Kr</td> <td>0,000 11</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vety</td> <td>H₂</td> <td>0,000 050</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ksenon</td> <td>Xe</td> <td>0,000 009</td> </tr> <tr> <td>otsoni</td> <td>O3</td> <td>0,000 001</td> </tr> <tr> <td>radon</td> <td>Rn</td> <td>0,000 000 000 000 000 006</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>Kaasujen ominaisuuksia</h2> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="0"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="0"--> <tbody> <tr> <td>Kaasu</td> <td>Kaava</td> <td>Kieh.piste (°C)</td> <td>Liukoisuus (0°C)</td> <td>veteen* (20°C)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ammoniakki</td> <td>NH₃</td> <td>-33,4</td> <td>1300</td> <td>702</td> </tr> <tr> <td>happi</td> <td>O₂</td> <td>-183,0</td> <td>0,049</td> <td>0,031</td> </tr> <tr> <td>hiilidioksidi</td> <td>COO₂</td> <td>-78,5</td> <td>1,71</td> <td>0,88</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kloori</td> <td>ClO₂</td> <td>-34,6</td> <td>4,61</td> <td>2,30</td> </tr> <tr> <td>rikkioksidi</td> <td>SOO₂</td> <td>-10,0</td> <td>79,8</td> <td>39,3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>typpi</td> <td>NO₂</td> <td>-195,8</td> <td>0,024</td> <td>0,015</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vety</td> <td>HO₂</td> <td>-252,9</td> <td>0,021</td> <td>0,018</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vetykloridi</td> <td>HCl</td> <td>-85,0</td> <td>506</td> <td>442</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vetysulfidi</td> <td>HO₂S</td> <td>-61,8</td> <td>4,68</td> <td>2,58</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>Normaalipotentiaaleja</h2> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="0"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="0"--> <tbody> <tr> <td>Li⁺ + e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Li</td> <td>-3,05</td> </tr> <tr> <td>K⁺ + e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>K</td> <td>-2,93</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ba²⁺ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Ba</td> <td>-2,91</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ca²⁺ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Ca</td> <td>-2,87</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Na⁺ + e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Na</td> <td>-2,71</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mg²⁺ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Mg</td> <td>-2,38</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Al³⁺ + 3e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Al</td> <td>-1,66</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2 H₂O + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>2 OH^- + H₂</td> <td>-0,83</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Zn²⁺ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Zn</td> <td>-0,76</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fe²⁺ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Fe</td> <td>-0,44</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Co²⁺ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Co</td> <td>-0,28</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ni²⁺ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Ni</td> <td>-0,25</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sn²⁺ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Sn</td> <td>-0,14</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pb²⁺ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Pb</td> <td>-0,13</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2 H⁺ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>H2</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cu²⁺ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Cu</td> <td>0,34</td> </tr> <tr> <td>O₂ + 2 H₂O + 4e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>4 OH^-</td> <td>0,4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>I₂ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>2 I^-</td> <td>0,54</td> </tr> <tr> <td>O₂ + 2 H⁺ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>H₂O₂</td> <td>0,68</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fe³⁺ + e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Fe²⁺</td> <td>0,77</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hg₂²⁺ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>2 Hg</td> <td>+0,80 *</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ag⁺ + e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Ag</td> <td>0,8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>NO₃^- + 2 H+ + e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>NO₂ + H₂O</td> <td>0,81</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hg²⁺ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Hg</td> <td>0,85</td> </tr> <tr> <td>NO₃^- + 4 H+ + 3e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>NO + 2 H₂O</td> <td>0,96</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Br₂ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>2 Br^-</td> <td>1,07</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pt²⁺ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Pt</td> <td>1,19</td> </tr> <tr> <td>O₂ + 4 H+ + 4e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>2 H₂O</td> <td>1,23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>MnO₂ + 4 H⁺ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Mn²⁺ + 2 H₂O</td> <td>1,23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cr₂O₇^2- + 14 H+ + 6e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>2 Cr³⁺ + 7 H₂O</td> <td>1,33</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cl₂ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>2 Cl^-</td> <td>1,36</td> </tr> <tr> <td>MnO₄^- + 8 H⁺ + 5e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Mn²⁺ + 4 H₂O</td> <td>1,51</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Au⁺ +e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>Au</td> <td>1,69</td> </tr> <tr> <td>S₂O₈^2- + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>2 SO₄^2-</td> <td>2,01</td> </tr> <tr> <td>F₂ + 2e^-</td> <td>⇄</td> <td>2 F^-</td> <td>2,87</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>Metallien jännitesarjaa</h2> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="1"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="1"--> <tbody> <tr> <th>Li</th> <th>K</th> <th>Ba</th> <th> </th> <th>Na</th> <th>Mg</th> <th>Al</th> <th>Zn</th> <th>Cr</th> <th>Fe</th> <th>Co</th> <th>Ni</th> <th>Sn</th> <th>Pb</th> <th><em>H</em></th> <th>Cu</th> <th>Hg</th> <th>Ag</th> <th>Au</th> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>Liukoisuus veteen</h2> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="0"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="0"--> <tbody> <tr> <td> </td> <td><strong>S^2-</strong></td> <td><strong>SO₃^2-</strong></td> <td><strong>S₂O₃^2-</strong></td> <td><strong>SO₄^2-</strong></td> <td><strong>NO₂^-</strong></td> <td><strong>NO₃^-</strong></td> <td><strong>F^-</strong></td> <td><strong>Cl^-</strong></td> <td><strong>Br^-</strong></td> <td><strong>I^-</strong></td> <td><strong>PO₄^3-</strong></td> <td><strong>SiO₄^3-</strong></td> <td><strong>CO₃^2-</strong></td> <td><strong>CH₃COO^-</strong></td> <td><strong>C₂O₄^2-</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Ag⁺</strong></td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>v</td> <td>–</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>(Hg₂)²⁺</strong></td> <td>–</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>–</td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>v</td> <td>–</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Pb²⁺</strong></td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>h</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Cu²⁺</strong></td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>–</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Cd²⁺</strong></td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Hg²⁺</strong></td> <td>h</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>–</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Sn²⁺</strong></td> <td>h</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>–</td> <td>h</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Sn⁴⁺</strong></td> <td>h</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>v</td> <td>–</td> <td>h</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Fe³⁺</strong></td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>–</td> <td>l</td> <td>–</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>–</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Mn²⁺</strong></td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>–</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Ni²⁺</strong></td> <td>h</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Co²⁺</strong></td> <td>h</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>–</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Zn²⁺</strong></td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Al³⁺</strong></td> <td>v</td> <td>–</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>–</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>h</td> <td>–</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Cr³⁺</strong></td> <td>v</td> <td>–</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>–</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>–</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Mg²⁺</strong></td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Ca²⁺</strong></td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>h</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>h</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Sr²⁺</strong></td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>h</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>h</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Ba²⁺</strong></td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>h</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>h</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Li⁺</strong></td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Na⁺</strong></td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>K⁺</strong></td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>NH₄⁺</strong></td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>l = veteen helposti liukeneva<br/> v = veteen niukkaliukoinen, mutta liukenee happoihin<br/> h = happoihin (ja veteen) niukkaliukoinen</p> <h2>Liukoisuustuloja</h2> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="1"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="1"--> <tbody> <tr> <td>Aine</td> <td>K_s</td> <td>pK_s</td> <td>Aine</td> <td>K_s</td> <td>pK_s</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Bromideja</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><strong>Klorideja</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>AgBr</td> <td>7,7 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-13</td> <td>12,11</td> <td>AgCl</td> <td>1,6 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-10</td> <td>9,80</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PbBr2</td> <td>7,9 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-5</td> <td>4,10</td> <td>Hg2Cl2</td> <td>2,0 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-18</td> <td>17,70</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Fluorideja</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>PbCl2</td> <td>1,6 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-5</td> <td>4,80</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CaF2</td> <td>4,0 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-11</td> <td>10,40</td> <td><strong>Kromaatteja</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>PbF2</td> <td>3,7 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-8</td> <td>7,43</td> <td>Ag2CrO4</td> <td>1,3 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-12</td> <td>11,89</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Fosfaatteja</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>BaCrO4</td> <td>5,0 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-10</td> <td>9,30</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ag3PO4</td> <td>1,4 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-21</td> <td>20,85</td> <td>PbCrO4</td> <td>1,8 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-14</td> <td>13,75</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ca3(PO4)2</td> <td>1,0 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-26</td> <td>26,00</td> <td><strong>Oksalaatteja</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Hydroksideja</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ag2C2O4</td> <td>1,3 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-11</td> <td>10,89</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Al(OH)3</td> <td>1,0 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-33</td> <td>33,00</td> <td>CaC2O4</td> <td>2,6 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-9</td> <td>8,56</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ba(OH)2</td> <td>5,0 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-3</td> <td>2,30</td> <td><strong>Sulfaatteja</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ca(OH)2</td> <td>5,5 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-6</td> <td>5,26</td> <td>BaSO4</td> <td>1,1 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-10</td> <td>9,96</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fe(OH)2</td> <td>7,9 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-16</td> <td>15,10</td> <td>CaSO4</td> <td>2,5 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-5</td> <td>4,60</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fe(OH)3</td> <td>2,0 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-39</td> <td>38,70</td> <td>PbSO4</td> <td>1,6 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-8</td> <td>7,80</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mg(OH)2</td> <td>1,1 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-11</td> <td>10,96</td> <td><strong>Sulfideja</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pb(OH)2</td> <td>2,0 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-16</td> <td>15,70</td> <td>Ag2S</td> <td>6,3 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-51</td> <td>50,20</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Zn(OH)2</td> <td>1,8 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-14</td> <td>13,75</td> <td>CuS</td> <td>6,3 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-36</td> <td>35,20</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Jodideja</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>FeS</td> <td>6,3 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-18</td> <td>17,20</td> </tr> <tr> <td>AgI</td> <td>1,5 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-16</td> <td>15,85</td> <td>HgS</td> <td>1,6 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-52</td> <td>51,80</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PbI2</td> <td>1,4 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-8</td> <td>7,85</td> <td>PbS</td> <td>1,3 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-28</td> <td>27,89</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Karbonaatteja</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ZnS</td> <td>1,6 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-24</td> <td>23,80</td> </tr> <tr> <td>BaCO3</td> <td>8,1 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-9</td> <td>8,09</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>CaCO3</td> <td>8,7 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-9</td> <td>8,06</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>PbCO3</td> <td>3,2 <span class="fup">×</span> 10^-14</td> <td>13,50</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br/> <h1>HAPOT, EMÄKSET, pH</h1> <h2>Happovakioita</h2> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="0"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="0"--> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Hapon nimi</strong></td> <td><strong>Kaava</strong></td> <td><strong>Ka (25°C), mol/dm3</strong></td> <td><strong>pKa (25°C)</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>perkloorihappo</td> <td>HClO₄</td> <td>n. 1010</td> <td>n. -10</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vetyjodidi</td> <td>HI</td> <td>n. 109</td> <td>n. -9</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vetybromidi</td> <td>HBr</td> <td>n. 108</td> <td>n. -8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vetykloridi</td> <td>HCl</td> <td>n. 107</td> <td>n. -7</td> </tr> <tr> <td>rikkihappo</td> <td>H₂SO₄</td> <td>n. 103</td> <td>n. -3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>oksoniumioni</td> <td>H₃O⁺</td> <td>55</td> <td>-1,74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>typpihappo</td> <td>HNO₃</td> <td>22</td> <td>-1,34</td> </tr> <tr> <td>jodihappo</td> <td>HIO₃</td> <td>0,17</td> <td>0,77</td> </tr> <tr> <td>oksaalihappo</td> <td>(COOH)₂</td> <td>6,5 * 10^-2</td> <td>1,19</td> </tr> <tr> <td>dikloorietikkahappo</td> <td>CHCl₂COOH</td> <td>3,3 * 10^-2</td> <td>1,48</td> </tr> <tr> <td>rikkihapoke</td> <td>H₂SO₃</td> <td>1,3 * 10^-2</td> <td>1,89</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vetysulfaatti-ioni</td> <td>HSO₄^-</td> <td>1,0 * 10^-2</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ortofosforihappo</td> <td>H₃PO₄</td> <td>7,1 * 10^-3</td> <td>2,15</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vetyfluoridi</td> <td>HF</td> <td>6,8 * 10^-4</td> <td>3,17</td> </tr> <tr> <td>typpihapoke</td> <td>HNO₂</td> <td>4,5 * 10^-4</td> <td>3,35</td> </tr> <tr> <td>muurahaishappo</td> <td>HCOOH</td> <td>1,6 * 10^-4</td> <td>3,8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>bentsoehappo</td> <td>C₆H₅COOH</td> <td>6,5 * 10^-5</td> <td>4,19</td> </tr> <tr> <td>etikkahappo</td> <td>CH₃COOH</td> <td>1,8 * 10^-5</td> <td>4,74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>hiilihappo</td> <td>H₂CO₃</td> <td>4,3 * 10^-7</td> <td>6,37</td> </tr> <tr> <td>aminoetikkahappo</td> <td>CH₂(NH₂)COOH</td> <td>2,3 * 10^-7</td> <td>6,64</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vetysulfidi</td> <td>H₂S</td> <td>1,0 * 10^-7</td> <td>7</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vetysulfiitti-ioni</td> <td>HSO₃^-</td> <td>6,3 * 10^-8</td> <td>7,2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>divetyfosfaatti-ioni</td> <td>H₂PO₄^-</td> <td>6,2 * 10^-8</td> <td>7,21</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ammoniumioni</td> <td>NH₄⁺</td> <td>5,6 * 10^-10</td> <td>9,25</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vetysyanidi</td> <td>HCN</td> <td>4,0 * 10^-10</td> <td>9,4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fenoli</td> <td>C₆H₅OH</td> <td>1,3 * 10^-10</td> <td>9,89</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vetykarbonaatti-ioni</td> <td>HCO₃^-</td> <td>4,7 * 10^-11</td> <td>10,33</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vetysulfidi-ioni</td> <td>HS^-</td> <td>1,0 * 10^-12</td> <td>12</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vesi</td> <td>H₂O</td> <td>1,8 * 10^-16</td> <td>15,75</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <h2>Emäsvakioita</h2> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="0"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="0"--> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Emäksen nimi</strong></td> <td><strong>Kaava</strong></td> <td><strong>K_b (25°C), mol/dm³</strong></td> <td><strong>pK_b (25°C)</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>hydroksidi-ioni</td> <td>OH^-</td> <td>55</td> <td>-1,74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fosfaatti-ioni</td> <td>PO₄^3-</td> <td>2,3 * 10^-2</td> <td>1,64</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sulfidi-ioni</td> <td>S^2-</td> <td>1,0 * 10^-2</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>dimetyyliamiini</td> <td>(CH₃)₂NH</td> <td>5,2 * 10^-4</td> <td>3,28</td> </tr> <tr> <td>metyyliamiini</td> <td>CH₃NH₂</td> <td>4,4 * 10^-4</td> <td>3,36</td> </tr> <tr> <td>karbonaatti-ioni</td> <td>CO₃^2-</td> <td>2,1 * 10^-4</td> <td>3,68</td> </tr> <tr> <td>trimetyyliamiini</td> <td>(CH₃)₃N</td> <td>5,5 * 10^-5</td> <td>4,26</td> </tr> <tr> <td>syanidi-ioni</td> <td>CN^-</td> <td>2,5 * 10^-5</td> <td>4,6</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ammoniakki</td> <td>NH₃</td> <td>1,8 * 10^-5</td> <td>4,74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>monovetyfosfaatti-ioni</td> <td>HPO₄2-</td> <td>1,6 * 10^-7</td> <td>6,8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sulfiitti-ioni</td> <td>SO₃^2-</td> <td>1,6 * 10^-7</td> <td>6,8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vetysulfidi-ioni</td> <td>HS^-</td> <td>1,1 * 10^-7</td> <td>6,96</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vetykarbonaatti-ioni</td> <td>HCO₃^-</td> <td>2,3 * 10^-8</td> <td>7,64</td> </tr> <tr> <td>pyridiini</td> <td>C₅H₅N</td> <td>1,4 * 10^-9</td> <td>8,85</td> </tr> <tr> <td>asetaatti-ioni</td> <td>CH₃COO^-</td> <td>5,9 * 10^-10</td> <td>9,23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>aniliini</td> <td>C₆H₅NH₂</td> <td>3,8 * 10^-10</td> <td>9,42</td> </tr> <tr> <td>oksalaatti-ioni</td> <td>C₂O₄^2-</td> <td>2,0 * 10^-10</td> <td>9,7</td> </tr> <tr> <td>nitriitti-ioni</td> <td>NO₂–</td> <td>2,2 * 10^-11</td> <td>10,66</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fluoridi-ioni</td> <td>F^-</td> <td>1,5 * 10^-11</td> <td>10,82</td> </tr> <tr> <td>divetyfosfaatti-ioni</td> <td>H₂PO₄^-</td> <td>1,4 * 10^-12</td> <td>11,85</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sulfaatti-ioni</td> <td>SO₄^2-</td> <td>1,0 * 10^-12</td> <td>12,03</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vetysulfaatti-ioni</td> <td>HSO₃^-</td> <td>7,7 * 10^-13</td> <td>12,11</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vesi</td> <td>H₂O</td> <td>1,8 * 10^-16</td> <td>15,75</td> </tr> <tr> <td>nitraatti-ioni</td> <td>NO₃^-</td> <td>n. 5 * 10^-16</td> <td>n. 15,3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vetysulfaatti-ioni</td> <td>HSO₄^-</td> <td>n. 10^-17</td> <td>n. 17</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kloridi-ioni</td> <td>Cl^-</td> <td>n. 10^-21</td> <td>n. 21</td> </tr> <tr> <td>bromidi-ioni</td> <td>Br^-</td> <td>n. 10^-22</td> <td>n. 22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>jodidi-ioni</td> <td>I^-</td> <td>n. 10^-23</td> <td>n. 23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>perkloraatti-ioni</td> <td>ClO₄^-</td> <td>n. 10^-24</td> <td>n.24</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <h2>pH-indikaattorien värinmuutosalueet</h2> pH-indikaattoriVäri matalassa pH:ssaVärinmuutosalueen<br/> alarajaVärinmuutosalueen<br/> ylärajaVäri korkeassa pH:ssa <table border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td>Metyylivioletti</td> <td>keltainen</td> <td>0,0</td> <td>2,0</td> <td>sinivioletti</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Malakiittivihreä (ensimmäinen värinmuutos)</td> <td>keltainen</td> <td>0,0</td> <td>2,0</td> <td>vihreä</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Malakiittivihreä (toinen värinmuutos)</td> <td>vihreä</td> <td>11,6</td> <td>14,0</td> <td>väritön</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tymolisininen (ensimmäinen värinmuutos)</td> <td>punainen</td> <td>1,2</td> <td>2,8</td> <td>keltainen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tymolisininen (toinen värinmuutos)</td> <td>keltainen</td> <td>8,0</td> <td>9,6</td> <td>sininen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Metyylikeltainen</td> <td>punainen</td> <td>2,9</td> <td>4,0</td> <td>keltainen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bromifenolisininen</td> <td>keltainen</td> <td>3,0</td> <td>4,6</td> <td>sininen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kongopunainen</td> <td>sinivioletti</td> <td>3,0</td> <td>5,0</td> <td>punainen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Metyylioranssi</td> <td>punainen</td> <td>3,1</td> <td>4,4</td> <td>keltainen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sekoitettu metyylioranssi (ensimmäinen värinmuutos)</td> <td>punainen</td> <td>0,0</td> <td>3,2</td> <td>purppuraharmaa</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sekoitettu metyylioranssi (toinen värinmuutos)</td> <td>purppuraharmaa</td> <td>3,2</td> <td>4,2</td> <td>vihreä</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bromikresolivihreä</td> <td>keltainen</td> <td>3,8</td> <td>5,4</td> <td>sininen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Metyylipunainen</td> <td>punainen</td> <td>4,4</td> <td>6,2</td> <td>keltainen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Metyylipurppura</td> <td>purppura</td> <td>4,8</td> <td>5,4</td> <td>vihreä</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lakmus</td> <td>punainen</td> <td>4,5</td> <td>8,3</td> <td>sininen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bromikresolivioletti</td> <td>keltainen</td> <td>5,2</td> <td>6,8</td> <td>purppura</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bromitymolisininen (ensimmäinen värinmuutos)</td> <td>magenta</td> <td>&lt;0</td> <td>6,0</td> <td>keltainen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bromitymolisininen (toinen värinmuutos)</td> <td>keltainen</td> <td>6,0</td> <td>7,6</td> <td>sininen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fenolipunainen</td> <td>keltainen</td> <td>6,4</td> <td>8,0</td> <td>punainen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Neutraalipunainen</td> <td>punainen</td> <td>6,8</td> <td>8,0</td> <td>keltainen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Naftoliftaleiini</td> <td>haalea punainen</td> <td>7,3</td> <td>8,7</td> <td>sinivihreä</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kresolipunainen</td> <td>keltainen</td> <td>7,2</td> <td>8,8</td> <td>purppuranpunainen</td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>o</em>-Kresolftaleiini</td> <td>väritön</td> <td>8,2</td> <td>9,8</td> <td>purppura</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fenoliftaleiini (ensimmäinen värinmuutos)</td> <td>oranssinpunainen</td> <td>&lt;0</td> <td>0</td> <td>väritön</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fenoliftaleiini (toinen värinmuutos)</td> <td>väritön</td> <td>8,3</td> <td>10,0</td> <td>purppuran pinkki</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fenoliftaleiini (kolmas värinmuutos)</td> <td>fuksia</td> <td>12,0</td> <td>13,0</td> <td>väritön</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tymoliftaleiini (ensimmäinen värinmuutos)</td> <td>punainen</td> <td>&lt;0</td> <td>9,3</td> <td>väritön</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tymoliftaleiini (toinen värinmuutos)</td> <td>väritön</td> <td>9,3</td> <td>10,5</td> <td>sininen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alitsariinikeltainen R</td> <td>keltainen</td> <td>10,2</td> <td>12,0</td> <td>punainen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Indigokarmiini</td> <td>sininen</td> <td>11,4</td> <td>13,0</td> <td>keltainen</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <h2>Veden ionitulo</h2> <p>lämpötiloissa 0°C – 100°C</p> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="0"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="0"--> <tbody> <tr> <td>t, °C</td> <td>Kw(mol/dm³)</td> <td>pKw</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>0,114 * 10^-14</td> <td>14,94</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>0,186 * 10^-14</td> <td>14,73</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>0,293 * 10^-14</td> <td>14,53</td> </tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>0,452 * 10^-14</td> <td>14,34</td> </tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>0,681 * 10^-14</td> <td>14,17</td> </tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>1,008 * 10^-14</td> <td>14</td> </tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>1,471 * 10^-14</td> <td>13,83</td> </tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td>2,088 * 10^-14</td> <td>13,68</td> </tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>2,916 * 10^-14</td> <td>13,53</td> </tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td>4,016 * 10^-14</td> <td>13,4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td>5,476 * 10^-14</td> <td>13,26</td> </tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td>51,3 * 10^-14</td> <td>12,3</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <h1>HIILEN YHDISTEITÄ</h1> <p> </p> <h2>Hiilen yhdisteiden ominaisuuksia</h2> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="0"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="0"--> <tbody> <tr> <td>Nimi</td> <td>Kaava</td> <td>Sulamis-<br/> piste, °C</td> <td>Kiehumis-<br/> piste, °C</td> <td>Tiheys<br/> kg/dm3 (20°C)</td> <td colspan="2">Liukoisuus</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Hiilivetyjä</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>veteen</td> <td>eetteriin</td> </tr> <tr> <td>metaani</td> <td>CH₄</td> <td>-182</td> <td>-162</td> <td>–</td> <td>i</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td>etaani</td> <td>C₂H₆</td> <td>-183</td> <td>-89</td> <td>–</td> <td>i</td> <td>vs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>propaani</td> <td>C₃H₈</td> <td>-188</td> <td>-42</td> <td>–</td> <td>i</td> <td>vs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>butaani</td> <td>C₄H₁₀</td> <td>-138</td> <td>-0,5</td> <td>–</td> <td>i</td> <td>vs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>metyylipropaani</td> <td>C₄H₁₀</td> <td>-138</td> <td>-12</td> <td>–</td> <td>i</td> <td>vs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>heksadekaani</td> <td>C₁₆H₃₄</td> <td>18</td> <td>287</td> <td>0,77</td> <td>i</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>eteeni</td> <td>C₂H₄</td> <td>-169</td> <td>-104</td> <td>–</td> <td>i</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1,3-butadieeni</td> <td>C₄H₆</td> <td>-109</td> <td>-4,4</td> <td>–</td> <td>i</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>etyyni (asetyleeni)</td> <td>C₂H₂</td> <td>-81</td> <td>-85</td> <td>–</td> <td>i</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sykloheksaani</td> <td>C₆H₁₂</td> <td>7</td> <td>81</td> <td>0,78</td> <td>i</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>bentseeni</td> <td>C₆H₆</td> <td>5,5</td> <td>80</td> <td>0,87</td> <td>i</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>naftaleeni</td> <td>C₁₀H₈</td> <td>80</td> <td>218</td> <td>1,03</td> <td>i</td> <td>vs</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Halogeenijohdannaisia</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>tetrakloorimetaani</td> <td>CCl₄</td> <td>-23</td> <td>77</td> <td>1,59</td> <td>i</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kloorieteeni (vinyylikloridi)</td> <td>C₂H₃Cl</td> <td>-154</td> <td>-13</td> <td>–</td> <td>ss</td> <td>vs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>trikloorieteeni</td> <td>C₂HCl₃</td> <td>-85</td> <td>87</td> <td>1,46</td> <td>ss</td> <td>vs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>difluoridikloorimetaani (freon 12)</td> <td>CF₂Cl₂</td> <td>-158</td> <td>-30</td> <td>–</td> <td>i</td> <td>vs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>tetrafluorieteeni</td> <td>C₂F₄</td> <td>-142</td> <td>-76</td> <td>–</td> <td>i</td> <td>–</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Alkoholeja ja fenoleja</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>metanoli</td> <td>CH₃OH</td> <td>-98</td> <td>65</td> <td>0,79</td> <td>∞</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>etanolio</td> <td>C₂H₅OH</td> <td>-114</td> <td>78</td> <td>0,79</td> <td>∞</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1-propanoli</td> <td>C₃H₇OH</td> <td>-126</td> <td>97</td> <td>0,8</td> <td>∞</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2-propanoli</td> <td>C₃H₇OH</td> <td>-90</td> <td>82</td> <td>0,78</td> <td>∞</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1,2-etaanidioli (glygoli)</td> <td>C₂H₄(OH)₂</td> <td>-13</td> <td>187</td> <td>1,11</td> <td>∞</td> <td>ss</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1,2,3-propaanitrioli (glyseroli)</td> <td>C₃H₅(OH)₃</td> <td>18</td> <td>290</td> <td>1,26</td> <td>∞</td> <td>i</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ksylitoli</td> <td>C₅H₇(OH)₅</td> <td>94</td> <td>218</td> <td>–</td> <td>∞</td> <td>i</td> </tr> <tr> <td>bentsyylialkoholi</td> <td>C₆H₅CH₂OH</td> <td>-15</td> <td>205</td> <td>1,05</td> <td>ss</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fenoli</td> <td>C₆H₅OH</td> <td>41</td> <td>182</td> <td>1,05</td> <td>ss</td> <td>vs</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Eettereitä</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>dimetyylieetteri</td> <td>(CH₃)₂O</td> <td>-139</td> <td>-24</td> <td>–</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td>dietyylieetteri</td> <td>(C₂H₅)₂O</td> <td>-116</td> <td>35</td> <td>0,71</td> <td>ss</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Amiineja</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>metyyliamiini</td> <td>CH₃NH₂</td> <td>-93</td> <td>-6,3</td> <td>–</td> <td>vs</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>dimetyyliamiini</td> <td>(CH₃)₂NH</td> <td>-92</td> <td>6,8</td> <td>–</td> <td>vs</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>trimetyyliamiini</td> <td>(CH₃)₃N</td> <td>-117</td> <td>2,8</td> <td>0,68</td> <td>vs</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fenyyliamiini (aniliini)</td> <td>C₆H₅NH₂</td> <td>-6</td> <td>184</td> <td>1,02</td> <td>ss</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>pyridiini</td> <td>C₅H₅N</td> <td>-42</td> <td>115</td> <td>0,98</td> <td>0,98</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Aldehydejä ja ketoneja</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>metanaali (formaldehydi)</td> <td>HCHO</td> <td>-92</td> <td>-19</td> <td>–</td> <td>vs</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td>etanaali (asetaldehydi)</td> <td>CH₃CHO</td> <td>-123</td> <td>20</td> <td>0,78</td> <td>∞</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>propanaali</td> <td>C₂H₅CHO</td> <td>-80</td> <td>48</td> <td>0,87</td> <td>∞</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>bentsaldehydi</td> <td>C₆H₅CHO</td> <td>-26</td> <td>179</td> <td>1,04</td> <td>i</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>propanoni (asetoni)</td> <td>CH₃COCH</td> <td>-95</td> <td>56</td> <td>0,79</td> <td>∞</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Happoja</strong></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>metaanihappo (muurahaishappo)</td> <td>HCOOH</td> <td>8</td> <td>101</td> <td>1,22</td> <td>∞</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>etaanihappo (etikkahappo)</td> <td>CH₃COOH</td> <td>17</td> <td>118</td> <td>1,05</td> <td>∞</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>propaanihappo</td> <td>C₂H₅COOH</td> <td>-21</td> <td>141</td> <td>0,99</td> <td>∞</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>oktadekaanihappo</td> <td>C₁₇H₃₅COOH</td> <td>69</td> <td>hajoaa</td> <td>0,94</td> <td>i</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9-oktadekeenihappo</td> <td>C₁₇H₃₃COOH</td> <td>13</td> <td>hajoaa</td> <td>0,89</td> <td>i</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9,12-oktadekadieenihappo</td> <td>C₁₇H₃₁COOH</td> <td>-11</td> <td>hajoaa</td> <td>0,9</td> <td>i</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>etaanidihappo (oksaalihappo)</td> <td>(COOH)₂</td> <td>190</td> <td>hajoaa</td> <td>1,9</td> <td>s</td> <td>i</td> </tr> <tr> <td>bentsoehappo</td> <td>C₆H₅COOH</td> <td>122</td> <td>249</td> <td>1,27</td> <td>i</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>aminoetikkahappo (glysiini)</td> <td>CH₂NH₂COOH</td> <td>262</td> <td>hajoaa</td> <td>1,16</td> <td>∞</td> <td>i</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2-aminopropaanihappo (alaniini)</td> <td>CH₃CHNH₂COOH</td> <td>300</td> <td>hajoaa</td> <td>1,42</td> <td>∞</td> <td>i</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2-hydroksipropaanihappo (maitohappo)</td> <td>CH₃CHOHCOOH</td> <td>18</td> <td>122</td> <td>1,2</td> <td>∞</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kloorietaanihappo</td> <td>CH₂ClCOOH</td> <td>63</td> <td>189</td> <td>1,4</td> <td>∞</td> <td>s</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Kaasujen tiheyksiä ei ole ilmoitettu.</p> <p>Taulukossa esiintyvien lyhenteiden selitykset:</p> <p>i (insoluble) = lähes liukenematon<br/> ss (slightly soluble) = liukenee jonkin verran<br/> s (soluble) = liukenee<br/> vs (very soluble) = liukenee hyvin<br/> ∞ = liukenee kaikissa suhteissa, sekoittuu täydellisesti</p> <p> </p> <h2>Yleisesti käytettyjen nimilyhenteitä</h2> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="1"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="1"--> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Lyhenne</strong></td> <td><strong>Merkitys</strong></td> <td><strong>Lyhenne</strong></td> <td><strong>Merkitys</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>ADP</td> <td>adenosiinidifosfaatti</td> <td>RNA</td> <td>ribonukleiinihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ATP</td> <td>adenosiinitrifosfaatti</td> <td>PAH</td> <td>lyhenne polyaromaattisille<br/> hiilivedylille</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CFC</td> <td>lyhenne fluorikloorihiilivedyille</td> <td>PCB</td> <td>lyhenne polyklooratuille<br/> bifenyyleille</td> </tr> <tr> <td>DDT</td> <td>diklooridifenyylitrikloorietaani</td> <td>PET</td> <td>poly(etyleenitereftalaatti)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>DNA</td> <td>deoksiribonukleiinihappo</td> <td>PS</td> <td>polystyreeni</td> </tr> <tr> <td>EDTA</td> <td>etyleenidiamiinitetraetikkahappo</td> <td>PVC</td> <td>polyvinyylikloridi</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <h2>Hiilen yhdisteiden triviaalinimiä ja IUPAC-nimiä</h2> <table border="1"><!--filtered attribute: cellspacing="0"--><!--filtered attribute: cellpadding="0"--> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2"><strong>Hiilivetyjä</strong></td> <td colspan="2"><strong>Happoja</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>asetyleeni</td> <td>etyyni</td> <td>adipiinihappo</td> <td>heksaanidihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>etyleeni</td> <td>etyyni</td> <td>alaniini</td> <td>2-aminopropaanihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ksyleeni</td> <td>dimetyylibentseeni</td> <td>asetetikkahappo</td> <td>3-okosobutaanihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>tolueeni</td> <td>metyylibentseeni</td> <td>etikkahappo</td> <td>etaanihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>isopreeni</td> <td>metyyli-1,3-butadieeni</td> <td>ftaalihappo</td> <td>1,4-bentseenikarboksyylihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><strong>Hiilivetyjen halogeenijohdannaisia</strong></td> <td>glysiini</td> <td>aminoetiikkahappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>freon</td> <td>difluoridikloorimetaani</td> <td>linoleenihappo</td> <td>9,12,15-oktadekatrieenihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>jodoformi</td> <td>trijodimetaani</td> <td>linolihappo</td> <td>9,12-oktadekadiennihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kloroformi</td> <td>trikloorimetaani</td> <td>maitohappo</td> <td>2-hydroksipropaanihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>perkloorietyleeni</td> <td>tetrakloorieteeni</td> <td>maleiinihappo</td> <td>buteenidihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>trikloorietyleeni</td> <td>trikloorieteeni</td> <td>muurahaishappo</td> <td>metaanihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vinyylikloridi</td> <td>kloorieteeni</td> <td>oksaalihappo</td> <td>etaanidihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><strong>Alkoholeja</strong></td> <td>omenahappo</td> <td>hydroksibutaanidihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>glykoli</td> <td>1,2-etaanidioli</td> <td>palmitiinihappo</td> <td>haksadekaanihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>glyseroli (glyseriini)</td> <td>1,2,3-propaanitrioli</td> <td>palorypälehappo</td> <td>2-oksopropaanihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>puusprii</td> <td>metanoli</td> <td>pellavaöyjyhappo</td> <td>9,12-oktadekadieenihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sprii</td> <td>etanoli</td> <td>propionihappo</td> <td>propaanihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><strong>Aldehydejä ja ketoneja</strong></td> <td>steariinihappo</td> <td>oktadekaanihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>akroleiini</td> <td>propenaali</td> <td>tereftaalihappo</td> <td>1,4-bentseenidikarboksyylihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>asetaldehydi</td> <td>etanaali</td> <td>valeriaanahappo</td> <td>pentaanihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>asetoni</td> <td>propanoni</td> <td>voihappo</td> <td>butaanihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>formaldehydi</td> <td>metanaali</td> <td>öljyhappo</td> <td>9-oktadekeenihappo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>propionaldehydi</td> <td>propanaali</td> <td colspan="2"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><strong>Fenoleja</strong></td> <td colspan="2"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>hydrokinoni</td> <td>1,4-bentseenidioli</td> <td colspan="2"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>pyrokatekoli</td> <td>1,2-bentseenidioli</td> <td colspan="2"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>resorsinoli</td> <td>1,3-bentseenidioli</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <h2>Rasvahappoja</h2> <p> </p> <h2>Luonnon aminohappojen rakenteet (kolmi- ja yksikirjaimiset lyhenteet)</h2> <p> </p> <h2>Hiilihydraatteja</h2> <p> </p> <h2>DNA:n ja RNA:n emäkset</h2> <p> </p> <h2>DNA:n rakenne</h2> <p> </p> <h2>Varoitusmerkit</h2> <p> </p> <h2>Liekkivärejä</h2> <p> </p> <h2>Perustyövälineitä</h2> <p> </p> <h2>Elintarvikkeiden lisäainekoodit</h2> <p><strong>Elintarvikevärit<br/> </strong><br/> E100 Kurkuminoidit<br/> E101 Riboflaviini<br/> E102 Tartratsiini *<br/> E104 Kinoliininkeltainen<br/> E110 Paraoranssi *<br/> E120 Karmiini<br/> E122 Atsorubiini *<br/> E123 Amarantti *<br/> E124 Uuskokkiini *<br/> E127 Erytrosiini<br/> E128 Punainen 2G *<br/> E129 Alluranpunainen AC *<br/> E131 Patenttisininen<br/> E132 Indigokarmiini<br/> E133 Briljanttisininen<br/> E140 Klorofylli<br/> E141 Klorofylliinikuparikompleksin kalium- ja natriumsuolat<br/> E143 Patenttivihreä<br/> E150 Sokerikulööri<br/> E151 Briljanttimusta *<br/> E153 Lääkehiili<br/> E154 Ruskea FK *<br/> E155 Ruskea HT *<br/> E160a Beta-karoteeni<br/> E160b Annatto<br/> E160c Paprikaoleoresiini<br/> E160e Beta-apo-8′-karotenaali<br/> E160f Beta-apo-8′-karoteenihappoetyyliesteri<br/> E160g Kantaksantiini<br/> E161b Luteoliini<br/> E162 Betalaiini<br/> E163 Antosyaanit<br/> E171 Titaanioksidi<br/> E172 Rautaoksidi<br/> E173 Alumiini<br/> E174 Hopea<br/> E175 Kulta<br/> E180 Litolirubiini *<br/> E579 Rauta glukonaatti</p> <p>* Tähdellä merkityt ovat atsovärejä, joiden epäillään aiheuttavan yliherkkyyttä. <br/> <br/> <strong>Säilöntäaineet <br/> </strong><br/> E200 Sorbiinihappo<br/> E201 Natriumsorbaatti<br/> E202 Kaliumsorbaatti<br/> E210 Bentsoehappo<br/> E211 Natriumbentsoaatti<br/> E214 Etyyli-p-hydroksibentsoaatti<br/> E215 Etyyli-p-hydroksibentsoaatin natriumsuola<br/> E216 Propyyli-p-hydroksibentsoaatti<br/> E217 Propyyli-p-hydroksibentsoaatin natriumsuola<br/> E218 Metyyli-p-hydroksibentsoaatti<br/> E219 Metyyli-p-hydroksibentsoaatin natriumsuola<br/> E220 Rikkihapoke<br/> E221 Natriumsulfiitti<br/> E222 Natriumvetysulfiitti<br/> E223 Natriumdisulfiitti<br/> E224 Kaliumdisulfiitti<br/> E225 Kaliumsulfiitti<br/> E226 Kalsiumsulfiitti<br/> E227 Kalsiumvetysulfiitti<br/> E234 Nisiini<br/> E235 Natamysiini<br/> E239 Heksametyleenitetramiini<br/> E249 Kaliumnitriitti<br/> E250 Natriumnitriitti<br/> E251 Natirumnitraatti<br/> E252 Kaliumnitraatti<br/> E260 Etikkahappo<br/> E261 Kaliumasetaatti<br/> E262 Natriumasetaatti<br/> E263 Kalsiumasetaatti<br/> E280 Propionihappo<br/> E281 Natriumpropionaatti<br/> E282 Kalsiumpropionaatti<br/> E283 Kaliumpropionaatti <br/> <br/> <strong>Hapettumisen estoaineet<br/> </strong><br/> E300 Askorbiinihappo<br/> E301 Natriumaskorbaatti<br/> E304 Askorbyylipalmiaatti<br/> E306 Tokoferoliuute<br/> E307 Alfa-Tokoferoli<br/> E308 Gamma-Tokoferoli<br/> E309 Delta-Tokoferoli<br/> E310 Propyyligallaatti<br/> E311 Oktyyligallaatti<br/> E312 Dodekyyligallaatti<br/> E320 Butyylihydroksianisoli (BHA)<br/> E321 Butyylihydroksitolueeni (BHT)<br/> E385 Kalsiumetyleenidiamiinitetra-asetaatti (EDTA) <br/> <br/> <strong>Emulgointi-, stabilointi-, sakeuttamis- ja hyytelöimisaineet<br/> </strong><br/> E322 Lesitiini<br/> E335 Natriumtartraatit<br/> E336 Kaliumtartraatit<br/> E337 Natriumkaliumtartraatti<br/> E339 Natriummonofosfaatit<br/> E340 Kaliummonofosfaatit<br/> E341 Kalsiummonofosfaatit<br/> E400 Algiinihappo<br/> E401 Natriumalginaatti<br/> E402 Kaliumalginaatti<br/> E403 Ammoniumalginaatti<br/> E404 Kalsiumalginaatti<br/> E405 Propyleeniglykolialginaatti<br/> E406 Agar<br/> E407 Karrageeni<br/> E410 Johanneksenleipäpuun jauhe<br/> E412 Guarkumi<br/> E413 Tragantti<br/> E414 Arabikumi<br/> E415 Ksantaanikumi<br/> E430 Polyoksietyleeni(8)monostearaatti<br/> E433 Polyoksietyleeni(20)sorbitaanimono-oleaatti<br/> E435 Polyoksietyleeni(20)sorbitaanimonostearaatti<br/> E440 Pektiini<br/> E442 Ammoniumfosfatidi<br/> E444 Sakkaroosidiasetaattiheksaisobutyraatti (SAIB)<br/> E450a Natrium- ja kaliumdifosfaatit<br/> E450b Natrium- ja kaliumtrifosfaatit<br/> E450c Natrium – ja kaliumpolyfosfaatit<br/> E460 Mikrokiteinen selluloosa<br/> E461 Metyyliselluloosa<br/> E462 Etyyliselluloosa<br/> E463 Hydroksipropyyliselluloosa<br/> E464 Hydroksipropyylimetyyliselluloosa<br/> E465 Metyylietyyliselluloosa<br/> E470 Rasvahappojen suolat<br/> E473 Rasvahappojen sokeriesterit<br/> E1403 Valkaistu tärkkelys<br/> E1404 Hapetettu tärkkelys<br/> E1420 Tärkkelysasetaatti AA<br/> E1421 Tärkkelysasetaatti VA <br/> <br/> <strong>Happamuuden säätöaineet<br/> </strong><br/> E270 Maitohappo<br/> E296 Omenahappo<br/> E297 Fumaarihappo<br/> E325 Natriumlaktaatti<br/> E326 Kaliumlaktaatti<br/> E327 Kalsiumlaktaatti<br/> E330 Sitruunahappo<br/> E331 Natriumsitraatit<br/> E332 Kaliumsitraatit<br/> E333 Kalsiumsitraatit<br/> E334 Viinihappo<br/> E338 Fosforihappo<br/> E354 Kalsiumtartaatti<br/> E355 Adipiinihappo<br/> E500 Natriumkarbonaatit<br/> E501 Kaliumkarbonaatit<br/> E503 Ammoniumkarbonaatit<br/> E504 Magnesiumkarbonaatit<br/> E507 Suolahappo<br/> E508 Kaliumkloridi<br/> E513 Rikkihappo<br/> E514 Natriumsulfaatti<br/> E524 Natriumhydroksidi<br/> E525 Kaliumhydroksidi<br/> E526 Kalsiumhydroksidi<br/> E527 Ammoniumhydroksidi<br/> E528 Magnesiumhydroksidi<br/> E575 Glukonodeltalaktoni (GDL) <br/> <br/> <strong>Makeutusaineet<br/> </strong><br/> E420 Sorbitoli<br/> E421 Mannitoli<br/> E950 Asesulfaami<br/> E951 Aspartaami<br/> E952 Syklamaatti (kalsium, natrium)<br/> E953 Isomaltitoli<br/> E954 Sakkariini (kalsium,kalium)<br/> E965 Maltitoli<br/> E966 Laktitoli<br/> <br/> <br/> <strong>Muut<br/> </strong><br/> E170 Kalsiumkarbonaatti<br/> E290 Hiilidioksidi<br/> E422 Glyseroli<br/> E509 Kalsiumkloridi<br/> E510 Ammoniumkloridi<br/> E511 Magnesiumkloridi<br/> E516 Kalsiumsulfaatti<br/> E518 Magnesiumsulfaatti<br/> E519 Kuparisulfaatti<br/> E521 Natriumaluminiumsulfaatti<br/> E530 Magnesiumoksidi<br/> E535 Natriumheksasyanoferraatti<br/> E536 Kaliumheksasyanoferraatti<br/> E550 Natriumsilikaatit<br/> E551 Piioksidi<br/> E552 Kalsiumsilikaatti<br/> E553 Magnesiumsilikaatti<br/> E554 Natriumaluminiumsilikaatti<br/> E559 Aluminiumsilikaatti<br/> E560 Kaliumsilikaatti<br/> E570 Steariinihappo<br/> E572 Magnesiumstearaatti<br/> E620 Glutamiinihappo<br/> E621 Natriumglutamaatti<br/> E641 L-Leusiini<br/> E900 Dimetyylipolysiloksaani<br/> E901 Mehiläisvaha<br/> E903 Karnaubavaha<br/> E904 Sellakka<br/> E905 Parafiini ja parafiinivaha<br/> E920 L-Kysteiinihydrokloridi<br/> E967 Ksylitoli<br/> E1100 Amylaasi<br/> E1101 Proteaasi<br/> E1102 Glukoosioksidaasi<br/> E1103 Invertaasi<br/> E1200 Polydekstroosi<br/> E1201 Polyvinyylipyrrolidoni<br/> E1202 Polyvinyylipyrrolidoni (liukenematon)<br/> E1505 Trietyylisitraatti<br/> E1518 Glyserolitriasetaatti<br/> E1520 Propyleeniglykoli<br/> E1521 Polyetyleeniglykoli<br/> E1525 Etyyliselluloosa</p> <h2>Lähteitä:</h2> <p><a href="https://cheat.abitti.fi/build/index.html?fi" rel="nofollow ugc noopener">https://cheat.abitti.fi/build/index.html?fi</a><br/> <a href="https://www.taulukot.com" rel="nofollow ugc noopener">https://www.taulukot.com</a></p> <p> </p> 2022-01-16T10:41:19+02:00